HIF通路及肠道菌群在CMS中的研究

万玛草 ,  杨山卓玛 ,  韩冰 ,  石丽霞

西南民族大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (5) : 533 -540.

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西南民族大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (5) : 533 -540. DOI: 10.26978/j.cnki.xnmdzk.2026.05.008
民族医药与大健康

HIF通路及肠道菌群在CMS中的研究

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HIF pathway and gut microbiota in CMS

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摘要

慢性高原病(Chronic Mountain Sickness,CMS)是长期高海拔低氧暴露后发生的一种临床综合征,以红细胞过度增多为核心病理特征.研究表明,其发病机制与缺氧诱导因子(Hypoxia-Inducible Factor,HIF)通路异常激活及肠道菌群稳态失调密切相关:HIF-1α与HIF-2α的差异化调控导致促红细胞生成素(Erythropoietin,EPO)过表达和血管重塑,肠道菌群及其代谢产物紊乱加剧低氧适应障碍.临床研究显示,HIF-2α特异性抑制剂可降低CMS患者血红蛋白,益生菌、粪菌移植及饮食干预通过恢复菌群稳态、增加短链脂肪酸(Short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs),间接抑制HIF通路活性,展现协同治疗潜力.本文对HIF通路与肠道菌群在CMS发病中的交互机制及最新治疗研究进展进行综述,以期为CMS的精准治疗提供理论依据和临床转化方向.

Abstract

Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a clinical syndrome that develops following prolonged exposure to high-altitude hypoxia, with excessive erythrocytosis as its central pathological feature. Studies have demonstrated that its pathogenesis is closely associated with aberrant activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and disruption of gut microbiota homeostasis. Differential regulation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α leads to overexpression of erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular remodeling, while dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and its metabolites further aggravates impaired adaptation to hypoxia. Clinical studies have shown that HIF-2α-specific inhibitors can reduce hemoglobin levels in patients with CMS. In addition, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary interventions restore microbial homeostasis and increase the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), thereby indirectly suppressing HIF pathway activity and exhibiting potential for synergistic therapeutic effects. This review summarized the interactive mechanisms between the HIF pathway and gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of CMS, as well as recent advances in therapeutic research, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis and directions for the clinical translation of precision therapies for CMS.

关键词

慢性高原病 / 低氧诱导因子 / 肠道菌群 / HIF通路 / 菌群稳态 / 治疗机制 / 临床研究

Key words

chronic mountain sickness / hypoxia-inducible factor / gut microbiota / HIF pathway / gut microbiota homeostasis / treatment mechanism / clinical research

引用本文

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万玛草,杨山卓玛,韩冰,石丽霞. HIF通路及肠道菌群在CMS中的研究[J]. 西南民族大学学报(自然科学版), 2026, 52(5): 533-540 DOI:10.26978/j.cnki.xnmdzk.2026.05.008

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慢性高原病(Chronic mountain sickness,CMS),又称蒙赫氏病,是长期居住于高海拔地区人群中发生的一类慢性低氧适应不良综合征[1],对高原居住人群的健康有较大影响.其临床表现以红细胞过度增多(Excessive erythrocytosis,EE)、低氧血症、睡眠障碍及不同程度的神经认知功能受损为主[1, 2].同时,EE也是CMS诊断和疾病严重程度评估的核心指标[1, 2].低氧诱导因子(Hypoxia-inducible factor,HIF)是细胞内部的“低氧感应开关”.当身体进入缺氧状态(如高原环境),它会迅速从“关闭”切换至“开启”,调动一系列适应低氧的基因,指挥机体“全面备战”.HIF下游涉及促红细胞生成素(Erythropoietin,EPO)表达、血管生成、能量代谢以及铁代谢等多个环节,在CMS发生中起重要作用[3, 4].此外,肠道菌群作为宿主与环境交互的桥梁,其组成和功能在低氧环境下明显改变,可通过调控免疫反应、能量代谢及肠屏障完整性等方式影响CMS进程[5, 6].值得注意的是,HIF通路与肠道菌群可能存在双向相互作用:一方面,参与低氧条件下的红细胞生成、铁代谢、血管反应和肠屏障调控;另一方面,肠道菌群及其代谢产物,如短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)、胆汁酸和色氨酸代谢物可影响炎症状态、上皮屏障功能和局部氧代谢环境.然而,相关研究尚少.本文综述HIF通路与肠道菌群在CMS及低氧适应异常中的研究进展,并探讨靶向HIF及调控菌群的潜在治疗价值与局限.

