前交叉韧带重建术后淋巴引流手法对膝关节肿胀程度的影响

孟聪 ,  鲍勇 ,  张伟明

康复学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (01) : 61 -68.

PDF (1437KB)
康复学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (01) : 61 -68. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1329.2024.01009
临床研究

前交叉韧带重建术后淋巴引流手法对膝关节肿胀程度的影响

作者信息 +

Effect of Lymphatic Drainage Manipulation on Knee Joint Swelling after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (1471K)

摘要

目的 分析前交叉韧带(ACL)重建术后淋巴引流手法对膝关节肿胀程度的影响。 方法 采取前瞻性研究,选择2020年2月—2023年2月上海市瑞金康复医院康复科收治的ACL损伤患者作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各120例。2组均行ACL重建术治疗,对照组术后采取冰敷治疗,观察组术后采取淋巴引流手法治疗。2组均连续干预4周,观察2组不同时点(术后当天、术后1周、术后2周、术后4周)膝关节肿胀度及膝关节皮肤温度;观察2组干预前后的膝关节活动范围(ROM)、膝关节功能[Lysholm膝关节评分(LKSS)]、致痛物质[P物质、5-羟色胺(5-HT)]及炎症指标[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]变化。 结果 观察组术后1、2、4周膝关节肿胀度均低于对照组(P<0.05);偏回归系数显示,术后1、2、4周时,β^=-2.800、-1.760、-0.890,P均<0.001,表明术后1、2、4周时观察组患者膝关节肿胀程度均较术后当天降低;观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周β^=-1.070、-0.880、-0.600,P值分别为0.003、0.003、0.048,观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周均较对照组降低,即观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周均较术后当天降低;观察组术后1、2、4周时膝关节皮肤温度均低于对照组(P<0.05);偏回归系数显示,术后1、2、4周时,β^=-0.090、-0.130、-0.520,P均<0.05,表明术后1、2、4周时观察组患者膝关节皮肤温度较术后当天降低;观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周时,β^=-0.193、-0.330、-0.187,P均<0.001,观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周分别较对照组降低0.193、0.330、0.187 ℃,即观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周均较术后当天降低;干预后,2组ROM、LKSS高于干预前,观察组高于对照组(P<0.05);干预后,2组P物质、5-HT均低于干预前,观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05);干预后,2组TNF-ɑ、IL-6均低于干预前,观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论 淋巴引流手法相较冰敷能更有效改善ACL重建术患者术后膝关节肿胀度,降低膝关节皮肤温度,减轻术后疼痛,促进患者膝关节功能恢复。

Abstract

Objective To analyze the effect of lymphatic drainage manipulation on knee joint swelling after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods This prospective study was conducted to select patients with ACL injury admitted to the Orthopaedics Department of Shanghai Ruijin Rehabilitation Hospital from February 2020 to February 2023. The participants were divided into the observation group and control group according to the random number table method, with 120 cases in each group. ACL reconstruction was performed in both groups. Postoperatively, the control group was treated with ice compression, and the observation group was treated with lymphatic drainage manipulation. Both groups received continuous intervention for 4 weeks. The swelling degree and skin temperature of knee joint were observed at different time points (postoperative day, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks postoperatively). Range of motion (ROM) and knee function [Lysholm knee score scale (LKSS)] before and after intervention for both groups were observed, as well as changes in pain substances [substance P, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] and inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6)]. Results The swelling degree of knee joint in the observation group was lower than that in the control group at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively (P<0.05). The partial regression coefficient showed that at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively β^=-2.800, -1.760, -0.890 respectively, with P<0.001, indicating a reduction of knee joint swelling in the observation group at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively compared to the postoperative day. The observation group*1 week postoperatively, the observation group*2 weeks postoperatively, the observation group*4 weeks postoperatively β^=-1.070, -0.880, -0.600, P=0.003, 0.003, 0.048, respectively. The observation group*1 week postoperatively, the observation group*2 weeks postoperatively, the observation group*4 weeks postoperatively were lower than the control group, that is, the observation group*1 week postoperatively, the observation group*2 weeks postoperatively, the observation group*4 weeks postoperatively were lower than the postoperative day; The skin temperature of knee joint in the observation group was lower than that in the control group at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively (P<0.05); the interpretation of partial regression coefficient: at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively β^=-0.090, -0.130, -0.520, P<0.05, indicating that the skin temperature of knee joint in the observation group at 1, 2, 4 weeks postoperatively was lower than that on the postoperative day; the observation group*1 week postoperatively, the observation group*2 weeks postoperatively, the observation group*4 weeks postoperatively β^=-0.193, -0.330, -0.187, P<0.001, the observation group*1 week postoperatively, the observation group*2 weeks postoperatively, the observation group*4 weeks postoperatively decreased by 0.193, 0.330, 0.187 ℃ compared with the control group, that is, the observation group*1 week postoperatively, the observation group*2 weeks postoperatively, the observation group*4 weeks postoperatively decreased compared with the postoperative day. After the intervention, ROM and LKSS in the two groups were higher than those before intervention, with the observation group higher than the control group (P<0.05). After the intervention, the level of substance P and 5-HT in the two groups was lower than those before intervention, and the observation group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). After the intervention, the level of TNF-ɑ and IL-6 in the two groups was lower than those before intervention, and the level in the observation group was lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Lymphatic drainage maneuvers are more effective than ice compress in improving postoperative knee joint swelling, lowering knee skin temperature, reducing postoperative pain, and promoting recovery of knee function in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction.

