基于磁共振波谱成像技术探讨强制性运动疗法对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠运动功能的影响

江萍利 ,  陈晓程 ,  许雯珊 ,  丁妍怡 ,  柳维林 ,  陶静

康复学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (02) : 142 -147.

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康复学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (02) : 142 -147. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1329.2023.02008
基础研究

基于磁共振波谱成像技术探讨强制性运动疗法对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠运动功能的影响

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Effect of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy on Motor Function of Rats with Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Based on Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging

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摘要

目的 基于动物磁共振波谱(MRS)成像技术探讨强制性运动疗法(CIMT)改善脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠运动功能的机制。 方法 采用改良Longa线栓法构建左侧大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)再灌注损伤大鼠模型,造模成功后采用随机数字表法分为对照组和CIMT组,每组6只。对照组于笼中自由活动;CIMT组于造模后第7天进行CIMT干预,干预时将大鼠健侧固定后置于跑台上,强迫患侧运动,1次/d,20 min/次,7 d/周,连续干预2周。于干预前后,采用旷场实验评价2组大鼠的运动功能;采用改良神经功能缺损评分(mNSS)评价大鼠神经功能缺损情况;采用9.4 T小动物核磁进行MRS成像扫描,检测大鼠双侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸水平的变化。 结果 ① 运动功能:与对照组比较,CIMT组干预后大鼠自主活动总距离明显增加,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。② 神经功能缺损情况:与对照组比较,CIMT组干预后mNSS评分明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③ 运动皮层M1区谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸水平比较:与干预前比较,对照组干预后健侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸/肌酐明显降低,CIMT组干预后患侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸/肌酐明显升高、γ-氨基丁酸/肌酐明显降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,CIMT组干预后患侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸/肌酐明显升高、γ-氨基丁酸/肌酐明显降低(P<0.05)。 结论 强制性运动疗法可改善脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的运动功能障碍及神经功能缺损,其机制可能与提高脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠患侧运动皮层M1区兴奋性神经递质谷氨酸水平,降低抑制性神经递质γ-氨基丁酸水平有关。

Abstract

Objective Animal magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) imaging was used to detect the level of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in motor cortex of rats, and to explore the regulatory effect of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) on motor function of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods The modified Longa suture method was used to construct the left middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion injury rats model (MCAO). After modeling, the rats were randomly divided to the control group and the CIMT group, with six rats in each group. The rats moved freely in the cage in the control group; CIMT intervention was performed in the CIMT group after modeling at the 7th day, the rat's healthy side was immobilized, and the affected side was forced to move during the CIMT intervention, 20 minutes a day, continuous intervention for two weeks. Before and after CIMT intervention, the open field test was used to evaluate the motor function; the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was used to evaluate the neurological deficits; 9.4 T small animal nuclear magnetic resonance (MRS) imaging was used to detect the changes of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid levels in the bilateral motor cortex of rats. Results ① Open field test results:compared with the control group, the total distance of exercise in the CIMT group after intervention for two weeks was significantly increased, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). ② mNSS score results: compared with the control group, the mNSS score of the CIMT group after intervention for two weeks was significantly decreased, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). ③ Comparison of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid levels in the M1 area of the motor cortex: compared with before intervention, the ratio of glutamate/creatinine in the M1 area of the healthy side motor cortex was significantly decreased, and the glutamate/creatinine ratio in the M1 area of the affected side motor cortex of rats in the CIMT group was significantly increased, γ-aminobutyric acid/creatinine ratio was significantly was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the ratio of glutamate/creatinine in the M1 area of the affected lateral motor cortex in the CIMT group was significantly increased, and γ-aminobutyric acid/creatinine ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion CIMT can improve motor dysfunction and neurological deficit of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and its mechanism may be related to increasing the level of excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in M1 area of motor cortex and reducing inhibitory neurotransmitter γ- aminobutyric acid level.

