重复经颅磁刺激联合认知训练治疗脑卒中后认知障碍疗效Meta分析

刘长兴 ,  郭心怡 ,  常翔

康复学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (02) : 176 -185.

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康复学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (02) : 176 -185. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1329.2024.02012
循证医学

重复经颅磁刺激联合认知训练治疗脑卒中后认知障碍疗效Meta分析

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Clinical Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Cognitive Training on Patients with Post Stroke Cognitive Impairment: A Meta-Analysis

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摘要

目的 通过Meta分析评价重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合认知训练治疗脑卒中后认知障碍(PSCI)患者的疗效。 方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库(Wangfang Data)、维普中文期刊全文数据库(VIP)等数据库中有关rTMS联合认知训练治疗PSCI患者的临床随机对照试验(RCTs),检索时间为建库至2023年6月。主要结局指标包括蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)、行为记忆测验法(RBMT)评分。由2名评审员使用Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具评估文献质量,使用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。计数资料采用比值比(OR)或相对风险比(RR)表示;计量资料采用均数差(MD)或标准化均数差(SMD)表示,并计算其95%置信区间(CI)。根据I2P值大小判断异质性,若P≥0.10,I2≤50%,使用固定效应模型;若P<0.10,I2>50%,则使用随机效应模型。 结果 共纳入23项研究,1 788例患者,其中对照组895例、试验组893例。① MoCA评分:按对照组不同治疗方法进行亚组分析结果显示,试验组MoCA评分均明显高于对照组[MD=1.78,95% CI(1.18,2.38),P<0.000 1;MD=3.30,95% CI(3.01,3.58),P<0.000 01];按刺激频率进行亚组分析结果显示,试验组MoCA评分均高于对照组[MD=3.49,95% CI(3.40,3.57),P<0.000 01;MD=3.16,95% CI(2.79,3.53),P<0.000 01]。② MMSE评分:试验组MMSE评分均高于对照组[MD=2.14,95% CI(1.14,3.15),P<0.000 1;MD=3.16,95% CI(2.71,3.60),P<0.000 01]。③ ADL评分:试验组ADL评分均明显高于对照组[MD=10.78,95% CI(9.18,12.38),P<0.000 01;MD=8.23,95% CI(7.04,9.41),P<0.000 01]。④ RBMT评分:试验组RBMT评分高于对照组[MD=2.00,95% CI(1.37,2.63),P<0.000 01]。 结论 rTMS联合认知训练可改善脑卒中患者认知功能、智力状态、行为记忆能力及日常生活活动能力,值得临床推广。

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with cognitive training on patients with post stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) by Meta-analysis. Methods Data were searched and retrieved from the databases of PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP). The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of rTMS combined with cognitive training for the treatment of patients with PSCI were included, and the retrieval time was from database inception to June 2023. The primary outcome measures included Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), mini-mental state examination (MMSE), activities of daily living (ADL) scale and Rivermead behavioural memory test (RBMT). The quality of the literature was assessed by two investigators using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool, and Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Enumeration data were expressed as odds ratio (OR) or relative risk ratio (RR). Measurement data were expressed as mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD), with 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity was determined according to the P value and I2 value. If P≥0.10 and I2≤50%, a fixed effects model would be used, and if P<0.10 and I2>50%, a random effects model would be used. Results A total of 23 RCTs with 1 788 patients were included, 895 patients in the control group and 893 patients in the experimental group. (1) MoCA scores: subgroup analyses by different treatments in the control group showed that MoCA scores in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group [MD=1.78, 95% CI (1.18, 2.38), P<0.000 1; MD=3.30, 95% CI (3.01,3.58), P<0.000 01]; subgroup analyses by stimulation frequency showed that MoCA scores in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group [MD=3.49, 95% CI (3.40, 3.57), P<0.000 01; MD=3.16, 95% CI (2.79, 3.53), P<0.000 01]. (2) MMSE score: compared with the control group, MMSE score in the experimental group was higher [MD=2.14, 95% CI (1.14, 3.15), P<0.000 1; MD=3.16, 95% CI (2.71, 3.60), P<0.000 01]. (3) ADL score: compared with the control group, ADL score in the experimental group was higher [MD=10.78, 95% CI (9.18, 12.38), P<0.000 01; MD=8.23, 95% CI (7.04, 9.41), P<0.000 01]. (4) RBMT score: compared with the control group, RBMT score in the experimental group was higher [MD=2.00, 95% CI (1.37, 2.63), P<0.000 01]. Conclusion rTMS combined with cognitive training can improve cognitive function, intelligence state, behavioral memory ability and activities of daily living of stroke patients, which is recommended for clinical application.