Graphical abstract

关键词

前交叉韧带损伤 / 前交叉韧带重建术 / 淋巴引流手法 / 冰敷治疗 / 膝关节肿胀度

Key words

anterior cruciate ligament injury / anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction / lymphatic drainage manipulation / ice compression treatment / knee joint swelling degree

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
孟聪,鲍勇,张伟明. 前交叉韧带重建术后淋巴引流手法对膝关节肿胀程度的影响[J]. 康复学报, 2024, 34(01): 61-68 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1329.2024.01009

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligaments,ACL)损伤主要由非接触性运动损伤所导致,ACL损伤可使膝关节前稳定性改变,造成胫骨前移及旋转不稳,加速膝关节磨损,促进膝关节骨性关节炎发展1。目前临床对于ACL损伤主要采取手术治疗,如ACL重建术,通过自体肌腱或人工韧带帮助患者重建肌腱束,恢复患者膝关节功能2。但患者术后由于手术创伤,可引起一系列应激反应,促进大量血浆蛋白释放,当超过淋巴系统功能性传输负荷容量时,可导致膝关节肿胀3。严重的膝关节肿胀会影响膝关节功能恢复,并增加深静脉血栓形成风险,威胁患者生命安全。冰敷是临床常用的消肿方式,冰敷可使术后毛细血管收缩,达到止血、降温作用,减少渗血,减轻患者术后肿胀程度,但效果一般4。淋巴系统是人体重要防卫系统,同时也是人体脉管系统的重要组成部分,淋巴液可将组织液中的蛋白质分子带回血液中,同时可有效清除血液中红细胞及无法被重吸收的大分子5。淋巴引流手法是基于淋巴系统的按摩治疗技术,可促进静脉及淋巴回流6。由此推测淋巴引流手法可能在改善ACL重建术患者术后膝关节肿胀有积极意义。鉴于此,本研究着重分析ACL重建术后淋巴引流手法对膝关节肿胀程度的影响。

1 临床资料

1.1 病例选择标准

1.1.1 纳入标准

① ACL损伤符合《外科学》7中的诊断标准,并经关节磁共振成像检查确诊;② 已行ACL重建术治疗者;③ 术后膝关节肿胀者;④ 无严重心脑血管疾病者;⑤ 神智、情绪及认知功能正常者;⑥ 单侧发病者。

1.1.2 排除标准

① 合并严重脏器功能障碍者;② 合并其他部位骨折者;③ 出现筋膜间室综合征者;④ 合并恶性肿瘤者。

1.2 一般资料

选择2020年2月—2023年2月上海市瑞金康复医院收治的ACL损伤患者作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组120例。2组性别、年龄、发病侧比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。患者已签署知情同意书,本研究经上海瑞金康复医院伦理委员会审批通过[审批号:伦审(20200157)号]。

