脑机接口不同联合模式对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能及日常生活能力影响的Meta分析

孙毓蔚, 彭通, 周央, 陈实, 李毓嘉, 武文平, 乔晋

康复学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (06) : 437 -447.

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康复学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (06) : 437 -447. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1329.2026.06007
循证医学

脑机接口不同联合模式对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能及日常生活能力影响的Meta分析

    孙毓蔚1, 彭通1, 周央1, 陈实1, 李毓嘉2, 武文平1, 乔晋1
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Effects of Different Combined Modes of Brain-Computer Interface on Upper Limb Motor Function and Activity of Daily Living in Stroke Patients:A Meta-Analysis

    Yuwei SUN1, Tong PENG1, Yang ZHOU1, Shi CHEN1, Yujia LI2, Wenping WU1, Jin QIAO1
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摘要

目的 系统评价脑机接口(BCI)不同联合模式对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能及日常生活能力的影响。 方法 计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据知识服务平台(Wanfang Data)、维普中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)和中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)中有关BCI治疗脑卒中的随机对照研究(RCTs),检索时限为各数据库建库至2025年9月30日。结局指标包括Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评定量表(FMA-UE)、手臂动作研究测试(ARAT)、Wolf上肢运动功能测试(WMFT)及改良Barthel指数(MBI)。由2位研究者独立筛选文献、提取数据并评价偏倚风险,采用RevMan 5.3和Stata 17.0软件进行Meta分析。根据BCI的不同联合模式进行亚组分析,比较各联合模式的干预效果。 结果 共纳入38篇文献,包括1 348例患者。① FMA-UE评分:试验组评分高于对照组[MD=0.55,95%CI(0.44,0.67),P<0.000 1];亚组分析显示,BCI联合功能性电刺激(FES)[MD=0.53,95%CI(0.23,0.83),P<0.000 4]和BCI联合上肢机器人[MD=0.52,95%CI(0.35,0.69),P<0.000 1]评分均高于对照组,且2个亚组间疗效差异无统计学意义(P=0.81);BCI联合经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)与对照组差异无统计学意义[MD=-0.15,95%CI(-1.42,1.12),P=0.82]。② ARAT评分:试验组评分高于对照组[MD=0.71,95%CI(0.49,0.92),P<0.000 1]。亚组分析显示,BCI联合FES[MD=1.15,95%CI(0.53,1.77),P=0.000 3]和BCI联合上肢机器人[MD=0.69,95%CI(0.26,1.12),P=0.002]评分均高于对照组,且2个亚组间疗效差异无统计学意义(P=0.23);BCI联合tDCS与对照组差异无统计学意义[MD=0.27,95%CI(-0.59,1.13),P=0.54]。③ WMFT评分:试验组评分高于对照组[MD=0.77,95%CI(0.54,1.00),P<0.000 1]。亚组分析显示,BCI联合FES[MD=0.95,95%CI(0.62,1.27),P<0.000 1]和BCI联合上肢机器人[MD=0.58,95%CI(0.25,0.92),P=0.000 6]评分均高于对照组,且2个亚组间疗效差异无统计学意义(P=0.13)。④ MBI评分:试验组评分高于对照组[MD=0.75,95%CI(0.58,0.91),P<0.000 1]。亚组分析显示,BCI联合FES[MD=1.03,95%CI(0.73,1.33),P<0.000 1]和BCI联合上肢机器人[MD=0.72,95%CI(0.44,1.01),P<0.000 1]评分均高于对照组,且2个亚组间疗效差异无统计学意义(P=0.14)。⑤ 偏倚风险:漏斗图提示FMA-UE和ARAT指标发表偏倚风险较低,MBI指标存在发表偏倚风险。Egger检验均未发现发表偏倚(P>0.05)。 结论 BCI联合FES和BCI联合上肢机器人方案均能显著改善脑卒中患者的上肢运动功能及日常生活能力;而BCI联合tDCS方案改善效果不明确。

