EGFRPD-1/PD-L1在头颈部鳞状细胞癌临床诊疗中应用的研究进展

靳能皓 ,  朱亮 ,  李壮壮 ,  李粮博 ,  周彦恒 ,  张海钟

解放军医学院学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (03) : 300 -307.

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解放军医学院学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (03) : 300 -307. DOI: 10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122903
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EGFRPD-1/PD-L1在头颈部鳞状细胞癌临床诊疗中应用的研究进展

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Research advances in role of EGFR and PD-1/PD-L1 in clinical diagnosis and treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

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摘要

头颈部鳞状细胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,HNSCC)的恶性程度高、预后差,抗肿瘤靶向治疗、免疫治疗的出现为HNSCC患者带来了新的希望。本文综述了靶向治疗靶点表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)与免疫治疗靶点程序性死亡受体1/配体1(programmed death-1/ programmed death-ligand 1,PD-1/PD-L1)在HNSCC中的研究背景、作用机制及生物学功能等进展,重点探讨了在HNSCC中这两个关键靶点的临床诊疗现状及衍生出的联合治疗策略的临床前依据与临床试验结果。后续研究可探索HNSCC患者个性化治疗方案,探寻能够预测疗效的生物标志物,以期实现HNSCC的个体化精准诊疗。

Abstract

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by high malignancy and poor prognosis. The emergence of anti-tumor targeted therapy and immunotherapy has provided new hope for HNSCC patients. This review summarizes recent advances in the research background, mechanisms of action, and biological functions of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a target for targeted therapy, and the programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis, a target for immunotherapy, in HNSCC. It focuses on the current clinical landscape of these two pivotal targets in HNSCC management and discusses the preclinical rationale and clinical trial outcomes of emerging combination therapeutic strategies. Future investigations should aim to explore personalized treatment modalities for HNSCC patients and identify predictive biomarkers of efficacy, with the ultimate goal of achieving individualized precision medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of HNSCC.

关键词

头颈部鳞状细胞癌 / 表皮生长因子受体 / 程序性死亡受体1/配体1 / 分子靶向治疗 / 免疫治疗

Key words

head and neck squamous cell carcinoma / epidermal growth factor receptor / programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 / molecular Targeted therapy / immunotherapy

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靳能皓,朱亮,李壮壮,李粮博,周彦恒,张海钟. EGFRPD-1/PD-L1在头颈部鳞状细胞癌临床诊疗中应用的研究进展[J]. 解放军医学院学报, 2026, 47(03): 300-307 DOI:10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122903

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头颈部恶性肿瘤是第六大常见恶性肿瘤,其中病理类型为鳞状细胞癌占比约90%。头颈部鳞状细胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,HNSCC)包括位于口腔、口咽、鼻咽、下咽及喉等部位的鳞状细胞癌,每年全球新发病例约89.1万例,死亡约45.8万例,在全球癌症统计中,HNSCC的死亡率在全身恶性肿瘤死亡率排第七[1]。HNSCC恶性程度较高,5年生存率为40% ~ 50%,伴有颈淋巴结转移的患者5年生存率下降至20%,有研究表明,>70%的HNSCC患者会出现不同程度的复发或转移[2]。HNSCC的临床治疗以手术为主,术后辅助放疗、化疗等综合性治疗。现代恶性肿瘤的治疗理念已逐渐向个体化、精准化转变;研究表明超过90%的HNSCC患者存在表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)高表达[3];而在HNSCC、小细胞肺癌等标本组织中,程序性死亡配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)表达呈阳性,阻断程序性死亡受体1(programmed death-1,PD-1)/PD-L1通路可成为免疫治疗的新途径[4]。 本文对靶向治疗常见靶点EGFR和免疫治疗靶点PD-1/ PD-L1的研究背景、作用机制、生物学功能及在HNSCC临床诊疗中的研究进展进行综述,以期实现HNSCC的个体化精准诊疗