2 方 法

2.1 术后干预方法

2.1.1 基础干预方案

患者术后返回病房均用软枕垫高下肢,高于心脏水平;术后采取关节松动训练和肌力训练,包括等长肌收缩、直腿抬高训练等。

2.1.2 对照组

采取冰敷干预,辅助患者取韧带伸展位冰敷,10 min/次,3次/d,治疗1周。随后常规干预至术后4周。

2.1.3 观察组

采取淋巴引流手法,辅助患者取仰卧位,抬高患肢,叮嘱患者采取缓慢腹式呼吸,吸气时给予患者轻度腹腔压力;以轻手法压触并圆运动刺激浅表腹股沟淋巴结;再以轻手法从近端组织处逐步向远端螺旋式前进移动到膝关节周围区域,触及浅表淋巴结后再返回近端,同时叮嘱患者踝关节做交替背屈、跖屈动作促进下肢淋巴管运输淋巴液。淋巴引流手法完成后叮嘱患者轻摆肢体,加强引流效果。30 min/次,2次/d,治疗4周。

2.2 评价指标

2.2.1 膝关节肿胀度及皮肤温度

于患者术后当天及术后1、2、4周时,使用软皮尺检测患者膝关节周径(髌上髌下均值),使用医用红外体温计TAT-2000(Exergen Corporation,国械注进20212070318)测量膝关节处皮肤温度。

2.2.2 膝关节活动范围及膝关节功能评分

于患者干预前(术前1 d)、干预4周时,使用关节量角器检测患者膝关节活动范围(range of motion,ROM),使用Lysholm膝关节评分(Lysholm knee score scale,LKSS)8评估患者膝关节功能,包括跛行、需要支持、疼痛等8个维度,总分100分,分数越高膝关节功能越好。

2.2.3 血清致痛物质及炎症指标

采集患者干预前(术前1 d)、干预4周时,外周静脉血5 mL,离心(转速3 000 r/min,离心半径12 cm,离心6 min)取血清,使用酶联免疫吸附法检测P物质、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxy tryptamine,5-HT)水平,使用化学发光法检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)水平,试剂盒均由西门子医疗提供,操作严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。

2.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 25.0软件进行数据处理。计量资料符合正态分布的以(x¯±s)表示,2组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用配对t检验;2组多时点比较采用广义估计方程分析;计数资料用百分比表示,采用χ2检验。检验水平α=0.05。

3 结 果

3.1 2组不同时点膝关节肿胀度比较

观察组术后1、2、4周时膝关节肿胀度均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见图1表2

3.2 2组不同时点膝关节肿胀度广义方程分析

偏回归系数显示,术后1、2、4周时,β^=-2.800、-1.760、-0.890,P均<0.001,表明术后1、2、4周时观察组患者膝关节肿胀程度较术后当天分别降低2.800、1.760、0.890 cm;观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周β^=-1.070、-0.880、-0.600,P值分别为0.003、0.003、0.048,观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周较对照组分别降低1.070、0.880、0.600 cm,即观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周较术后当天降低3.870、2.640、1.490 cm。见表3

3.3 2组不同时点膝关节皮肤温度比较

观察组术后1、2、4周膝关节皮肤温度均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表4图2

3.4 2组不同时点膝关节皮肤温度广义方程分析

偏回归系数显示,术后1、2、4周时,β^=-0.090、-0.130、-0.520,P均<0.05,表明术后1、2、4周时观察组患者膝关节皮肤温度分别较术后当天降低0.090、0.130、0.520 ℃;观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周β^=-0.193、-0.330、-0.187,P均<0.001,观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周分别较对照组降低0.193、0.330、0.187 ℃,即观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周分别较术后当天降低0.283、0.460、0.707 ℃。广义方程见表5

3.5 2组膝关节活动范围及功能比较

干预前,2组ROM、LKSS比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,2组ROC、LKSS均高于干预前,观察组均高于对照组(P<0.05)。见表6,广义方程见表7表8