Graphical abstract

关键词

脑缺血再灌注损伤 / 强制性运动疗法 / 磁共振波谱 / 运动功能 / 谷氨酸 / γ-氨基丁酸

Key words

cerebral ischemia reperfusion / constraint-induced movement therapy / magnetic resonance spectroscopy / motor function / glutamate / γ-aminobutyric acid

引用本文

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江萍利,陈晓程,许雯珊,丁妍怡,柳维林,陶静. 基于磁共振波谱成像技术探讨强制性运动疗法对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠运动功能的影响[J]. 康复学报, 2023, 33(02): 142-147 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1329.2023.02008

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缺血性脑卒中是因脑供血动脉狭窄或动脉阻塞,脑供血不足所致,具有发病率高、损伤后恢复有限等特点,是全球范围内致残的主要原因之一1。脑缺血再灌注损伤是缺血性脑卒中的常见并发症,缺血区域血液再灌注会引发各种损伤反应,进一步加剧神经元死亡和神经功能障碍2。运动功能障碍是脑缺血再灌注损伤后最常见的功能障碍,不但影响患者的日常生活活动,也给社会和经济造成沉重负担。研究显示,初级运动皮层(primary motor area,M1)与脑缺血再灌注损伤后运动功能障碍恢复直接相关3
康复训练是治疗脑缺血再灌注损伤后运动功能障碍最广泛的方法,可以最大限度地促进患者功能障碍恢复。强制性运动疗法(constraint-induced movement therapy,CIMT)是一种强制性运动患侧肢体,同时限制健侧肢体活动的康复疗法,可用于改善脑缺血再灌注损伤后的肢体运动功能障碍,是循证医学证据支持和临床推荐的治疗方法4-6。既往研究表明,CIMT可调节大脑神经递质谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸水平,从而改善脑缺血再灌注损伤动物模型运动功能和认知功能7-10。但是,CIMT是否通过调节大脑双侧运动皮层M1区神经递质谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸,改善脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠运动功能尚不明确。因此,本研究采用动物磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)成像技术检测大鼠大脑双侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸代谢水平,以探讨CIMT改善脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠运动功能的效应机制。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物

选择SPF级8周龄雄性SD大鼠16只,体质量(280±30)g,购于上海斯莱克实验动物公司[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(沪)2017-0001]。分笼喂养于福建中医药大学实验动物中心[许可证号:SYXK(闽)2020-0003]。实验动物处理均严格按照动物伦理准则和指南的相关条例执行。

1.2 主要实验试剂和仪器

戊巴比妥钠(美国SIGMA公司,型号:CQ6125000);异氟烷(中国瑞沃德公司,型号:R510-22);小动物磁共振成像仪(德国BRUKER公司,型号:Bruker BioSpec 94/20);小动物跑台、旷场实验记录软件(中国上海欣软公司);线栓(中国瑞沃德公司,规格:4-0)。

1.3 实验方法

1.3.1 动物模型建立及分组

16只大鼠均参考改良Longa线栓法进行左侧大脑中动脉阻塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型复制11。禁食12 h后,大鼠腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠(2%戊巴比妥钠,0.2 mL/100 g)麻醉,在颈部皮肤中线切口,朝大鼠颈部左侧进行组织剥离,分离出左侧颈总动脉、颈外动脉和颈内动脉。缝合线扎紧3条血管后颈外动脉剪口,将线栓插入颈外动脉,离断颈外动脉后松开颈内动脉的活结,再将线栓从颈外动脉转动使其进入颈内动脉,调整线栓进颈内动脉的角度后缓缓推入以闭塞大鼠的左侧大脑中动脉,线栓进入后将颈总动脉的活结解开,缝合切口将大鼠置于保温垫上。90 min后拔出线栓,构建脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。综合大鼠Zea longa评分以及T2加权成像(T2 weighted image,T2WI)显示脑梗死区,检验造模是否成功12。Zea longa评分标准如下:① 无神经功能缺损为0分;② 提尾时患侧前肢内收,不能完全伸展为1分;③ 自发行走时向右侧转圈为2分;④ 行走时身体向右侧倾倒为3分;⑤ 不能行走,有意识丧失为4分。大鼠造模后24 h进行评分,其中1~3分为造模成功,0分和4分予以剔除。剔除造模未成功的大鼠2只,因脑缺血死亡的大鼠2只。造模成功的12只大鼠采用随机数字表法分为对照组和CIMT组,每组6只。