Abstract

Objective Systematic review of brain-computer interface combined intervention modalities on upper limb motor function and activities of daily living in stroke patients. Methods Data were searched and retrieved from the PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP,and CBM. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating brain-computer interface in stroke patients,from database inception to September 30,2025. Outcome measures included Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity (FMA-UE),Arm Movement Assessment Test (ARAT),Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT),and Modified Barthel Index (MBI). Two researchers independently screened the literature,extracted data,and assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 17.0 software. To address specific issues related to particular interventions for specific patients,subgroup analyses were conducted according to predefined different combination models. Results A total of 38 studies comprising 1,348 patients were included. The meta-analysis results showed:①In the FMA-UE,the experimental group showed higher scores than the control group [MD=0.55,95%CI (0.44,0.67),P0.0001]. Subgroup analyses revealed:BCI-FES[MD=0.55,95%CI(0.34,0.76),P<0.0001]; BCI-robotics[MD=0.52,95%CI(0.35,0.69),P<0.0001]; the scores were all higher than those of the control group,and the difference in efficacy between the two subgroups was not statistically significant (P=0.81); BCI-tDCS [MD= -0.15,95%CI(-1.42,1.12),P=0.82]. ②In the ARAT,the experimental group showed higher scores than the control group. [MD=0.71,95%CI(0.49,0.92),P0.0001]. Subgroup analyses revealed:BCI-FES[MD=1.15,95%CI(0.53,1.77),P=0.0003]; BCI-robotics[MD=0.69,95%CI(0.26,1.12),P=0.002] ; the scores were all higher than those of the control group,and the difference in efficacy between the two subgroups was not statistically significant (P=0.23).; BCI-tDCS [MD=0.27,95%CI(-0.59,1.13),P=0.54]. ③ In the WMFT,the experimental group showed higher scores than the control group after BCI treatment. [MD=0.77,95%CI(0.54,1.00),P0.0001]. Subgroup analyses revealed:BCI-FES[MD=0.95,95%CI(0.62,1.27),P0.0001]; BCI-robotics[MD=0.58,95%CI(0.25,0.92),P=0.0006] ; the scores were all higher than those of the control group,and the difference in efficacy between the two subgroups was not statistically significant (P=0.13). ④ In the MBI,the experimental group showed higher scores than the control group after BCI treatment. [MD=0.75,95%CI(0.58,0.91),P0.0001]. Subgroup analyses revealed:BCI-FES[MD=1.03,95%CI(0.73,1.33),P0.0001]; BCI-robotics[MD=0.72,95%CI(0.44,1.01),P0.0001] ; the scores were all higher than those of the control group,and the difference in efficacy between the two subgroups was not statistically significant (P=0.14). Conclusion Both the BCI combined with FES and the BCI combined with robotic therapy significantly improved upper limb motor function and activities of daily living in stroke patients; however,the effectiveness of the BCI combined with tDCS regimen in improving the above outcomes remains unclear.

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孙毓蔚, 彭通, 周央, 陈实, 李毓嘉, 武文平, 乔晋. 脑机接口不同联合模式对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能及日常生活能力影响的Meta分析[J]. 康复学报, 2026, 36(06): 437-447 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1329.2026.06007

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脑卒中是脑部血管破裂或阻塞导致脑组织损伤引发的急性脑血管疾病,具有高发病率、高复发率、高致残率、高死亡率和高经济负担等特点[1]。全球每年新发脑卒中病例约1 370万例,其已成为人类第2大死亡原因和成年人致残的主要病因,全球约8 000万人受其影响[2-4]。脑卒中引起的上肢运动功能障碍可降低患者的日常生活活动能力及生活质量。当前临床上对脑卒中患者的康复治疗以大脑的神经可塑性原理为基础,包括外周干预和中枢干预,通常采用物理治疗、作业治疗等方式,其有效性已得到证实[5]。
近年来,智能康复技术发展迅速,脑机接口(brain-computer interface,BCI)是该领域的重要技术之一。其基本原理是通过运动想象、稳态视觉诱发电位等范式采集脑电信号,经算法解码运动意图,进而转换为控制指令,驱动机器人、功能性电刺激(functional electrical stimulation,FES)等反馈或执行装置,形成“中枢-外周-中枢”的闭环康复通路,从而促进脑卒中患者的运动功能恢复[6-7]。此外,BCI也可联合经颅直流电刺激(transcranial direct current stimulation,tDCS)、重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)等其他神经调控手段对患者进行干预。目前BCI技术已进入临床转化阶段,在促进神经可塑性、增强患者主动参与方面优势明显[8]。既往Meta分析证实,BCI联合外接设备可改善脑卒中后的运动功能障碍[9-12];然而,这些研究多将不同脑机接口联合干预模式合并分析,或仅对单一模式进行分析,忽视了不同联合模式间的效果差异。鉴于此,本研究拟采用Meta分析方法,系统分析BCI不同联合模式对脑卒中患者上肢功能和日常生活活动能力的影响,以期为BCI的临床应用提供更有效的治疗策略。

