钢框架平齐端板节点力学性能试验研究与参数分析

刘卫然 ,  周晋普 ,  方斌 ,  于海丰 ,  马康

工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (05) : 274 -286.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (05) : 274 -286. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202300816
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钢框架平齐端板节点力学性能试验研究与参数分析

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Experimental Study and Parameter Analysis on the Mechanical Performance of Flush End-plate Joints

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摘要

为研究端板厚度小于规范构造要求的钢框架平齐端板节点力学性能,设计制作6个钢框架平齐端板节点试件并进行拟静力试验,对节点的破坏模式、极限抗弯承载力、滞回性能、耗能能力、延性系数和中和轴位置进行分析。结果表明:1)节点的主要破坏模式为端板翘曲、柱翼缘屈曲和螺栓破坏;2)极限抗弯承载力和延性系数均随端板厚度、柱翼缘厚度和螺栓直径的增加而增加;3)滞回曲线均表现出显著的捏缩现象;4)通过合理布置,采用6个高强螺栓(M14或M16)的节点,其耗能能力大于采用4个M20高强螺栓的节点;5)节点端板中和轴位置靠近受压梁翼缘与规范具有一定差异。通过有限元分析进一步研究端板厚度、柱翼缘厚度和螺栓直径对节点极限抗弯承载力和延性系数的影响,结果表明:端板厚度小于构造要求时,其厚度每增加2 mm,节点极限抗弯承载力提高3.71%;螺栓直径小于24 mm时,其直径每增加2 mm,节点延性系数提高36.66%,并在直径为24 mm时达到最大值。

Abstract

Objective Many numerical simulations and tests were performed to study and investigate the failure modes, ultimate flexural capacity, hysteretic performance, energy dissipation capacity, ductility coefficient, and neutral axis position of beam sections in flush end-plate connections under quasi-static loading. However, there is no unified minimum thickness requirement for end-plates in the design of flush end-plate connections. Only the GB51022 and CECS260 codes explicitly state that the end-plate thickness must not be less than 16 mm or 0.8 times the bolt diameter. Although these end-plates satisfy the design requirements for the flexural capacity of the connection, the absence of standardization results in the design of some connections with thicker end-plates, causing a certain degree of resource waste. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the minimum thickness of end-plates. Methods This study examined the failure modes, ultimate flexural capacity, hysteretic performance, energy dissipation capacity, ductility coefficient, and neutral axis position of beam sections of flush end-plates through numerical simulation and experimental testing to investigate the mechanical properties of flush end-plate joints in steel frames when the end-plate thickness was less than the design requirements specified by codes. In the first stage, six flush end-plate connection specimens were designed and fabricated. These specimens were subjected to quasi-static loading. In the second stage, numerical simulations of the quasi-static tests on the six specimens were conducted, and the results were compared to the test data to validate the accuracy of the developed numerical model. Based on the validated model, a parametric element analysis was conducted to assess the effects of varying end-plate thickness, column flange thickness, and bolt diameter on the flexural capacity, initial rotational stiffness, and ductility coefficient of the connections. Therefore, a design recommendation was proposed, stating that the minimum thickness of end-plates must not be less than 12 mm. Results and Discussions The failure modes of the flush end-plate connection specimens primarily included end-plate warping, column flange buckling, and bolt failure. Specifically, specimens JD‒1 and JD‒2 failed due to end-plate warping at both ends, JD‒3 exhibited end-plate yielding accompanied by bolt bending, JD‒4 showed column flange buckling, while JD‒5 and JD‒6 experienced bolt failure. The hysteresis curves of the connections demonstrated a pronounced pinching effect. Connections that utilized six high-strength bolts (M14 or M16) with proper arrangement achieved greater ultimate flexural capacity, initial rotational stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity compared to connections that utilized four M20 high-strength bolts. However, the rotational capacity and ductility of the connections with six smaller bolts were lower than those with four M20 bolts. Based on the European EC3 code, all tested joints were classified as semi-rigid connections. A comparison between the experimentally determined ultimate flexural capacity of the connections and the values calculated using the CECS260 and EC3 codes revealed that, except for the forward loading test of JD‒6, which closely matched the EC3 calculated value, all other specimens exhibited ultimate flexural capacities that exceeded the calculated values, indicating a safety margin in both codes. The values calculated using the CECS260 code were 0.68 to 0.98 times those of the EC3 code, indicating that the CECS260 code provided a higher safety margin. Strain measurements of the beam sections showed that the neutral axis positions did not align with those predicted by the CECS260 and EC3 codes but instead lay between the compression flange and the nearest bolt. Hence, the actual lever arm of the connection was smaller than the design lever arm. Strain measurements of the end-plates and bolts indicated that increasing the thickness of the end-plates and column flanges or using six smaller-diameter bolts generated greater prying forces on the bolts under the same lateral displacement loading, which prevented deformation of the connection components. When the bolt diameter was small, the tensile forces caused by end-plate deformation exceeded the prying forces generated by the bolts, leading to bolt failure. Finite element analysis using ABAQUS was conducted to simulate the quasi-static tests on the six flush end-plate connection specimens. The numerical simulation results showed strong agreement with the experimental results, confirming that numerical simulation was a reliable method for conducting parametric analysis of flush end-plate connections. The initial rotational stiffness and ultimate flexural capacity of the connections increase with the thickness of the end-plates, while ductility first increases and then decreases, reaching its maximum at an end-plate thickness of 12 mm. These findings indicated that increasing end-plate thickness improves the flexural capacity of the connection but adversely affects its rotational capacity and ductility. Based on both experimental and numerical results, it is recommended that the minimum thickness of flush end-plates must not be less than 12 mm. The initial rotational stiffness, ultimate flexural capacity, and ductility coefficient of the connections also increase with the thickness of the column flanges. When the column flange thickness is small, the flexural capacity of the connection is governed by the column flange. As the column flange thickness increases, the governing component of the flexural capacity shifts to the end-plate, which allows other connection components to undergo full deformation, enhancing the initial rotational stiffness, ultimate flexural capacity, and ductility coefficient of the connections. When the bolt diameter was small, the initial rotational stiffness, ultimate flexural capacity, and ductility coefficient increased with the bolt diameter. However, once the bolt diameter reached a specific size (M24 in this study), the rotational stiffness and ultimate flexural capacity were no longer influenced by bolt diameter, and the ductility coefficient showed a decreasing trend. Conclusions The results indicate that when the end-plate thickness is less than the design requirements specified by the GB51022 and CECS260 codes, the ultimate flexural capacity of the joint increases by 3.71% for every 2 mm increase in thickness. When the bolt diameter is smaller than M24, the ductility coefficient of the joint increases by 36.66% for every 2 mm increase in diameter, and the ductility coefficient reaches its maximum value when the diameter is M24.

