2025年新疆生产建设兵团第二师冬小麦气象条件及影响分析

Meteorological Conditions and Impact Analysis of Winter Wheat in the Second Division of the Corps in 2025

摘要

基于2024—2025年新疆生产建设兵团第二师铁门关市冬小麦种植区的气象观测数据，结合冬小麦生育期记录、产量结构及气象灾害资料，系统分析全生育期气象条件对冬小麦生产的影响。结果表明，该年度气象条件总体有利于冬小麦增产，焉耆垦区、塔里木垦区平均单产较上年增加4%，库尔勒垦区较上年增产17%。全生育期积温2 269.7~2 298.2 ℃，完全满足冬小麦生长发育需求。降水量整体偏少，主要集中在分蘖至越冬期，形成的稳定积雪有助于冬小麦安全越冬。光照条件优于常年，尤其是孕穗至乳熟期5—6月光照充足，对幼穗分化和灌浆结实十分有利。冬前积温适宜，促进植株形成2~3个分蘖，越冬死亡率低，未发生明显冻害。开春期较历年偏早，返青期相应提前。拔节至孕穗期温度与产量呈显著相关，焉耆垦区该阶段温度相对较低，小穗数最多，不孕小穗数最少，对产量提升具有积极影响。灌浆期的温度与干热风是影响产量的关键因子，平均气温适宜、高温及干热风日数少有利于增产，反之则导致减产。

Abstract

Based on the meteorological observation data of winter wheat planting area in Tiemenguan City，the second division of Xinjiang Corps from 2024 to 2025，combined with the records of winter wheat growth period，yield structure and meteorological disaster data，the influence of meteorological conditions on winter wheat production in the whole growth period was systematically analyzed．The results showed that the meteorological conditions in this year were generally conducive to the increase of winter wheat yield．The average yield per unit area in Yanqi Reclamation Area and Tarim Reclamation Area increased by 4 % compared with the previous year，and the yield in Korla Reclamation Area increased by 17 % compared with the previous year．The accumulated temperature during the whole growth period was 2 269.7~2 298.2 ℃，which fully met the growth and development needs of winter wheat．The overall precipitation is less，mainly concentrated in the tillering to overwintering period，the formation of stable snow is conducive to the safe overwintering of winter wheat．The light condition is better than that of the whole year，especially from booting to milky stage from May to June，which is very beneficial to panicle differentiation and grain filling．The accumulated temperature before winter was suitable，which promoted the formation of 2~3 tillers，the overwintering mortality rate was low，and no obvious freezing injury occurred．The spring period is earlier than the previous year，and the regreening period is correspondingly advanced．The temperature from jointing to booting stage was significantly correlated with yield．The temperature at this stage in Yanqi reclamation area was relatively low，the number of spikelets was the most，and the number of sterile spikelets was the least，which had a positive effect on yield improvement．The temperature and dry-hot wind during the filling stage are the key factors affecting the yield．Appropriate average temperature，high temperature and less dry-hot wind days are conducive to increasing yield，and vice versa．

关键词

冬小麦 / 气象条件 / 影响 / 新疆生产建设兵团第二师

Key words

winter wheat / meteorological conditions / impact / Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Second Division

参考文献

[1] 李月英, 柳斌辉, 刘全喜, 等. 河北低平原气候条件对冬小麦产量的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报, 2009, 29(2):330-334.

[2] LI Yueying, LIU Binhui, LIU Quanxi, et al. Effects of climatic conditions on winter wheat yield in Hebei low plain[J]. Journal of Wheat Crops, 2009, 29(2):330-334.

[3] 郑玉萍, 张月华. 秋冬气候变化对乌鲁木齐冬小麦播期的影响[J]. 沙漠与绿洲气象, 2008(2):43-45.

[4] ZHENG Yuping, ZHANG Yuehua. Impact of Autumn and Winter Climate Change on Winter Wheat Sowing Date in Urumqi[J]. Desert and Oasis Meteorology, 2008(2):43-45.

[5] 王森, 张山清, 王雪姣, 等. 冬前积温对新疆冬小麦适宜播期的影响[J]. 新疆农业科技, 2016(5):1-2.

[6] WANG Sen, ZHANG Shanqing, WANG Xuejiao, et al. The effect of accumulated temperature before winter on the suitable sowing date of winter wheat in Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Science and Technology, 2016(5):1-2.

[7] 郑文静. 商丘市梁园区2020年冬小麦生育期气候分析[J]. 粮食科技与经济, 2020, 45(10):45-46.

[8] ZHENG Wenjing. Climate analysis of winter wheat growth period in Liangyuan district of Shangqiu city in 2020[J]. Food Science and Technology and Economy, 2020, 45(10):45-46.

[9] 雷杰, 张晓蕾. 伊犁河谷气候条件对冬小麦各生育期及产量的影响分析[J]. 农业与技术, 2014, 34(5):136.

[10] LEI Jie, ZHANG Xiaolei. Analysis of the effects of climatic conditions on the growth period and yield of winter wheat in Yili river valley[J]. Agriculture and Technology, 2014, 34 (5):136.

[11] 汤绪, 杨续超, 田展, 等. 气候变化对中国农业气候资源的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 33(10):1962-1 968.

[12] TANG Xu, YANG Xuchao, TIAN Zhan, et al. The impact of climate change on agricultural climate resources in China[J]. Resource Science, 2021, 33(10):1962-1 968.

[13] 李兰, 杜军, 白素琴, 等. 新疆近45年0℃界限温度积温变化特征分析[J]. 中国农业气象, 2009, 30(增刊2):181-1.

[14] LI Lan, DU Jun, BAI Suqin,etc. Analysis on the variation characteristics of 0℃ accumulated temperature in Xinjiang in recent 45 years[J]. China Agricultural Meteorology, 2009, 30 ( Add.2):181-1.

[15] 霍治国, 尚莹, 王纯枝, 等. QX/T 82-2019小麦干热风灾害等级[S]. 北京: 气象出版社, 2019.

[16] HUO Zhiguo, SHANG Ying, WANG Chunzhi, et al. QXT82-2019wheatdry-hotwinddisastergrade[S]. Beijing: Meteorological Publishing House, 2019.

[17] 中国气象局.QX/T 22-2004,地面气候资料30年整编常规项目及其统计方法[S].

[18] China meteorological bureau.QX/T 22-2004,30-year surface climate data compilation routine project and its statistical method[S].

[19] 徐德源. 新疆农业气候资源及区划[M]. 北京: 气象出版社,1989:1-62.

[20] XU Deyuan. Agricultural climate resources and regionalization in Xinjiang[M]. Beijing: Meteorological Press,1989:1-62.

基金资助

新疆气象局科学研究项目—第二师铁门关市冬小麦种植气候适宜性研究及区划；新疆气象局面上基金项目(MS202420)