1.3.2 干预方法

1.3.2.1 对照组

对照组大鼠每日笼中自由活动,不做特殊处理。

1.3.2.2 CIMT组

CIMT组大鼠在造模后7 d开始训练。训练时大鼠健侧被固定于身体一侧,之后将大鼠放在倾斜角度为15°的小动物跑台上,速度设置为10 m/min。见图1。1次/d,20 min/次,7次/周,连续训练2周13

1.4 观察指标

1.4.1 运动功能

于干预前后采用旷场实验评估大鼠自发运动能力14。测试前1 d将大鼠放入旷场箱(75 cm×75 cm×75 cm)中自由活动5 min以适应环境。正式开始测试时,大鼠在旷场箱中间自由活动5 min,随后采集大鼠自主活动总距离。每只大鼠采集结束后,用75%酒精擦拭实验装置以消除气味对大鼠的影响。随后导出数据进行统计分析。

1.4.2 神经功能缺损程度

于干预前后采用改良神经功能缺损评分(modified neurological severity score,mNSS)评价大鼠神经功能缺损情况15。评估由2名研究人员独立进行,结果取其评分平均值。评估内容包括感觉能力、运动能力、深浅反射以及平衡能力。总分为18分,评分越低则表示大鼠神经功能越好。

1.4.3 大鼠运动皮层M1区神经代谢物质检测

于干预前后采用9.4 T MRS仪扫描检测大鼠双侧运动皮层谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸水平的变化。大鼠经2%异氟烷麻醉后,俯卧位置于扫描床上,呼吸电极监控大鼠呼吸频率。采集包括定位像、T2WI及波谱扫描。T2WI采用弛豫增强快速采集序列,扫描参数:重复时间(time of repetition,TR)=2 500 ms,回波时间(time of echo,TE)=33 ms,视野(field of view,FOV)=32 mm×32 mm,平均次数(averages)=4,矩阵(Matrix)=256×256,扫描层数21层,层厚1 mm,扫描时间320 s。在双侧运动皮层M1区,选择大小为2.0 mm×2.0 mm×2.0 mm的体素,绿色小方框为选中的感兴趣区域。见图2。经匀场和压水后,半高宽<20 Hz后开始扫描。采用PRESS序列采集运动皮层M1区波谱数据,TR=1 500 ms,TE=16.5 ms,扫描时间384 s,基线校正后,使用Topspin软件进行分析,神经代谢物质化学位移采用百万分之一(×10-6)进行描述。使用软件工具标出(2.2~2.5)×10-6处的谷氨酸信号峰值和2.27×10-6处的γ-氨基丁酸信号峰值,以3.03×10-6处的肌酐信号峰值作为内参进行相对定量,分别计算谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和肌酐的比值,对双侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸/肌酐、γ-氨基丁酸/肌酐进行统计学分析。

1.5 统计学方法

采用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行数据分析,计量资料符合正态分布,数据以(x¯±s)表示,组内干预前后比较采用配对样本t检验,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 2组运动功能比较

与干预前比较,2组干预后自主活动总距离均明显增加,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,CIMT组干预后自主活动总距离明显增加,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。

2.2 2组神经功能缺损程度比较

与干预前比较,2组干预后mNSS评分均明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,CIMT组干预后mNSS评分明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2