Graphical abstract

关键词

脑卒中后认知障碍 / 重复经颅磁刺激 / 认知训练 / 认知功能 / 日常生活活动能力 / Meta分析

Key words

post stroke cognitive impairment / repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation / cognitive training / cognitive function / activities of daily living / meta-analysis

引用本文

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刘长兴,郭心怡,常翔. 重复经颅磁刺激联合认知训练治疗脑卒中后认知障碍疗效Meta分析[J]. 康复学报, 2024, 34(02): 176-185 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1329.2024.02012

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脑卒中后认知障碍(post stroke cognitive impairment,PSCI)是脑卒中后最常见的并发症,困扰着约75%脑卒中患者,其中只有约50%患者可以不同程度地恢复认知功能,其余PSCI患者甚至可能恶化为血管性痴呆1。认知功能障碍严重影响脑卒中患者的自理水平、生活质量以及康复进程,因此,早期有效治疗PSCI已成为现代神经康复的重点之一。
PSCI的康复策略多种多样,包括认知功能训练、体育锻炼和脑刺激方法等2。认知功能训练通过机械性的训练发挥增强脑部血流、刺激脑组织修复的作用,实现增强条件反射能力、学习能力、记忆力的目标3。重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)可以调节受刺激区域和大脑中某些远处区域的皮质兴奋性(低频用于降低大脑皮层的兴奋性,高频用于提高大脑皮层的兴奋性),重组某些区域之间的功能连接以改善大脑网络,并加速受损神经细胞的恢复4。认知功能训练和rTMS都是改善脑卒中患者认知功能的重要方法,且无肝肾负担、实施便捷、形式丰富,适用范围广泛。有研究表明,rTMS联合认知训练可以提高PSCI患者认知功能、智力状态、日常生活活动能力等5-6,但仍然缺乏严谨、规范的临床评价。为此,本研究通过Meta分析的方法评价国内外关于rTMS联合认知训练治疗PSCI患者的临床随机对照研究(randomized controlled trials,RCTs),以期为rTMS联合认知训练治疗PSCI患者提供参考依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 文献纳入与排除标准

1.1.1 纳入标准

① 研究对象:符合PSCI的临床诊断标准,不限年龄、性别、种族及病程。② 文献类型:公开发表的RCTs,语言为中文或英文。③ 干预措施:设置试验组和对照组,试验组以rTMS和常规认知训练为主要疗法(包括低频rTMS和高频rTMS),对照组采用认知训练或结合假rTMS(sham-rTMS)的治疗方法。2组除rTMs疗法外的其他治疗方法均一致。④ 观察指标:主要结局指标包括总体认知功能的评定;蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)评分、简易智力状态检查量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评分、日常生活活动能力量表(activity of daily living,ADL)评分、行为记忆测验法(rivermead behavioural memory test,RBMT)评分。

1.1.2 排除标准

① 重复发表文献、会议论文等;② 数据不完整或无法获得结局指标的文献;③ 干预措施不符合;④ 分组方式或结局指标不符合。

1.2 检索策略

计算机检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据(Wanfang Data)、维普数据库(VIP)等中英文数据库,检索时间为建库至2023年6月。英文检索词:cerebral stroke、cognition、cognitive function、post-stroke cognitive impairment、PSCI、magnetic stimulation、transcranial magnetic stimulation repetitive、rTMS、cognitive training、rehabilitation training。中文检索词:卒中后认知障碍、脑梗死后认知障碍、脑卒中、认知训练、康复训练、经颅磁刺激、重复经颅磁等。

