中高强度运动对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童执行功能影响的神经机制与干预策略

李良 ,  杨益成 ,  黄孜耘 ,  鲁禕娟 ,  吴雪萍

康复学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (03) : 213 -220.

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康复学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (03) : 213 -220. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1329.2026.03009
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中高强度运动对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童执行功能影响的神经机制与干预策略

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Neurobiological Mechanisms and Intervention Strategies of Moderate-to-Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity on Executive Functions in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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摘要

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是一种以注意缺陷、多动和冲动为主要表现的神经发育障碍,其伴随的执行功能损害严重影响患儿的认知发展与社会适应。近年来,中高强度运动作为一种非药物、易实施的干预方式,在改善ADHD儿童执行功能方面展现出良好潜力。本研究系统综述了中高强度运动对ADHD儿童执行功能的影响及其神经机制,分别从急性与长期干预2个维度探讨不同运动类型(有氧运动、混合运动、高强度间歇训练等)对执行功能核心子维度(抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性)的作用。长期中高强度运动干预表现出更为稳定和显著的改善效果,而急性干预的效果则因个体差异和方案异质性存在一定争议。神经机制方面,中高强度运动可能通过以下途径发挥作用:① 激活PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF通路,增强海马突触可塑性;② 上调多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素水平,增强前额叶-纹状体环路功能连接;③ 优化默认模式网络活动,提升注意力调控能力。综合神经机制探讨与相关临床研究分析,本研究建议急性中强度运动干预ADHD儿童时参考以下方式:① 中强度有氧或混合运动单次干预时长≥20 min,强度维持在50%~75%最大心率(HRmax);② 中高强度有氧或混合运动单次干预时长5~25 min,强度维持在64%~95% HRmax;③ 适宜项目包括跳绳、自行车、固定跑步、游泳及混合性活动。建议长期规律性中高强度运动干预ADHD儿童时采用以下2种模式:① 单次干预时长25~90 min,干预频次1~3次/周,干预周期3~14周,运动形式包括体能类、技能球类、混合运动等的传统中高强度有氧运动;② 单次时长10~16 min,干预频次3次/周,干预周期3~6周,项目包括20 m折返跑、跳绳、爬楼梯、游泳等的HIIT训练。本研究旨在为制定精准化、个性化的ADHD运动干预方案提供理论依据与实践参考。

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The associated impairments in executive functions significantly affect cognitive development and social adaptation in affected children. In recent years, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological and easily implementable intervention for improving executive functions in children with ADHD. This study systematically reviewed the effects of MVPA on executive functions in children with ADHD and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. It examined both acute and long-term intervention dimensions, exploring the impacts of different types of exercise (aerobic, mixed, high-intensity interval training, etc.) on core subdomains of executive function (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility). Long-term MVPA interventions demonstrate more stable and significant improvements, while the effects of acute interventions remain inconsistent due to individual differences and intervention heterogeneity. Regarding neurobiological mechanisms, MVPA may function through the following pathways: (1) activating the PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF pathway and enhancing hippocampal synaptic plasticity; (2) upregulating dopamine and norepinephrine levels, thereby strengthening functional connectivity in the prefrontal-striatal circuit; (3) optimizing activity within the default mode network to improve attentional regulation. Integrating neurobiological insights with clinical evidence, this study proposes the following recommendations for acute MVPA interventions in children with ADHD: (1) single session of moderate-intensity aerobic or mixed exercise lasting ≥20 minutes, maintained at 50%-75% of maximum heart rate (HRmax); (2) single session of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic or mixed exercise lasting 5-25 minutes, maintained at 64%-95% of HRmax; (3) suitable activities including rope skipping, cycling, treadmill running, swimming, and mixed exercises. For long-term regular MVPA interventions, two modes are recommended: (1) traditional moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise, with single session lasting 25-90 minutes, at a frequency of 1-3 times per week, over 3-14 weeks, including physical conditioning, skill-based ball games, and mixed exercises; (2) high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with single session lasting 10-16 minutes, at a frequency of 3 times per week, over 3-6 weeks, including activities such as 20-meter shuttle runs, rope skipping, stair climbing, and swimming. This study aims to provide a theoretical foundation and practical reference for developing precise and personalized exercise interventions for children with ADHD.