1 资料与方法

本研究已在PROSPERO平台注册(注册号:CRD420251238123),并遵循PRISMA指南进行系统评价与Meta分析。

1.1 纳入标准及排除标准

1.1.1 纳入标准

① 研究类型:随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials,RCTs)。② 研究对象:首次发生的脑卒中患者,符合《中国各类主要脑血管病诊断要点2019》[13]中脑梗死及脑出血的诊断标准,并经颅脑计算机断层扫描(CT)或磁共振成像(MRI)确诊;伴有肢体运动功能障碍;国籍、性别、病程不限;年龄>18岁。③ 干预措施:试验组以BCI联合不同干预模式的训练为主;对照组以相应干预模式训练、常规康复治疗为主。④ 结局指标:Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评定量表(Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity,FMA-UE)、手臂动作研究测试(Action Research Arm Test,ARAT)、Wolf上肢运动功能测试(Wolf Motor Function Test,WMFT)及改良Barthel指数(Modified Barthel Index,MBI)。

1.1.2 排除标准

① 非中英文文献;② 综述、会议摘要、信件等类型文献;③ 数据未以(x¯±s)形式呈现的文献;④ 数据不完整且联系作者后仍无法获取;⑤ 重复发表或为某研究的阶段性报告。

1.2 检索策略

计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据知识服务平台(Wanfang Data)、维普中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)和中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)。检索时限为各数据库建库至2025年9月30日。英文检索词包括:stroke、cerebrovascular accident、cerebral stroke、CVA、apoplexy、brain-computer interfaces、BCI、brain-machine interfaces等;中文检索词包括:脑机接口、人机接口、脑卒中、脑血管意外、脑出血、脑梗死、偏瘫等。

1.3 文献筛选和资料提取

由2位研究者独立按照纳入和排除标准进行文献筛选。首先阅读标题和摘要排除明显不相关的文献,随后阅读全文确定是否纳入。如遇分歧,由研究组共同讨论解决。筛选完成后交叉核对并提取资料,提取内容包括:① 文章基本信息(作者、发表年份、国家);② 受试者信息及干预方案(年龄、样本量、分期、干预方法及疗程);③ 康复数据(结局指标、结果数据)。

1.4 纳入研究的偏倚风险评价

由2位研究者采用Cochrane手册推荐的RCT风险偏倚评估工具[14]独立评价各纳入研究的偏倚风险,并交叉核对。评价内容包括选择性偏倚、测量性偏倚、随访性偏倚、报告性偏倚、实施性偏倚及其他偏倚。

1.5 统计学方法

采用RevMan 5.3和Stata 17.0软件进行Meta分析。① 异质性检验:结合I2统计量与Cochrane's Q检验的P值综合评估异质性,若存在显著异质性(I2≥50%或P>0.1),采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析,并通过亚组分析或敏感性分析探索异质性来源;反之则采用固定效应模型[15]。② 效应量合并:各研究使用的量表及计分方式相同,选用均数差(mean difference,MD)作为效应量,计算95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI),效应量单位为分。合并效应值的检验采用Z检验,检验水准α=0.05。③ 敏感度分析:通过逐一剔除文献,观察合并效应量的变化。④ 发表偏倚检验:当某一结局指标纳入的研究数量≥10项时,采用漏斗图及Egger检验评估发表偏倚。⑤ 亚组分析:根据BCI的不同联合模式进行亚组分析,比较各联合模式的干预效果。对于研究数量<2项的干预方案,不进行定量合并。亚组间效应量比较采用Cochrane's Q检验。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 文献筛选流程及结果

初步检索共获得文献1 685篇,剔除重复文献422篇后获得1 263篇。通过阅读标题与摘要去除不符合纳入标准的文献,剩余141篇进入复筛。逐层筛选后最终纳入38篇文献[16-53],其中英文22篇,中文16篇,共1 348例患者(BCI组678例,对照组670例)。文献筛选流程详见图1。

2.2 纳入文献的基本特征

纳入的38项研究中,26项在中国开展,其余研究来自其他国家。2项研究[48,51]未报告患者年龄,其余研究中患者年龄均值范围为41.60~76.81岁。在干预措施方面,试验组采用BCI联合上肢机器人者18项[19,21-24,28,31-35,37,41,43-44,49-50,53],联合FES者11项[16,18,25-27,30,38-40,42,45],联合tDCS者3项[17,36,47];联合神经反馈者2项[46,48];联合正念疗法[51]、电磁网络靶向场治疗[52]、绳带疗法[20]及rTMS[29]者各1项。纳入文献的基本特征见增强出版附加材料附表1。