1 HIF通路在慢性高原病中的调控网络与亚型特异性机制

1.1 HIF的分子组成与低氧应答机制

慢性低氧暴露是CMS发生的基础,其最突出的血液学特征是EE,导致血液黏滞度升高和微循环障碍[7].HIF通路是细胞感知低氧的核心分子系统,由氧敏感的α亚基(HIF-1α/2α/3α)和结构中的β亚基构成[8, 9].常氧下,脯氨酰羟化酶(Prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins,PHD羟基化HIF-α,使其被希佩尔-林道(von Hippel-Lindau,VHL)识别并降解[10-12];低氧时,HIF-α稳定积累,转位至细胞核,与HIF-β二聚化后结合低氧反应元件,启动下游靶基因转录[13].主要靶基因功能分类见表1,包括EPO、VEGF、GLUT1、LDHA及铁代谢相关分子,此外HO-1、iNOS、非编码RNA及m6A修饰参与氧化应激和低氧应答调控[13-16].值得注意的是,这些调控网络证据主要来自实验室研究,需结合临床研究验证.

1.2 HIF-1α与HIF-2α的差异及“HIF开关”

细胞及动物研究显示,HIF-1α与HIF-2α在组织分布、低氧应答时相和靶基因偏向上存在显著差异(表2).HIF-1α可在低氧早期升高,随后逐渐下降;HIF-2α则在较长时间低氧暴露后维持较高水平.这种由HIF-1α主导向HIF-2α主导转变的现象被称为“HIF开关”[9].

在CMS病理状态下,HIF-2α过度激活驱动红细胞生成,而HIF-1α不足削弱抗氧化防御,加剧氧化应激和炎症[18, 19].简言之,HIF-2α过高导致红细胞生成失控,HIF-1α过低削弱了机体抵抗氧化应激和炎症的能力,两者共同作用加速了CMS的病情进展.需要注意的是,“HIF开关”概念及失衡框架尚未在CMS患者体内完全证实,更合理的理解是:该机制为解释慢性低氧状态下HIF-2α为何更直接参与红细胞生成提供了理论依据,但其是否在CMS患者中以相同方式发生,仍需进一步验证.

2 肠道菌群稳态在低氧适应与CMS发病中的角色

研究显示,高海拔低氧暴露可显著改变肠道菌群的组成与多样性,主要表现见表3.人群研究也证实,移居高原2~4周内菌群即显著改变,且失调程度与CMS患者的血红蛋白(Hemoglobin,Hb)水平和肺动脉压正相关[20],进入高原仅4天便趋近于高原当地人群[20],返回平原3个月仍未完全恢复[21].由此可见,肠道微生物研究为CMS研究提供了良好的思路,在以后的研究中,如经历多人群,长队列的积累,或可探索肠道微生物成为CMS治疗及预防的良好靶点.

进一步研究发现,在低氧环境下,肠道微生物是通过其次生代谢物对机体局部及整体的炎症环境起到调控作用的(表4).这为后续的微生态治疗提供了更具体的靶点及启发.

进一步地,通过动物实验CMS病理研究发现,低氧暴露可直接破坏肠上皮细胞间紧密连接蛋白(如occludin、claudin-1)的表达与分布,使肠黏膜通透性增加[37],导致细菌产物(如脂多糖LPS)易位进入体循环[38, 39].与此同时,低氧环境促进如大肠杆菌等促炎菌的增殖[40, 41],从而产生更多的LPS.易位入血的LPS被免疫细胞表面的TLR4识别,触发下游炎症级联反应,释放TNF-α、IL-6等促炎细胞因子[42-44].这些因子不仅加剧全身性炎症,还直接作用于肺血管和骨髓,进一步加重CMS的肺动脉高压和红细胞过度生成.同时,临床研究也表明了由低氧、菌群、肠屏障损伤及炎症构成的这个“恶性循环”,深刻影响着CMS的发生与发展[45, 46],这表明,靶向肠道菌群、修复肠屏障功能,或可成为干预CMS炎症状态和延缓疾病进展的有效新策略[47].