1 EGFR的作用机制与生物学功能

EGFR是通过125I标记表皮生长因子,在人表皮样癌细胞系-A431细胞的细胞膜上检测并获取[5]。EGFR介导的信号传导通路在肿瘤细胞生长、增殖、分化、迁移和抑制细胞凋亡等肿瘤发生发展进程中发挥了重要作用。其下游信号传导通路主要有调控细胞周期和细胞增殖的RAS/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路、介导抗细胞凋亡的PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,此外,PLCγ/PKC通路和JAK/STAT通路可通过直接/间接激活机制介导细胞内EGFR的传导[6-7]。对于HNSCC,EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR的异常激活,促进了HNSCC肿瘤细胞的增殖;而抑制mTORC信号通路分支的靶蛋白更能有效减少HNSCC细胞的生长和增殖[8]。在HNSCC中,EGFR过表达促进肿瘤细胞增殖和肿瘤血管生成,抑制EGFR的过表达或抗EGFR抗体在胞外配体结合区阻止配体与受体结合,进而阻断信号转导通路,达到抗肿瘤目的[9]

EGFR在多种恶性肿瘤中呈现过表达或产生突变,研究表明EGFR的表达和其信号通路转导失衡在恶性肿瘤细胞增殖能力和干性基因表达中起着重要作用。80% ~ 90%的HNSCC患者存在EGFR蛋白的过表达,仅10% ~ 30%的患者表现为EGFR基因扩增的基因突变,并且EGFR蛋白的过表达与EGFR基因扩增无直接相关[10]。EGFR高表达的患者生存率降低,复发和转移的风险升高[11]。对于接受放疗的HNSCC患者,EGFR过表达可能引起HNSCC细胞对放疗治疗的抵抗,放疗产生的电离辐射可能会激活EGFR及下游的PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,增加了HNSCC肿瘤细胞抗凋亡能力,EGFR的表达与患者总生存期呈负性相关[12]。因此EGFR高表达被认为是HNSCC不良预后的产生和进展的重要因素EGFR突变主要发生胞外配体结合区和胞内激酶区,在HNSCC中,EGFR的激活突变相对较少,而发生在胞外区的EGFR缺失突变(Ⅷ突变)争议较大[13]。对于HNSCC中EGFR突变相关研究是否能够评估HNSCC患者的预后和治疗策略的制定还需进一步研究。

2 PD-1/PD-L1的作用机制与生物学功能

PD-1是通过减法杂交技术刺激白细胞介素-3缺失的小鼠造血祖细胞LyD9和小鼠T细胞杂交瘤细胞2B4.11激活形成[14]。PD-1广泛表达T细胞、B淋巴细胞、NK细胞、DC细胞及激活的单核细胞的细胞膜,主要表达于激活的T细胞表面[15-16]。PD-L1(B7-H1/CD274)作为免疫球蛋白B7家族的一员,在调节T细胞、B淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、DC细胞、间充质干细胞等细胞上呈结构型表达,并且在肿瘤细胞表面特异性表达[17]。以PD-1/PD-L1为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂是一类靶向调节T细胞活化的负调控因子,通过阻断免疫检查点信号通路,促进T淋巴细胞的活化,提高机体免疫反应和抗肿瘤能力[18]

PD-L1在恶性黑色素瘤[19]、非小细胞肺癌[20]、HNSCC等多种恶性肿瘤的肿瘤细胞和抗原呈递细胞表面表达,PD-L1的表达水平可能与患者的生存时间呈正相关[21]。在HNSCC的研究中,Tsushima等[4]先期在4例人舌癌标本组织中发现PD-L1表达呈阳性,对于接种NR-S1肿瘤的C3H小鼠使用抗PD-L1/PD-1单抗治疗能够抑制肿瘤生长;阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路可成为免疫治疗的新途径。随后,Schulz等[22]将PD-L1共免疫沉淀后进行质谱分析及基因本体分析,发现了PD-L1与参与DNA重塑和mRNA剪接的蛋白存在相互作用。近期研究发现PD-1/PD-L1与某些基因存在协同作用,共同调控肿瘤的进展。Ge等[23]发现了HPV通过circE7驱动的表观遗传修饰促进HNSCC免疫逃逸,并提出了结合抗PD-1和抗TIM-3抑制剂的潜在免疫治疗策略。Payne等[24]论证了PD-L1在HNSCC衍生的循环肿瘤细胞中存在转录和蛋白表达,PD-L1蛋白表达与肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞密切相关。

