帕金森病与脑卒中患者吞咽障碍特点分析与比较
Analysis and Comparison of Characteristics of Dysphagia in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Stroke
目的 分析并比较帕金森病(PD)与脑卒中患者吞咽障碍的特点。 方法 选取2019年3—12月在西安交通大学第二附属医院康复医学科住院的符合PD吞咽障碍和脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍纳入标准的患者共58例,其中PD组12例,脑卒中组46例。采用唾液控制差、进餐时间延长、需要在进食时改变食物性状或质地、体质量下降或营养不良、反复的不明原因的发热或肺部感染、口腔水合程度不足、吞咽后呼吸困难、反复吞咽清理口咽部食物对患者吞咽障碍体征进行筛查;采用洼田饮水试验(WST)、标准吞咽功能评估(SSA)量表对患者吞咽功能进行评估;采用吞咽造影检查(VFSS)采集数据,选用口腔期的不充分的舌运动、食团形成差、食物提前渗漏入咽腔和咽期的误吸、渗漏、会厌谷残留、梨状窦残留、咽壁残留、咽反流、食管上括约肌失迟缓等指标进行定性分析,采用口腔运送时间(OTT)、舌骨运动时间(HMT)、咽期运送时间(PTT)、吞咽反应时间(SRT)、舌骨最大运动位移(HMD)、咽腔收缩率(PCR)等参数进行定量分析。 结果 与PD组比较,脑卒中组需要在进食时改变食物性状或质地的患者更多(χ2=7.45,P<0.05),反复的不明原因的发热或肺部感染的出现率更高(χ2=7.33,P<0.05),出现口腔水合程度不足的患者更少(χ2=10.93,P<0.05)。与PD组比较,脑卒中组WST等级更高(P<0.05),SSA评分更高(P<0.05)。与PD组比较,脑卒中组不充分的舌运动的人数占比更低(χ2=5.57,P<0.05),渗漏的人数占比更高(χ2=6.73,P<0.05)。与PD组比较,脑卒中组OTT、HMT均更短(P<0.05);2组PTT、SRT、HMD、PCR差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 PD和脑卒中吞咽功能障碍在临床上表现并不完全一致,PD吞咽障碍患者以口腔期功能障碍更为突出,而脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者则以咽期功能障碍为主要表现。
Objective To analyze and compare the characteristics of dysphagia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and stroke. Methods A total of 58 inpatients with post-stroke dysphagia or PD-related dysphagia who met the inclusion criteria in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from March to December 2019 were enrolled. There were 46 patients in the stroke group and 12 patients in the PD group. The following signs of dysphagia were screened: impaired saliva control, prolonged meal time, need for change of food texture, weight loss or malnutrition, recurrent unexplained fever or pulmonary infection, insufficient oral hydration, dyspnea after swallowing, and repeated swallowing to clear oropharyngeal residue. Swallowing function was evaluated using the water swallowing test (WST) and the standardized swallowing assessment (SSA). Data were collected through videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). Inadequate tongue movement in oral phase, poor bolus formation, premature leakage of food into pharyngeal cavity and aspiration, leakage, epiglottic valley residue, pyriform sinus residue, pharyngeal wall residue, pharyngeal reflux and achalasia of the upper esophageal sphincter during the pharyngeal phase were selected for qualitative analysis. Oral transit time (OTT), hyoid movement time (HMT), pharyngeal transit time (PTT), swallowing reaction time (SRT), hyoid maximum displacement (HMD), and pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR) were employed for quantitative analysis. Results Compared with the PD group, the stroke group had a higher proportion of patients who required a change in food texture during eating (χ2=7.45, P0.05), a higher incidence of recurrent unexplained fever or pulmonary infection (χ2=7.33, P0.05), and a lower proportion of patients with inadequate oral hydration (χ2=10.93, P0.05). Compared with the PD group, the stroke group had a higher WST grade (P0.05) and higher SSA score (P0.05). Compared with the PD group, the stroke group had a lower proportion of patients with inadequate tongue movement (χ2=5.57, P0.05) and a higher proportion of patients with penetration (χ2=6.73, P0.05). Compared with the PD group, the stroke group had shorter OTT and HMT (P0.05); there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in PTT, SRT, HMD or PCR (P0.05). Conclusion The clinical manifestations of dysphagia in PD and stroke are not entirely consistent. Dysphagia in PD patients is more prominently characterized by oral‑phase dysfunction, whereas dysphagia in stroke patients is mainly manifested by pharyngeal‑phase dysfunction.
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陕西省重点研发计划项目(2023-YBSF-552)
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