关键词

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童 / 中高强度运动 / 执行功能 / 神经机制 / 干预策略

Key words

children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity / executive functions / neurobiological mechanisms / intervention strategies

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
李良,杨益成,黄孜耘,鲁禕娟,吴雪萍. 中高强度运动对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童执行功能影响的神经机制与干预策略[J]. 康复学报, 2026, 36(03): 213-220 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1329.2026.03009

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注意缺陷多动障碍(attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是一种常见且损害性高的神经发育障碍,多于童年早期起病,并可持续到青春期乃至成年1。我国ADHD儿童总患病率为6.4%2,主要临床表现为与发育不相符的注意缺陷、多动和冲动行为,其中执行功能缺陷是ADHD儿童的核心认知损害之一3。执行功能是指个体在完成复杂认知任务时,对多种认知过程进行协调,以保证认知系统以灵活、优化的方式实现特定目标的高级控制机制,包括抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性等核心维度4。执行功能受损将显著影响儿童的日常功能和生活技能发展5。目前ADHD的主要干预手段包括药物治疗、行为和心理治疗。药物治疗(如哌甲酯)虽可在短期内有效缓解ADHD核心症状并改善执行功能,但其长期疗效尚不明确,且在治疗反应、适宜剂量和毒副作用方面存在显著的个体差异6-7;行为和心理治疗虽无明显的不良反应,但通常疗程较长、起效较慢,且难以大规模地实施与推广8-9
与药物及行为治疗相比,运动干预具有易于实施、依从性高、可标准化强等特点,是一种基本无毒副作用、经济可行的“绿色”疗法,更易为家庭所接受10-11。研究显示,运动可有效提升ADHD儿童的抑制功能与注意力,缩短反应时间,从而促进执行功能的改善12-13。这可能源于中强度运动对心血管功能、认知行为等相关机制的调节作用,以及对ADHD儿童身心特点的适应性14。另有研究证实,无论是急性(单次)还是长期进行中强度至中高强度的多种运动干预,均可显著改善ADHD儿童的执行功能15。此外,高强度间歇训练(high-intensity interval training,HIIT)也被证实对缓解ADHD症状及执行功能有积极作用16。基于此,本文将系统阐述中高强度运动干预改善ADHD儿童执行功能的机制,梳理相关临床研究,并在此基础上总结具有可操作性的干预策略,以期为我国开展精准化、个性化的ADHD运动干预提供理论参考与实践借鉴。

1 中高强度运动改善ADHD儿童执行功能的神经机制

当前研究显示,中高强度运动主要通过调节大脑结构、功能及相关神经生化过程,从而改善ADHD儿童的执行功能。具体机制涉及神经递质与受体的调控、脑激活模式的改变,尤其是前额叶与认知控制相关脑区的结构与功能重塑,最终达到减轻ADHD核心症状、改善执行功能的目的17-18。基于干预时长,现有研究主要从急性(短时)与长期2种运动模式探讨其效应及机制。

1.1 急性中高强度运动的作用机制

运动强度反映了人体在单位时间内所承受的生理负荷,通常以主观用力程度或客观生理指标(如心率)进行划分。依据美国运动医学学会(ACSM)的指南,运动可分为低、中、高3个强度等级。其中,中高强度一般指能够使心率达到个体最大心率(maximum heart rate,HRmax)64%~95%运动负荷19。急性中高强度运动,通常指单次持续10~60 min、强度维持在64%~95% HRmax的身体活动19,常见形式包括骑行、跑步机运动等体能主导型有氧项目。研究表明,该类运动可通过过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α/雌激素相关受体α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha/estrogen-related receptor alpha,PGC-1α/ERRα)转录复合体,上调海马区包含Ⅲ型纤连蛋白结构域的蛋白5(fibronectin type Ⅲ domain-containing protein 5,FNDC5)基因表达,促进脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)分泌,从而增强突触可塑性20-21。此外,急性高强度的运动可使ADHD儿童心率从65% HRmax提升至85% HRmax左右,在引起适度疲劳感的同时也带来愉悦情绪,进而改善ADHD儿童的认知表现。其潜在的机制可能与运动后多巴胺(dopamine,DA)、血清素及去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)水平的显著升高有关,这些神经递质的变化有助于激活前额叶皮层,提升注意力与认知控制能力22-24

1.2 长期规律性中高强度运动的作用机制

长期规律性中高强度运动指在较长时间内按计划持续进行、具有一定强度并能引起显著生理与认知刺激的身体活动方案25。研究发现,长期规律运动可促进大脑结构优化与功能重塑,尤其在与执行功能相关的额叶脑区,表现为白质和灰质体积的增加,这些变化可能与突触连接增强、轴突完整性和毛细血管增生等细胞层面的改变有关26-27。此外,长期规律性有氧运动能上调下丘脑尾部谷氨酸脱羧酶基因表达,抑制血压的发育性升高,其对抑制功能的改善可能源于注意力资源的有效优化分配和神经化学物质表达的增强28-29。中高强度运动还能提高神经元活动效率,促进NE和DA的合成与释放30-31,激活儿茶酚胺能系统及相关脑区,增强功能网络连接,进而推动学习和记忆脑区的积极重塑,最终改善抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性等多方面的执行功能32-33

2 中高强度运动干预时长对ADHD儿童执行功能的影响

基于神经生物学机制,中高强度运动可通过促进BDNF分泌、调节DA及NE水平、增强前额叶-纹状体环路功能连接等途径,对ADHD儿童的执行功能产生积极影响。然而,上述效应的呈现与干预时长密切相关,急性运动与长期规律性运动在作用机制、效应强度及稳定性方面可能存在差异。因此,有必要分别梳理急性与长期中高强度运动干预对ADHD儿童执行功能的具体影响,以进一步明确不同运动干预时长的作用特点及其适用情境。