3 靶向治疗、免疫治疗及联合策略

3.1 EGFR为靶点的靶向治疗

以EGFR为靶点并在临床中开展恶性肿瘤治疗的药物分为两大类,其中一类是作用于EGFR胞内酪氨酸激酶结构域的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)[25]。EGFR-TKI是一种与胞内酪氨酸激酶结构域的ATP 位点发生竞争性结合的小分子喹啉类化合物;EGFR-TKI通过可逆性/可选择性地抑制EGFR相关的酪氨酸激酶活性,减缓了细胞内磷酸化过程,对EGFR下游发挥其功能的信号转导通路进行阻断,另有研究证明EGFR-TKI能够直接抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路中AKT磷酸化的作用[26];从而抑制体外癌细胞生长,促进癌细胞凋亡、拮抗血管生成,实现抑制肿瘤生长和转移的作用。

目前,已获得美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)和欧洲药品管理局批准的一线治疗具有敏感EGFR突变的非小细胞肺癌的特异性靶向EGFR-TKI分别有吉非替尼、厄洛替尼、阿法替尼和奥希替尼等药物[27-28](表1)。HNSCC的细胞实验证明,小剂量的厄洛替尼能够上调或激活EGFR,进而产生磷酸化,发挥抑制HNSCC细胞增殖的作用[29]。但细胞实验并不能代表HNSCC的临床指征应答,以吉非替尼和厄洛替尼为代表的第一代可逆EGFR-TKI单药治疗复发或转移(recurrent/metastatic,R/M)HNSSC的总体应答率仅为1.4% ~ 10.6%,对于晚期HNSCC患者同步放化疗过程中联用吉非替尼或厄洛替尼后未能显著增加患者的无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)或完全缓解率[30-31]。以阿法替尼为代表的第二代EGFR-TKI通过降低患者EGFR、AKT、ERK1和ERK2的磷酸化水平,使HNSCC细胞停滞于G0/G1细胞周期并诱导凋亡细胞死亡,能更有效地抑制HNSCC细胞的生长[32]。但在一项HNSCC患者手术后辅助放化疗后的III期临床试验中,阿法替尼维持治疗与安慰剂相比未能显著改善2年的无病生存期[33]。Chaib[34]的实验结果表明了第三代EGFR-TKI代表药物奥希替尼联合双氢青蒿素能够抑制对小鼠CAL27异种移植瘤模型中HNSCC细胞增殖。Hsieh[35]的体外机械实验发现奥希替尼联合三氧化二砷显著提高了细胞内的活性氧水平和DNA损伤,降低BRCA1和PLK1的表达和活性,进而阻碍Rad51与DNA双链损伤的结合并可能导致肿瘤细胞死亡,为R/M HNSCC患者提供治疗替代策略。但奥希替尼在HNSCC的临床研究较少。

另一类作用于EGFR胞外区单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibodies,mAb)已广泛应用于恶性肿瘤的治疗,EGFR-mAb通过抑制表皮生长因子、TGF等内源性配体在肿瘤细胞EGFR胞外区结合,阻断信号转导通路,达到抗肿瘤目的。此外还可通过介导抗体依赖性细胞毒性效应和补体依赖性细胞毒性效应来促进NK细胞等效应细胞识别并杀灭肿瘤细胞[36]。目前FDA已获批的抗EFGR单抗药物见表1