1.3 文献的筛选及质量评价

由2名研究人员根据纳入和排除标准对文章的标题、摘要和全文进行了独立审查。如果对纳入或排除该研究存在争议,所有研究人员将参与讨论并共同决定。遵循Cochrane(5.1版)系统评价手册,使用偏倚风险评估工具评估文献质量。

1.4 资料提取

由2名研究人员提取数据,包括:第一作者、发表年限、例数、平均年龄、干预措施、平均病程、疗程和结局指标以及rTMS基本参数等,并进行交叉核对。

1.5 统计学方法

采用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。本研究涉及的结局指标中计数资料采用比值比(odds ratio,OR)或相对风险比(relative risk,RR)表示;计量资料采用均数差(mean difference,MD)或标准化均数差(standard mean difference,SMD)表示,并计算其95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)。异质性分析根据I2大小来确定,若P≥0.10,I2≤50%,使用固定效应模型;若P<0.10,I2>50%,则使用随机效应模型,并进行亚组分析或通过剔除各研究逐步进行敏感性分析,待异质性消除后采用固定效应模型分析7

2 结 果

2.1 文献筛选结果

本研究共检索到文献958篇,经排除重复发表文献、阅读标题和摘要、阅读全文进行筛选,最终纳入23篇RCTs8-30,共1 788例患者,其中对照组895例、试验组893例。文献筛选流程图见图1

2.2 纳入文献基本特征

纳入文献基本特征见表1。其中rTMS刺激部位多为左侧/患侧背外侧前额叶皮层(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,DFPLC)。

2.3 文献偏倚风险评价

23篇文献8-30均使用随机分配原则,其中21篇文献8-911-2022-30描述具体随机分配方法,其余2篇1526仅提及随机法。2篇文献816使用分配隐藏,2篇文献816使用单盲,其余文献未提及分配方案隐藏、盲法,故评价为不清楚。2篇文献19-20报道病例脱落情况。所有文献均未选择性报告研究结果以及无其他偏倚来源,评价为低风险。见图2

2.4 Meta分析结果

2.4.1 MoCA评分

2.4.1.1 按对照组不同治疗方法进行亚组分析

共20项研究8-2023-2830采用MoCA量表评估脑卒中患者认知能力。亚组Meta分析结果显示,涉及rTMS+认知训练对比Sham-rTMS+认知训练的11项研究810-131623-2427-2830存在高度异质性(I²=61%,P=0.005),通过敏感性分析,剔除LU等30研究后,其余10项研究具有同质性(I2=30%,P=0.17);涉及rTMS+认知训练对比认知训练的9项研究914-1517-2125-26也存在高度异质性(I²=80%,P<0.000 01),通过敏感性分析,剔除岳璠等26研究后,其余8项研究具有同质性(I2=26%,P=0.22)。故采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析。2个亚组Meta分析结果显示,试验组MoCA评分均高于对照组[MD=1.78,95% CI(1.18,2.38),P<0.000 01;MD=3.30,95% CI(3.01,3.58),P<0.000 01]。见图3

2.4.1.2 按刺激频率进行亚组分析

参考2014年《重复经颅磁刺激治疗循证指南》将刺激频率≤1 Hz的研究纳入低频刺激组,>1 Hz的研究纳入高频刺激组26。共7项研究8-1012182326纳入低频组,8项研究1114-15192123-25纳入高频组。亚组Meta分析结果显示,高频组具有异质性(I²=67%,P=0.02),经过敏感性分析,剔除张智芳14研究后,余7项研究具有同质性(I²=32%,P=0.19),使用固定效应模型进行分析。2个亚组Meta分析结果显示,试验组MoCA评分均高于对照组[MD=3.49,95% CI(3.40,3.57),P<0.000 01;MD=3.16,95% CI(2.79,3.53),P<0.000 01]。见图4

2.4.2 MMSE评分

共9项研究915-162022-2325-2628采用MMSE量表评估患者智力状态。根据对照组的不同治疗方法进行亚组分析,其中rTMS联合认知训练对比认知训练的6项研究10131720-2126存在异质性(I²=69%,P=0.007)。通过敏感性分析,剔除岳璠等26研究后,余5项研究具有同质性(I2=27%,P=0.24),采用固定效应模型进行分析。2个亚组Meta分析结果显示,试验组MMSE评分均高于对照组[MD=2.14,95% CI(1.14,3.15),P<0.000 1;MD=3.16,95% CI (2.71,3.60),P<0.000 01]。见图5