2.1 急性中高强度运动对ADHD儿童执行功能的影响

现有证据表明,进行至少20 min、强度在50%~75% HRmax(或约65%峰值摄氧量)的急性中强度运动,能有效改善ADHD儿童执行功能34。多项研究报告了急性中高强度运动对不同执行功能子维度的影响,见表1。然而,由于现有研究多存在纳入的样本较少、ADHD共病情况不一、运动干预方案差异等问题,其改善效果仍存在争议35。未来需开展更大样本量研究,并采用标准化评估工具,进一步验证。

2.2 长期规律性中高强度运动对ADHD儿童执行功能的影响

长期规律性中高强度运动对ADHD儿童执行功能的影响已得到初步证实。研究表明,与单次运动相比,长期规律的运动改善ADHD儿童执行功能的效果可能更为显著,且干预效果随周期延长而更为持久39。此类干预方案干预周期通常为2~14周,干预频次1~5次/周,单次干预时长在10~90 min39-40。中等强度运动频次和干预时长多为每周2~3次、每次25~35 min;而中高强度运动(HIIT等)则常以每周3次、每次10~16 min的频次和干预时长实施,强度多设定为95%峰值心率(peak heart rate,HRpeak)、80%~90% HRmax或65%~80% HRR(heart rate reserve,HRR)等41-42。总体而言,长期中高强度运动不仅对ADHD儿童的执行功能具有积极影响,还可促进其运动技能的发展,且较长的干预周期往往伴随更好的干预效果43。见表2

3 中高强度运动改善ADHD儿童执行功能的干预策略

综合神经机制探讨与相关临床研究分析可知,中高强度运动对ADHD儿童执行功能的促进效应,既依赖于神经营养与神经递质系统的激活,也受干预模式与剂量参数的显著调节。为将上述理论机制与实证发现转化为可操作、个性化的干预实践,本研究归纳出适用于不同实施场景(急性/长期)的干预策略,以期为临床实践提供参考。

3.1 急性中高强度运动的干预策略

急性运动可通过快速激活神经递质与神经营养系统,产生即时认知促进效应48。其策略设计应注重强度精准控制与运动项目适配49。综合文献研究,建议急性中高强度运动干预ADHD儿童时参考以下方式:① 中强度有氧或混合运动单次干预时长≥20 min,强度维持在50%~75% HRmax;② 中高强度有氧或混合运动单次干预时长5~25 min,强度维持在64%~95% HRmax;③ 适宜项目包括跳绳、自行车、固定跑步、游泳及混合性活动。实施时需特别注意:① 充分考虑ADHD儿童身体承受能力,避免过度疲劳;② 通过运动设计确保心率在短时间内达到目标区间,以实现急性干预的目标。见表3

3.2 长期规律性中高强度运动的干预策略

长期规律性运动累积神经可塑性与优化脑结构功能发挥作用,其策略设计更强调周期化安排、结构化进展与个体化负荷调控50。基于现有研究,长期规律性中高强度运动干预ADHD儿童时建议采用以下2种模式:① 单次干预时长25~90 min,干预频次1~3次/周,干预周期3~14周,运动形式包括体能类、技能球类、混合运动等的传统中高强度有氧运动;② 单次时长10~16 min,干预频次3次/周,干预周期3~6周,项目包括20 m折返跑、跳绳、爬楼梯、游泳等的HIIT训练。实施过程中应注意:① 优先选择开放式球类、综合类或户外运动,以增强趣味性;② 分阶段对执行功能及行为表现进行评价;③ 充分发挥同伴互动作用,促进动机维持与社会适应;④ 综合考虑每位ADHD儿童的身体负荷承受能力及能量代谢特点,确保干预安全、可持续。见表4

4 小结与展望

运动强度作为运动干预ADHD儿童的一个客观核心参数,长期受到学界关注。系统综述表明,中高强度运动对改善ADHD儿童的执行功能具有积极影响,有望成为继药物与行为治疗后一种有效的替代或辅助干预手段。然而,现有研究仍存在以下局限:首先,以运动强度为核心变量的研究数量较少,相关成果尚不充分,未来仍有较大探索空间;其次,由于研究设计、评估指标及干预工具不一致,部分结论之间存在分歧;此外,在运动强度与干预效果的量效关系方面,仍缺乏充分的科学实证支持。基于此,对未来研究提出以下建议:① 在控制干预时间、频次和周期的条件下,比较不同运动项目和强度对ADHD儿童执行功能的干预效果,明确最佳运动组合;② 针对同一运动项目,研究不同强度对ADHD男童和女童执行功能的影响差异,为性别个性化干预提供依据;③ 进一步探讨急性与长期不同强度有氧运动对执行功能的影响,并结合神经影像学与分子生物学技术,揭示其潜在的神经生物学和分子表征。

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基金资助

国家社会科学基金教育学一般项目(BLA230105)

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