2.3 纳入研究的质量评价

纳入的38项研究中,有28项[16-33,36,38-39,42-44,46-47,51,53]研究提及随机序列的产生方法为低风险;6项[31-32,36,39,46-47]研究实施了分配隐藏为低风险;6项[34,36,38,48,50,52]研究提及对受试者、干预者实施盲法为低风险,4项[32,40,44,51]未对受试者设盲、3项[33,47,51]未对干预者设盲为高风险,19项[17,20,22-23,27,31-33,36,38-40,43-44,46-47,50-51,53]研究对结局评估者设盲为低风险;所有研究均未发现不完整结局数据和选择性报告为低风险;其余潜在偏倚来源因信息不足为风险不确定。见图2。

2.4 Meta分析结果

2.4.1 FMA-UE评分

共37项研究[16-50,52-53]报道了BCI联合其他疗法对FMA-UE评分的影响,其中试验组618例,对照组609例。各研究间异质性较小(P=0.32,I²=8%),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组FMA-UE评分高于对照组[MD=0.55,95% CI(0.44,0.67),Z=9.40,P<0.000 1]。见图3。

2.4.2 FMA-UE评分亚组分析

① 共11项研究[16,18,25-27,30,38-40,42,45]报道了BCI联合FES对FMA-UE评分的影响,其中试验组185例,对照组185例。各研究间存在异质性(P=0.04,I²=48%),采用随机效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组FMA-UE评分高于对照组[MD=0.53,95%CI(0.23,0.83),Z=3.51,P<0.000 4]。② 共18项研究[19,21-24,28,31-35,37,41,43-44,49-50,53]报道了BCI联合上肢机器人对FMA-UE评分的影响,其中试验组275例,对照组270例。各研究间异质性较小(P=0.58,I²=0%),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组FMA-UE评分高于对照组[MD=0.52,95%CI(0.35,0.69),Z=5.88,P<0.000 1]。③ 共3项研究[17,36,47]报道了BCI联合tDCS对FMA-UE评分的影响,其中试验组39例,对照组39例。各研究间异质性较大(P=0.000 7,I²=86%),采用随机效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组FMA-UE评分与对照组差异无统计学意义[MD=-0.15,95%CI(-1.42,1.12),Z=0.23,P=0.82]。采用逐一剔除法进行敏感性分析,发现剔除ZHANG等[47]的研究后,异质性下降至25%,改用固定效应模型进行分析,FMA-UE评分比较结果未发生改变。通过比较3项研究的特征,发现ZHANG等[47]的研究虽与其他2项[17,36]同属亚急性期,但患者病程更短、单次tDCS及BCI治疗时间也更短,这些因素可能导致结果差异,引发了初始高异质性。④ BCI联合FES与BCI联合上肢机器人均显示出可接受的异质性与显著疗效,2个亚组间疗效差异无统计学意义(P=0.81)。

2.4.3 ARAT评分

共10项研究[17,23,29-31,33,42,46-47,52]报道了BCI联合其他疗法对ARAT评分的影响,其中试验组183例,对照组181例。各研究间异质性较小(P=0.13,I²=35%),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组ARAT评分高于对照组[MD=0.71,95%CI(0.49,0.92),Z=6.42,P<0.000 1]。见图4。

2.4.4 ARAT评分亚组分析

① 共2项研究[30,42]报道了BCI联合FES对ARAT评分的影响,其中试验组25例,对照组23例。各研究间异质性较小(P=0.89,I²=0%),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组ARAT评分高于对照组[MD=1.15,95%CI(0.53,1.77),Z=3.62,P=0.000 3]。② 共3项研究[23,31,37]报道了BCI联合上肢机器人对ARAT评分的影响,其中试验组45例,对照组45例。各研究间异质性较小(P=0.21,I²=35%),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组ARAT评分高于对照组[MD=0.69,95%CI(0.26,1.12),Z=3.13,P=0.002]。③ 共2项研究[17,47]报道了BCI联合tDCS对ARAT评分的影响,其中试验组29例,对照组30例。各研究间异质性较大(P=0.1,I²=63%),采用随机效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组ARAT评分与对照组差异无统计学意义[MD=0.27,95%CI(-0.59,1.13),Z=0.62,P=0.54]。通过比较2项研究的特征,发现患者病程及治疗时间之间的差异显著可能是导致高异质性的原因。④ BCI联合FES与BCI联合上肢机器人均显示出可接受的异质性与显著疗效,2个亚组间疗效差异无统计学意义(P=0.23)。