表1 2组旷场实验自主活动总距离比较(x¯±s) mm

Table 1 Comparison of total distance of autonomous

activities between two groups in the open field

experiment (x¯±s) mm

2.3 2组双侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸代谢水平比较

与干预前比较,对照组干预后健侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸/肌酐明显降低(P<0.05),CIMT组干预后患侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸/肌酐明显升高,γ-氨基丁酸/肌酐明显降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,CIMT组患侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸/肌酐升高,γ-氨基丁酸/肌酐降低(P<0.05)。见图3图4表3

3 讨 论

3.1 CIMT可以改善脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠运动功能障碍和神经功能缺损

本研究结果显示,与干预前比较,2组干预后自主活动总距离均明显增加,mNSS评分均明显降低,提示2组干预后运动功能障碍和神经功能缺损均有所改善,脑缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠存在一定的自发恢复能力。与对照组比较,CIMT组干预后自主活动总距离增加,mNSS评分明显降低,提示CIMT可以改善脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠运动功能障碍和神经功能缺损。可能和以下因素有关:① 脑缺血再灌注损伤后,损伤脑区大量神经元死亡,引起运动功能障碍等神经功能缺损。在脑缺血再灌注损伤后,大脑具有神经保护作用并且激活机体的自发恢复能力16。② 大脑神经可塑性和功能重组是大脑功能恢复的基础17。CIMT干预可增强MCAO动物模型感觉运动皮层突触可塑性18-19。这与ROBERTS等20发现CIMT可通过增强神经重塑从而改善MCAO小鼠运动功能障碍和神经功能缺损的研究结果一致。③ CIMT训练可诱导神经元募集整合到健侧神经网络中,并增加大脑双侧运动皮层c-fos阳性神经元数量21。这与研究显示CIMT可促进患侧皮质脊髓束功能重组的结果一致22

3.2 CIMT可以调节大脑运动皮层的谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸

MRS是利用磁共振化学位移现象来测定组成物质的分子成分的一种非侵入性检测技术,可对活体组织器官进行无创检测分析,常用于分析大脑内谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸等神经递质的代谢变化23-26。MRS具有高重复性、非破坏性、非侵入性的优势,在短时间内可同时检测到大量代谢物,可用于完整组织样品的研究。脑缺血损伤后双侧大脑半球间的神经递质失衡是导致运动功能障碍的原因之一,有研究显示,谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸与运动功能障碍密切相关27。本研究结果显示,与干预前比较,对照组干预后健侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸/肌酐水平降低,CIMT组干预后患侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸/肌酐水平升高,γ-氨基丁酸/肌酐水平降低。与对照组比较,CIMT组干预后患侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸/肌酐水平明显更高,γ-氨基丁酸/肌酐水平明显更低,健侧差异无统计学意义。提示CIMT能够改善脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠运动功能可能与其升高大脑患侧运动皮层M1区谷氨酸水平和降低γ-氨基丁酸水平有关。可能与以下因素有关:① CIMT可增强脑缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠患侧半球AMPA受体依赖性突触可塑性。AMPA受体是哺乳动物中枢神经系统中主要的离子型谷氨酸受体,介导兴奋性突触传递,对调节突触功能至关重要28。② CIMT可能通过促进谷氨酸A2/3受体表达,改善大脑健侧异常谷氨酸代谢,促进脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的感觉运动功能恢复710。③ CIMT可能通过改善大脑的葡萄糖代谢,增加谷氨酸的合成,对γ-氨基丁酸起到抑制作用,从而改善脑缺血再灌注损伤导致的功能障碍,这与MERGENTHALER等29研究结果相似。

4 小 结

CIMT可促进脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠运动功能和神经功能的恢复,这可能与CIMT可以提高患侧运动皮层M1区兴奋性神经递质谷氨酸水平,降低抑制性神经递质γ-氨基丁酸水平有关。下一步研究将对运动相关其他脑区进行更多分析,并从兴奋性和抑制性信号传递相关受体进行蛋白分子层面验证,以探究脑损伤恢复的相关作用机制。

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