3 HIF通路与肠道菌群稳态的交互机制

HIF通路与肠道菌群不仅在CMS的发生发展中各自发挥作用,且它们之间存在着双向调控关系.首先,肠道菌群代谢产物是调控HIF活性的重要介质.SCFAs,尤其是丁酸可通过促进HIF-1α降解及增强PHD2介导的羟基化过程,从整体上抑制HIF-1α活性,从而维持肠道免疫稳态[48];某些次级胆汁酸可通过激活法尼醇X受体上调PHD2表达,促进HIF-2α降解并减少EPO生成,而CMS患者中该类代谢物水平下降,与HIF-2α异常激活及红细胞增多密切相关[48];此外,色氨酸代谢产物犬尿氨酸可通过激活芳香烃受体上调HIF-1α转录,增强低氧应答[49].在菌群失调状态下,这些代谢产物比例失衡可导致HIF通路过度激活,促进CMS相关炎症反应及血液学异常.其次,HIF通路亦可反向调控肠道菌群组成与功能.HIF-1α通过调控抗菌肽及炎症相关因子的表达,增强肠屏障功能并抑制致病菌过度增殖,从而维持菌群稳态[50];临床研究亦提示,HIF-1α水平与菌群失调及疾病活动度存在相关性[51].另一方面,HIF-2α通过调控肠道铁吸收影响微生态结构,其激活可增加肠腔铁含量,促进铁依赖菌生长并加剧菌群失衡[52, 53];抑制HIF-2α则有助于恢复菌群结构并促进有益代谢产物生成[54].此外,动物研究显示,通过调控HIF信号可同步改善菌群结构及肠黏膜屏障功能[55, 56].最后,联合靶向HIF通路与肠道菌群在CMS治疗中展现出协同潜力.实验研究表明,HIF-2α抑制剂联合益生菌干预较单一治疗可更显著降低血红蛋白水平及肺动脉压力[57],其机制可能包括抑制肠道铁吸收以限制致病菌生长[58],以及通过增加SCFAs生成进一步负向调控HIF活性,从而形成协同效应[59].此外,该策略有助于降低药物剂量并减轻不良反应,同时改善肠屏障功能与炎症状态[60-62].总体而言,HIF通路与肠道菌群通过代谢调控与微生态重塑形成复杂的双向调控网络,为CMS发生发展的机制提供了重要基础,并为多靶点协同干预策略提供了理论依据.

4 挑战与展望

尽管靶向HIF通路及调控肠道菌群为CMS治疗提供了新的思路,但相关策略从机制研究走向临床仍面临多重挑战.首先,CMS发病涉及HIF亚型调控、红细胞生成、铁代谢、肠道菌群稳态、屏障功能和炎症反应等多个环节,因此未来研究需要明确关键病理节点,以优化干预靶点、治疗时机和个体化方案.其次,HIF-2α抑制剂虽可纠正病理性红细胞增多,但长期使用可能影响低氧适应,并伴随HIF-1α代偿激活及相关血管、代谢和炎症反应的风险[63-65];耐药性仍需关注,联合或优化用药方案可能缓解疗效减弱的问题[66, 67].再者,菌群干预治疗受个体差异和缺乏统一标准限制,需结合肠型特征、代谢产物谱及多组学数据,实现益生菌、饮食或FMT的个性化优化[58, 68-76].此外,多靶点联合干预(HIF通路、铁代谢和肠道菌群)及基因、细胞治疗为CMS提供了前沿策略,但安全性、递送效率、长期可控性及脱靶风险仍需系统评估[50, 77-88].未来转化研究应以明确安全性和可控性为前提,发展可逆、可监测、可分层应用的干预策略,以实现CMS治疗的精准化与长期管理.

5 结论

CMS发病机制的研究已从单一低氧反应扩展到HIF通路与肠道菌群双向调控的网络.HIF-2α异常激活是红细胞过度增生的核心因素,其特异性抑制剂在临床试验中显示降Hb和改善症状的效果,但长期安全性及耐药性仍需验证.同时,益生菌、粪菌移植及饮食干预通过调控肠道菌群,增加SCFAs、修复肠屏障并抑制炎症,可间接调控HIF通路,且与HIF-2α抑制剂联用显示协同潜力.然而,个体肠道菌群结构和HIF基因多态性差异导致疗效不一,缺乏标准化方案与特异性标志物限制了临床推广.未来研究应重点阐明HIF-菌群交互的分子机制,并结合多组学建立个体化治疗模型,通过多中心长期随访验证联合干预的安全性和远期效果,以优化CMS治疗策略、提升患者生活质量及预后.

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