2.4.5 WMFT评分

共8项研究[18,21,27,30-31,37,40-41]报道了BCI联合其他疗法对WMFT评分的影响,其中试验组154例,对照组156例。各研究间异质性较小(P=0.46,I²=0%),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组WMFT评分高于对照组[MD=0.77,95%CI(0.54,1.00),Z=6.47,P<0.000 1]。见图5。

2.4.6 WMFT评分亚组分析

① 共4项研究[18,27,30,40]报道了BCI联合FES对WMFT评分的影响,其中试验组82例,对照组81例。各研究间异质性较小(P=0.63,I²=0%),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组WMFT评分高于对照组[MD=0.95,95%CI(0.62,1.27),Z=5.69,P<0.000 1]。② 共4项研究[21,3137,41]报道了BCI联合上肢机器人对WMFT评分的影响,其中试验组72例,对照组75例。各研究间异质性较小(P=0.45,I²=0%),采用固定效应模型进行分析,Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组WMFT评分高于对照组[MD=0.58,95%CI(0.25,0.92),Z=3.45,P=0.000 6]。③ BCI联合FES与BCI联合上肢机器人均显示出低异质性与显著疗效,2个亚组间疗效差异无统计学意义(P=0.13)。

2.4.7 MBI评分

共16项RCT[17,19-23,25-28,30,39-41,47,51]报道了BCI联合其他疗法对MBI评分的影响,其中试验组323例,对照组326例。各研究间异质性较大(P<0.000 1,I²=70%),采用随机效应模型进行分析,Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组MBI评分高于对照组[MD=0.66,95%CI(0.50,0.82),Z=7.99,P<0.000 1]。采用逐一剔除法进行敏感性分析,未发现改变合并结果的文献,统计结果稳定。剔除ZHANG等[47]的研究后,异质性下降(P=0.23,I²=20%),效应量及精确度保持稳定,表明该研究是异质性的主要来源。为确保结果稳健性和可靠性,剔除该研究后重新进行Meta分析,结果显示治疗后试验组MBI评分高于对照组[MD=0.75,95%CI(0.58,0.91),Z=8.88,P<0.000 1]。见图6。

2.4.8 MBI评分亚组分析

① 共6项研究[25-27,30,39-40]报道了BCI联合FES对MBI评分的影响,其中试验组101例,对照组101例。各研究间异质性较小(P=0.09,I²=47%),采用固定效应模型进行分析,Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组MBI评分高于对照组[MD=1.03,95%CI(0.73,1.33),Z=6.75,P<0.000 1]。② 共6项研究[19,21-23,28,41]报道了BCI联合上肢机器人对MBI评分的影响,其中试验组101例,对照组103例。各研究间异质性较小(P=0.93,I²=0%),采用固定效应模型进行分析,Meta分析结果显示治疗后试验组MBI评分高于对照组[MD=0.72,95%CI(0.44,1.01),Z=4.98,P<0.000 1]。③ BCI联合FES与BCI联合上肢机器人均显示出可接受的异质性与显著疗效,2个亚组间疗效差异无统计学意义(P=0.14)。

2.5 发表偏倚评估

对纳入研究≥10项的结局指标(FMA-UE、ARAT、MBI)进行发表偏倚评估。FMA-UE漏斗图显示散点分布整体接近对称,大部分研究点集中在漏斗中部,仅有少数点轻微偏离,提示该结局指标发表偏倚风险较低;Egger检验结果显示无明显发表偏倚(P=0.471)。ARAT漏斗图显示散点分布存在轻微不对称,小样本研究的效应值整体偏大,提示该结局指标可能存在轻度发表偏倚或小样本效应;Egger检验结果显示无明显发表偏倚(P=0.985)。MBI漏斗图显示散点分布存在明显不对称,提示该结局指标存在发表偏倚风险;Egger检验结果显示无明显发表偏倚(P=0.070)。结局指标漏斗图见图7。

3 讨 论

3.1 BCI改善脑卒中患者上肢运动功能及日常生活能力的整体疗效

本研究结果显示,治疗后试验组FMA-UE、ARAT、WMFT、MBI评分均高于对照组,提示在对照组治疗基础上增加BCI治疗可有效改善脑卒中患者的上肢运动功能与日常生活活动能力。其可能机制在于:BCI能显著增强大脑功能区中辅助运动区、病灶同侧和对侧初级运动皮层、视空间网络内的多个节点与联合皮层区域和小脑间的功能连接,并通过特异性增强病灶同侧与对侧初级运动皮层间的跨半球静息态功能连接,强化整个感觉运动网络的协同激活模式[54-55]。这一过程可有效提高患者大脑皮层兴奋性,增强神经可塑性,从而改善上肢运动功能与日常生活活动能力。