2.4.3 ADL评分

15项研究8-914-1517-1820-2426-29采用ADL量表评估了患者日常生活能力。根据对照组的不同治疗方法进行亚组分析,其中rTMS联合认知训练与认知训练比较的8个研究14-1517-1820-2226存在异质性(I²=75%,P=0.000 2)。通过敏感性分析,剔除赵德福等20研究后,余7篇研究有同质性(I2=18%,P=0.29),采用固定效应模型进行分析。结果显示,试验组ADL评分均明显高于对照组[MD=10.78,95% CI(9.18,12.38),P<0.000 01;MD=8.23,95% CI(7.04,9.41),P<0.000 01]。见图6

2.4.4 RBMT评分

共有6项研究817212729-30采用RBMT量表评估患者的行为记忆能力。6项研究具有同质性(I²=13%,P=0.33),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示,试验组RBMT评分高于对照组[MD=2.00,95% CI(1.37,2.63),P<0.000 01]。见图7

3 讨 论

本研究结果显示,试验组MoCA、MMSE、RBMT和ADL评分均明显高于对照组,提示rTMS联合认知训练可有效改善PSCI患者整体认知功能及日常生活活动能力。可能与以下因素有关:① 认知训练主要是针对PSCI患者某一方面的认知功能缺陷进行训练,可选择性增强PSCI患者大脑白质束间的连接,加强旁路的构建,从而改善认知功能。与邰佳慧等31研究结果一致。② rTMS是一种无痛、无创、疗效明确的脑刺激治疗方法,临床常用于神经、精神等方面疾病的治疗。有研究证实rTMS可增加缺血半暗带的脑血流量32,降低突触传导阈值,使突触相对活跃,形成新的传导通路;rTMS还可以通过影响脑神经递质代谢,促进多巴胺、乙酰胆碱等神经递质的释放,提高神经系统功能33;rTMS可提高抗细胞凋亡因子B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(B cell lymphoma/lewkmia-2,Bcl-2)表达,进而减少神经细胞凋亡34,改善认知功能。③ PSCI患者日常生活活动能力是一个重新学习的过程,需要注意力、理解、记忆和执行功能等多个认知领域的参与。rTMS联合认知训练治疗后,PSCI患者认知功能明显改善,日常生活活动能力相应提高。

按刺激频率高低进行的亚组分析结果显示,高、低频rTMS联合认知训练均可以提高PSCI患者认知功能,可能与以下因素有关:高、低频rTMS都可以增强脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体1、突触素mRNA和蛋白表达,改善海马CA1区突触超微结构,影响其突触可塑性35,进而改善其认知功能。在临床治疗中要根据PSCI患者情况合理选择rTMS刺激参数,如果PSCI患者有较高的癫痫发作风险可选择低频rTMS进行治疗,而PSCI合并抑郁的患者可选择高频rTMS以促进神经细胞因子表达及单胺类神经递质的分泌代谢,进而提升其神经兴奋性,缓解抑郁情况。

虽然本研究表明rTMS联合认知训练治疗PSCI患者可以取得良好疗效,但也存在一些局限性:① 纳入文献的rTMS刺激参数(如刺激频率、位置、刺激时间和疗程)有一定的差异;② 大部分研究未阐明分配隐藏方法和盲法,除了2项研究816外,其余研究在实施治疗和结局评价的过程中,均没有明确报道盲法,文献质量普遍不高;③ 本研究纳入文献的样本量均较小。

4 结 论

rTMS联合认知训练能够改善脑卒中患者认知功能、智力状态、行为记忆能力及日常生活活动能力,值得临床推广和运用。在下一步研究中,还需开展多中心、大样本的高质量随机对照研究,为rTMS联合认知训练治疗PSCI提供更可靠的证据。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(81704131)

国家中医药管理局第六批全国老中医药专家学术经验继承

工作室项目(国中医药人教发〔2017〕29号)

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