3.6 2组血清致痛物质水平比较

干预前,2组P物质、5-HT水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,2组P物质、5-HT低于干预前,观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表9,广义方程见表10表11

3.7 2组炎症指标比较

干预前,2组TNF-α、IL-6水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,2组TNF-α、IL-6均低于对照组,观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表12,广义方程见表13表14

4 讨 论

ACL重建术可使ACL损伤患者各项关节功能快速恢复,以避免继发性关节损伤。但ACL重建术患者术后易发生膝关节肿胀,ACL损伤患者由于韧带损伤周围血管破裂,造成毛细血管渗出增加,使血管内外液渗入肌肉间隙,造成水肿。同时由于手术也会对患者机体造成一定损伤,激活机体外源性凝血系统,影响局部微循环,也增加ACL患者术后膝关节肿胀的发生率9。膝关节肿胀可影响ACL损伤患者膝关节功能恢复,同时增加下肢深静脉血栓的发生,增加不良预后风险。因此改善ACL重建术患者术后膝关节肿胀十分重要。

本次研究结果显示,观察组术后膝关节肿胀程度及膝关节皮肤温度低于对照组,同时ROM及LKSS评分高于对照组,表明淋巴引流手法相较于冰敷能够有效促进ACL重建术患者术后膝关节消肿,改善膝关节功能。分析其原因在于,淋巴引流手法可通过刺激淋巴结,并沿淋巴管方向进行轻手法压触,增加淋巴管与淋巴结的重吸收能力,使膝关节水肿及周围组织多余的液体在负压作用下排出10。同时淋巴引流手法通过螺旋式手法按摩推进,更新组织周围淋巴管的淋巴液,加速淋巴液回流,排空组织,并重新建立淋巴引流途径,清除瘀滞的体液,进而达到消肿的作用。本次研究经广义方程分析,结果显示,观察组*术后1周、观察组*术后2周、观察组*术后4周膝关节肿胀程度均较术前降低,膝关节皮肤温度均分别较术前降低,进一步体现淋巴引流手法对改善ACL重建术患者术后膝关节肿胀的优越性。

疼痛是ACL损伤患者常见症状,疼痛可激活机体应激反应,促进炎症因子释放,提高血管通透性,增加血液渗出,促进肿胀的发生。因此改善ACL重建术患者术后疼痛水平是治疗的重要环节。P物质是广泛分布于细神经纤维内的一种神经肽,可增强神经元细胞的敏感性,进而促进疼痛的传递11。5-HT可激活伤害感受器,进而传递疼痛。本次研究结果显示,观察组P物质、5-HT水平均低于对照组,表明淋巴引流手法能够有效降低ACL重建患者术后致痛物质水平,缓解术后疼痛。原因在于:淋巴液能够有效清除组织中的红细胞及无法吸收的大分子,同时淋巴引流手法沿淋巴管循环方向进行按摩,从远心端向近心端施加压力,从而促进深部淋巴液循环及血液循环,进而清除淋巴管内致痛物质12

TNF-α参与血管内环境的稳定,可加剧局部组织的缺血、缺氧。IL-6是由TNF-α诱导产生,具有血管内皮毒性,可增加血管通透性13。本次研究结果显示,观察组TNF-α、IL-6水平低于对照组,表明淋巴引流手法相较于冰敷可有效降低ACL重建术患者机体炎症水平。淋巴引流手法通过按压手法排出淋巴管内多余水分,促进淋巴循环及局部血液循环,进而促进炎症因子的重吸收,减少炎症因子对局部血管的刺激,保护血管通透性14

综上所述,淋巴引流手法相较冰敷能够有效改善ACL重建术患者术后膝关节肿胀度,降低膝关节皮肤温度,减轻术后疼痛,促进患者膝关节功能恢复。

参考文献

[1]

张琮达,张正政,林奕鹏,. 青壮年人群非接触性前交叉韧带损伤与功能性踝关节不稳的关系研究[J]. 中华创伤骨科杂志202123(4):318-322.