3.2 BCI联合外周干预模式(FES/上肢机器人)的疗效比较

本研究结果显示,BCI联合FES与BCI联合上肢机器人均能改善患者的上肢运动功能及日常活动能力,这与既往研究结果一致[56-57]。BCI旨在重建受损的神经连接,通过促进神经可塑性恢复受影响的功能;FES可诱发自主肌肉收缩,提供丰富的本体感受和体感反馈,同时增强感觉运动脑区的血液灌注。BCI联合FES通过外周神经刺激传入中枢,激活大脑皮层,增加皮质脊髓束兴奋性,强化残留神经通路的突触效能[58]。BCI联合上肢机器人则通过高重复性、交互式训练提高运动单位募集,增加Ⅰ型、Ⅱa型肌纤维占比,增强肌肉耐力和力量[57]。两者虽各有侧重,但均遵循外周和中枢联合干预的原则。进一步亚组分析显示,BCI联合FES与BCI联合上肢机器人在改善上肢功能和日常活动能力方面差异无统计学意义。其原因可能在于:二者均可通过主动或被动运动模式带动患侧肢体肌肉收缩,提高运动单位的募集,从而产生本体感觉刺激。既往研究发现,通过这种外周的主、被动运动刺激在激活中枢运动神经元方面具有一定程度的相似性[59-60],这为两者疗效差异无统计学意义提供了可能的解释。

3.3 BCI联合中枢干预模式(tDCS)的疗效分析

亚组分析结果显示,BCI联合tDCS的试验组治疗后FMA-UE和ARAT评分均未显著优于对照组,提示现有证据不足以支持BCI联合tDCS的临床获益,这一结果与LIMA等[61]的研究结果一致。与单独BCI治疗比较,BCI联合tDCS并未带来更好的上肢功能改善,可能的原因如下:① 与BCI联合机器人或FES不同,BCI联合tDCS是直接作用于中枢的神经调控技术,而前两者是中枢与外周共同干预,形成了闭环康复通路。既往研究提示,中枢和外周联合刺激能更有效地改善脑卒中患者的上肢功能[62]。② tDCS通过对患侧大脑半球进行刺激,旨在恢复双侧大脑半球间的兴奋性平衡;但近期研究发现,大脑半球间失衡可能并非运动功能恢复不良的根本原因,而更可能是潜在恢复过程中的伴随现象。这一发现对试图通过重新平衡大脑半球间相互作用来促进脑卒中后运动功能恢复的康复策略提出了质疑[63]。

3.4 研究局限性

本研究存在以下局限性:① 对于纳入研究中BCI联合神经反馈、正念疗法、rTMS等其他干预方案,因样本量较少未进行亚组分析,可能存在潜在的发表偏倚。② 部分亚组存在轻度至中度异质性,但敏感性分析显示各亚组的效应方向一致,主要结论稳定。③ 本研究对BCI联合FES、上肢机器人和tDCS等不同干预模式进行了亚组分析,但由于FES和上肢机器人主要基于外周执行与反馈原理,而tDCS属于中枢神经调节技术,因此本研究并非严格意义上的同一维度亚组间比较,更接近于对不同类别联合干预效果的分别汇总与描述性比较。④ BCI联合tDCS亚组纳入研究较少,限制了该亚组分析的统计效能与结论的稳健性。⑤ 各纳入研究中BCI参数存在差异,但各结局指标中异质性均较低,提示参数差异未对主要结论产生显著干扰。部分研究参数报告不完整,故本研究未进行正式的Meta回归分析,未来需统一参数报告标准以进一步验证。

4 小 结

BCI联合FES和BCI联合上肢机器人方案均能显著改善脑卒中患者的上肢运动功能及日常生活能力;而BCI联合tDCS方案对上述指标的改善效果不明确,现有证据不支持其临床获益。不同联合模式疗效差异的原因可能在于:BCI联合FES或上肢机器人通过外周-中枢闭环通路协同促进神经可塑性,而BCI联合tDCS仅作用于中枢,缺乏外周感觉-运动整合输入。后续需开展更多大样本、高质量、统一干预参数及评价标准的临床研究,进一步验证不同BCI联合模式的疗效差异及适用人群。

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