环向双聚能装药爆破致裂机理研究

Study on the mechanism of ring-shaped dual-energy cumulative charge blasting for rock fracturing

摘要

为了研究环向聚能管在爆破过程中的聚能效应，利用 ABAQUS 数值仿真软件，采用光滑粒子流体动力学与有限元(SPH–FEM) 耦合算法构建了环向单/双聚能管爆破模型，着重比较环向单/双聚能管的能量释放规律和爆生产物运移特征，并结合模型试验对环向聚能爆破裂纹扩展特征进行深入分析. 结果表明：环向单聚能管能够显著控制爆生产物的流向，实现爆炸能量的定向释放，其聚能缝处管壁应力峰值比非聚能缝处管壁高约 22.9%. 环向双聚能管由于内管的缓冲作用，使其外管聚能缝处管壁应力峰值减小约 16.4%，显著降低了外管的变形. 与环向单聚能爆破相比，环向双聚能爆破时沿聚能缝处喷出的粒子速度峰值提高约 24.9%，粒子动能更高，表明环向双聚能爆破能促使爆炸能量更多地沿聚能方向释放. 结合模型试验发现，环向聚能爆破能够在炮孔底部优先形成沿聚能缝方向扩展的环向裂纹，显著降低了炮孔底部的夹制作用，促使径向裂纹更多地沿环向裂纹面扩展，增大了炮孔底部岩体的破碎范围. 此外，与环向单聚能爆破相比，环向双聚能爆破时，环向裂纹的扩展速度更快，峰值速度提高 28%，最终形成的环向裂纹扩展路径更加平整. 研究成果为精细调控爆炸裂纹扩展提供借鉴和指导.

Abstract

To solve the existing problems in deep-hole blasting, such as the high clamping effect of rock at the bottom of blast holes, low utilization rate of explosive energy, and poor directional fracture control effect, and to reveal the fracturing mechanism of circular double-shaped charge blasting, this study adopted the ABAQUS numerical simulation software and employed the smoothed particle hydrodynamics-finite element method (SPH–FEM) coupled algorithm to establish blasting models of circular single- and double-shaped charge tubes. A systematic comparison was carried out between the two charge structures in terms of the explosive energy release law, migration characteristics of explosive products, stress response, and deformation characteristics of the shaped charge tube. Blasting test on organic glass model was conducted to systematically analyze the mechanisms of crack initiation, propagation, and penetration under the action of circular-shaped charge blasting. The results show that the circular single-shaped charge tube can effectively control the flow direction of explosive products and facilitate the directional release of explosive energy. The peak stress of the tube wall at the shaped charge slot is approximately 22.9% higher than that at the non-shaped charge slot. Owing to the buffering effect of the inner tube, the circular double-shaped charge tube reduces the peak stress at the shaped charge slot of the outer tube by approximately 16.4%, which significantly reduces the deformation of the outer tube. At the same time, the peak velocity of particles ejected along the shaped charge slot is approximately 24.9% higher than in the single-shaped-charge structure, indicating the higher efficiency of directional energy convergence. The model test results demonstrate that circular-shaped charge blasting can preferentially form circular cracks extending along the direction of the shaped charge slot at the bottom of the blast hole, which greatly reduces the clamping effect at the bottom of the hole, guides the radial cracks to extend along the circular crack surface, and improves the crushing effect of the rock mass at the bottom of the hole. Compared to circular single-shaped charge blasting, double-shaped charge blasting exhibits earlier crack initiation and accelerated propagation. It yields a 28% increase in peak velocity, a more linear crack trajectory, and a highly uniform fracture surface. This study elucidates the synergistic fracturing mechanism of the circular double shaped charge, and the findings provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidelines for the precise regulation of explosive crack propagation in deep-hole blasting engineering.

关键词

环向聚能管 / 数值仿真 / SPH–FEM / 爆生产物 / 模型试验

Key words

ring-shaped charge tube / numerical simulation / SPH–FEM / detonation products / model test

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52227805)