[2]

ZHANG C DZHANG Z ZLIN Y Pet al. Study on the relationship between non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury and functional ankle instability in young adults [J]. Chin J Orthop Trauma202123(4):318-322.

[3]

VAN MELICK NVAN DER WEEGEN WVAN DER HORST N. Quadriceps and hamstrings strength reference values for athletes with and without anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction who play popular pivoting sports,including soccer,basketball,and handball:a scoping review [J]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther202252(3):142-155.

[4]

GOLDSTEIN KJONES C,KAY J,et al. Tranexamic acid administration in arthroscopic surgery is a safe adjunct to decrease posto-perative pain and swelling:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Arthroscopy202238(4):1366-1377.e9.

[5]

FISCHER D CSCKELL AGARKISCH Aet al. Treatment of perioperative swelling by rest,ice,compression,and elevation (RICE) without and with additional application of negative pressure (RICE) in patients with a unilateral ankle fracture:study protocol for a monocentric,evaluator-blinded randomized controlled pilot trial [J]. Pilot Feasibility Stud20217(1):203.

[6]

吴天宇,郭莹,吴季祺,. 体外冲击波联合手法淋巴引流治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿的疗效观察[J]. 中华物理医学与康复杂志202244(10):920-922.

[7]

WU T YGUO YWU J Qet al. Effect of extracorporeal shock wave combined with manual lymphatic drainage on lymphedema of upper limbs after breast cancer surgery [J]. Chin J Phys Med Rehabil202244(10):920-922.

[8]

LIN YYANG YZHANG X Yet al. Manual lymphatic drainage for breast cancer-related lymphedema:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. Clin Breast Cancer202222(5):e664-e673.

[9]

陈孝平,汪建平,赵继宗. 外科学[M]. 9版. 北京:人民卫生出版社,2018:529-532.

[10]

CHEN X PWANG J PZHAO J Z. Surgery [M]. 9th ed tion. Beijing:People's Medical Publishing House,2018:529-532.

[11]

HUANG H SZHANG SWANG Yet al. Reliability and validity of a Chinese version of the Lysholm score and tegner activity scale for knee arthroplasty [J]. J Rehabil Med202254:jrm00317.

[12]

CHIPMAN D EPASCUAL-LEONE NCORDASCO F Aet al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature athletes using all-epiphyseal techniques [J]. Clin Sports Med202241(4):569-577.

[13]

ROSTOM E HSALAMA A B. Vodder manual lymphatic drainage technique versus Casley-Smith manual lymphatic drainage technique for cellulite after thigh liposuction [J]. Postepy Dermatol Alergol202239(2):362-367.

[14]

桑贤港,韩宇博,邹国良,. 黄连温胆汤加减对冠心病伴焦虑、抑郁状态患者治疗效果及血清炎症反应及脑源性神经营养因子、核转录因子-κB、5-羟色胺、P物质水平的影响[J]. 世界中西医结合杂志202217(3):566-570.

[15]

SANG X GHAN Y BZOU G Let al. Clinical efficacy of modified Huanglian Wendan decoction on coronary heart disease patients with anxiety and depression and effects on serum inflammatory reac-tion and levels of BDNF,NF-κB,5-HT,and SP [J]. World J Integr Tradit West Med202217(3):566-570.

[16]

CHMELOVÁ KNOVÁČKOVÁ M. Effect of manual lymphatic drainage on upper limb lymphedema after surgery for breast cancer [J]. Ceska Gynekol202287(5):317-323.

[17]

CALIMAG K P DARBIS C C HCOLLANTES T M Aet al. Attenuation of carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and plasma TNF-α level by Philippine stingless bee (Tetragonula biroi Friese) propolis [J]. Exp Anim202170(2):185-193.

[18]

LIU J YCHEN DYIN X T. Effect of manual lymphatic drainage combined with vacuum sealing drainage on axillary web syndrome caused by breast cancer surgery [J]. Int Wound J202320(1):183-190.

基金资助

上海市卫生健康委员会科研项目(202140221)

上海市瑞金康复医院科研项目(RKYN201901)

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (1437KB)

161

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/