西妥昔单抗是一种具有特异性结合EGFR的人/鼠单克隆抗体,通过阻断EGFR的酪氨酸位点磷酸化,抑制抗细胞凋亡的PI3K/AKT/mTOR 信号通路,减缓HNSCC细胞生长[37]。2006年,FDA批准西妥昔单抗联合放射治疗局部晚期的HNSCC及单药治疗经过铂类药物化疗失败的R/M HNSCC[38]。研究表明,西妥昔单抗单药治疗R/M HNSCC的总缓解率为13%,中位总生存率(overall survival,OS)为5.9个月,疾病控制率为46%;联合铂类、5-氟尿嘧啶治疗R/M HNSCC的临床效果更显著,客观缓解率为40%,中位OS为14.7月,PFS为5.2月[39-40]。对于局晚期HNSCC,一项3期随机临床试验证明了西妥昔单抗联合放疗相较于单纯放疗能显著提高局部晚期HNSCC患者的5年总生存期,单纯放疗与西妥昔单抗联合放疗中位OS分别为29.3个月和49个月(HR:0.73,95% CI:0.56 ~ 0.95,P=0.018),西妥昔单抗联合放疗组患者5年OS为45.6%,高于单纯放疗组的36.4%[41]。然而对于HPV阳性的口咽癌患者,西妥昔单抗联合放疗组患者的OS和PFS均低于顺铂联合放疗组[42]

帕尼单抗属于免疫球蛋白G2单克隆抗体,与EGFR有高亲和性。SPECTRUM试验中使用顺铂和氟尿嘧啶联合或不联合帕尼单抗治疗R/M HNSCC的结果表明,化疗方案加入帕尼单抗虽无法改善HNSCC患者的OS,但延长了患者的PFS,人乳头瘤病毒p16-INK4A的状态可能是接受化疗联合帕尼单抗患者预后标志物[43]。Lee等[44]利用帕尼单抗设计了89Zr-pan PET/CT示踪技术能够有效提高HNSCC的诊断准确性,其特异性达到了96.3%(95% CI:0.892 ~ 1.000),同时还能定位转移性淋巴结。

尼妥珠单抗是我国第一个以EGFR为靶点并具有中等亲和力的人源化mAb,除竞争性抑制内源性配体与EGFR结合后抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的途径外,还能够特异性地诱导记忆T细胞对抗EGFR,延长临床应答周期[45]。对于局晚期HNSCC放化疗联合尼妥珠单抗的3期临床试验中,尼妥珠单抗联合顺铂加放疗能够显著改善患者的PFS、无病生存期和局部区域控制持续时间,为HNSCC的治疗提供了新的选择[46-47]。因尼妥珠单抗的亲和力相较于西妥昔单抗更低,结合EGFR的能力相对减弱,减少了对正常组织细胞的杀伤作用,避免了严重的剂量限制毒性[48]。在我国开展的一项使用尼妥珠单抗联合铂类药物治疗245例晚期HNSCC的临床试验结果表明,治疗后肿瘤原发组患者的中位生存期达到了57个月,肿瘤原发组和复发组在5年OS分别为47.7%和8%;作为EGFR-mAb主要不良反应的皮疹,发生率仅为1.63%[49]

3.2 PD-1/PD-L1为靶点的免疫治疗

PD-1/PD-L1单克隆抗体是通过阻断PD-1与PD-L1的结合,恢复肿瘤特异性T细胞的功能,实现抗肿瘤免疫的作用[50]。抗PD-1/PD-L1单抗药物均由免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)构成。抗PD-L1单克隆抗体的主要基本结构为IgG1,相较IgG4更稳定,目前FDA已获批的抗PD-1单抗和抗PD-L1单抗药物如表2所示[51]

帕博利珠单抗是FDA最早被批准应用于R/M HNSCC患者二线治疗的PD-1单抗[52],KEYNOTE-12试验研究表明帕博利珠单抗单药治疗PD-L1阳性的R/M HNSCC患者的客观缓解率为18%,在治疗过程中发生的治疗相关不良事件(treatment related adverse events,TRAEs)为64%,出现3 ~ 4级TRAEs比例仅为13%[53]。而在KEYNOTE-048试验中,帕博利珠单抗将CPS>1的R/M HNSCC患者OS延长了2个月,对于CPS>20的R/M HNSCC患者,OS延长达4.2个月[54]。KEYNOTE-040试验通过对铂类耐受的R/M HNSCC患者使用帕博利珠单抗和甲氨蝶呤、多西他赛或西妥昔单抗单药治疗的中位OS进行对比,帕博利珠单抗组中位OS、TRAEs发生率和患者死亡率均优于化疗组[55]。在一项帕博利珠单抗联合放疗的GORTEC 2015-01 PembroRad二期临床试验结果表明,帕博利珠单抗联合放疗相较于西妥昔单抗联合放疗,虽未能改善局晚期HNSCC的存活率,但可以降低在放疗中的不良反应[56]

纳武利尤单抗是FDA批准的首个抗PD-1单抗。无独有偶,与KEYNOTE-040临床试验方案相似的CHECKMATE-141试验表明了对于铂类耐受的R/M HNSCC患者使用纳武利尤单抗单药治疗的患者总生存期优于以甲氨蝶呤、多西他赛或西妥昔单抗为标准药物的治疗,使得纳武利尤单抗成为继帕博利珠单抗第二个于2016年被FDA批准一线治疗R/M HNSCC[21,57]。2019年10月8日,我国国家药品监督管理局批准了纳武利尤单抗可用于治疗含铂类药物化疗期间或之后出现疾病进展且肿瘤PD-L1阳性表达的R/M HNSCC患者。2011年FDA批准的以细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4,CTLA-4)为靶点的免疫检查点抑制剂伊匹木单抗能够与纳武利尤单抗互补[58],CHECKMATE-651试验评估了纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹木单抗一线方案与EXTREME(西妥昔单抗+顺铂/卡铂+氟尿嘧啶)在铂类耐受的R/M HNSCC中的疗效,纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹木单抗相比EXTREME,发生3/4级TRAEs更少,安全性更高[59]

特瑞普利单抗作为国内首个拥有完全自主知识产权的抗肿瘤PD-1单抗,于2018年获得全身治疗无反应的不可切除或转移黑色素瘤的二线治疗[60],并于2021年获得国家药品监督管理局批准用于复发/转移性鼻咽癌的一线治疗和尿路上皮癌二线治疗[61]。NeoTGP01试验证明了特瑞普利单抗联合吉西他滨和顺铂在可切除的局晚期HNSCC患者治疗中客观缓解率为45%,病理完全缓解率和主要病理缓解率分别达到了16.7%和27.8%[62]。卡瑞利珠单抗联合VEGFR2抑制剂阿帕替尼新辅助治疗局晚期OSCC的研究表明了达到主要病理缓解率的患者相较未达到主要病理缓解率的患者拥有更多的CD4+T细胞浸润[63]。在我国的一项使用替雷利珠单抗单药治疗R/M HNSCC的临床试验中发现,替雷利珠单抗对HNSCC治疗效应可能与免疫细胞浸润及免疫信号相关通路的激活密切相关[64]。目前对于信迪利单抗和西米普利单抗单药治疗HNSCC的研究较少,信迪利单抗目前在胃及胃食管连接部肿瘤的临床研究中取得了显著效果[65],西米普利单抗的研究主要集中于非小细胞肺癌[66]和局晚期、转移性皮肤鳞状细胞癌[67]

度伐利尤单抗单药或联合以CTLA-4为靶点的替西木单抗在治疗R/M HNSCC的临床试验中,单药治疗HNSCC患者12个月生存率优于联用替西木单抗后的生存率,发生3级TRAEs更低[68]。近期法国开展了一项多中心临床试验,研究表明采用恒定剂量的长春瑞滨联用度伐利尤单抗和替西木单抗治疗R/M HNSCC患者的疗效有限[69]。在一项面向HNSCC和尿路上皮癌的COTEST试验研究中,阿替利珠单抗联合MEK抑制剂考比替尼对于HNSCC的客观缓解率和疾病控制率分别为20%和50%,中位OS达到了16.8个月[70]。此外,一项使用阿维鲁单抗联合放化疗方式治疗局部晚期HNSCC的临床研究中,阿维鲁单抗延长HNSCC的PFS的主要目标未达到,但也为HNSCC放化疗中加入阿维鲁单抗的临床试验提供了临床信息[71]

3.3 靶向治疗联合免疫治疗

近年来,针对头颈部鳞状细胞癌的治疗策略从单一疗法向联合治疗范式转变,其核心目的在于通过不同机制药物的协同作用,克服肿瘤的异质性与耐药性,从而提升整体治疗效果[72]。抗EGFR单抗不仅直接抑制肿瘤生长信号通路,还能通过上调肿瘤细胞表面抗原表达、调节免疫细胞功能等方式,重塑肿瘤微环境。在一项帕博利珠单抗联合西妥昔单抗用于治疗铂类耐药或治疗失败R/M HNSCC患者的2期临床试验中,共纳入33例受试者,治疗方案为帕博利珠单抗200 mg 1次/3周和西妥昔单抗首次剂量400 mg/m2、250 mg/m2 1次/周,联用剂量同单药治疗剂量一致。治疗6个月后,患者的客观缓解率和疾病控制率分别为45%和61%[73]。西妥昔单抗和帕博利珠单抗双药联合治疗的疗效已超过公布的单药治疗疗效,延长了铂类耐药或治疗失败R/M HNSCC患者的生存期。RTOG 3504试验结果表明对于未经过治疗的中高危局部晚期HNSCC患者使用纳武利尤单抗联合西妥昔单抗和放疗的方案能够获益[74-75]。ALPHA试验研究中以EGFR突变特异性靶向EGFR-TKI的阿法替尼能够增强帕博利珠单抗的治疗效果并改善HNSCC患者的客观缓解率,基于NanoString PanCancer基因表达分析发现了肿瘤微环境中抗原呈递、免疫激活和NK细胞介导的细胞毒性基因[76]。在我国开展的neoCHANCE-1二期临床试验评估了国产PD-1单抗替雷利珠单抗联合阿法替尼治疗局晚期HNSCC取得了较优的抗肿瘤效果并且发现该方案具有潜在免疫激活作用[77]。这种“靶向+免疫”的联合,是策略性地将肿瘤从“免疫冷”状态转变为“免疫热”状态,旨在突破PD-1单药治疗的响应瓶颈。NgK等[78]也开展一项关于西妥昔单抗联合阿维鲁单抗治疗R/M HNSCC患者的2期临床试验—EACH方案,旨在确定阿维鲁单抗与西妥昔单抗联合用药的安全性及最佳剂量。Tian等[79]尝试使用抗PD-1单抗纳武利尤单抗或国产抗PD-1单抗信迪利单抗联合国产抗EGFR单抗尼妥珠单抗和紫杉醇对3例OSCC患者的新辅助治疗方案取得了不错的治疗结果。综上所述,以PD-1抑制剂联合抗EGFR单抗为核心的双药或联合放疗/化疗的多模式治疗HNSCC的策略,其根本目的是通过多靶点、多机制的协同与整合,系统性地增强抗肿瘤效应,克服耐药,并将治疗窗口从晚期后线逐步前移至一线乃至围手术期,最终实现从延长生存到追求治愈的跨越。

4 结语

在HNSCC中,抗EGFR单抗的靶向治疗和抗PD-1/PD-L1单抗的免疫治疗已取得了里程碑式进展。对于HNSCC,无论化疗、靶向治疗和免疫治疗的单药治疗或联合治疗的安全性和疗效的评估、治疗方案的制定及新靶点的探索有待进一步研究。总之,探索HNSCC患者个性化治疗方案,实现肿瘤的精准治疗仍是业界学者们共同努力的目标

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