Graphical abstract

关键词

平齐端板节点 / 力学性能 / 拟静力试验 / 有限元分析 / 端板厚度

Key words

flush end-plate joint / mechanical property / quasi-static test / finite element method / end-plate thickness

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
刘卫然,周晋普,方斌,于海丰,马康. 钢框架平齐端板节点力学性能试验研究与参数分析[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2025, 57(05): 274-286 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202300816

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梁柱节点是钢框架结构的重要组成部分,对整个结构的受力与安全具有重大影响[12]。一旦梁柱节点发生破坏,即使再强的部件也不能发挥作用[3]。高强螺栓端板连接作为钢结构连接的主要形式之一,可传递剪力和弯矩,满足刚性、半刚性及铰接连接的不同设计要求[4]
目前,已有不少学者针对钢框架平齐端板节点进行研究。施刚等[57]对8个端板连接试件在循环荷载作用下的抗震性能进行了研究,结合“强节点、弱构件”的抗震设计原则[8]提出“强连接、弱板件”的设计原则。Broderick等[9]从梁截面尺寸、端板厚度、螺栓直径、螺栓等级几个方面研究了平齐端板节点在单调和循环荷载作用下的失效模式,发现节点破坏模式多为螺栓和螺母之间的螺纹剥离,符合欧洲钢结构设计规范对节点失效模式的预测。熊川等[10]建议在实际工程中的平齐端板连节点应按半刚性连接考虑,并使用较厚的柱翼缘并且设置节点域加劲肋。Qiang[11]、强旭红[1213]等研究了火灾下高强螺栓平齐高强钢端板节点的力学性能,通过合理设计,较薄高强钢端板节点的抗弯承载力甚至可以超过较厚普通钢端板的节点。柳春阳[14]参照德国规范DIN18800、欧洲钢规范Eurocode 3的计算方法,建立3维模型,并结合施刚[6]的试验数据,验证了规范的有效性。Cassiano等[15]通过数值模拟研究了螺栓直径、端板厚度、螺栓排数、梁截面尺寸和连接柱的强弱轴方向对平齐端板节点力学性能的影响,并结合已有研究提出端板厚度的计算公式。
针对平齐端板节点的设计主要基于《门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构技术规范》(GB51022—2015)[16](简称“门刚规”)、《端板式半刚性连接钢结构技术规程》(CECS260:2009)[17](简称“规程”)、《钢结构设计标准》(GB 50017—2017)[1]和欧洲规范EC3[18]。其中,门刚规和规程对端板最小厚度的构造要求为“不小于16 mm或0.8倍螺栓直径”,其他两个规范对端板最小厚度未作要求,不同规范对端板最小厚度要求不统一。
因此,为研究端板厚度小于构造要求节点的力学性能,设计6个厚度小于构造要求的平齐端板节点试件,通过拟静力试验对节点破坏模式、承载力、滞回性能、耗能系数、延性系数和中和轴位置进行对比分析。在此基础上,通过有限元软件ABAQUS进一步分析不同端板厚度、柱翼缘厚度和螺栓直径节点对弯矩‒转角(M-θ)骨架曲线和延性系数的影响。

1 节点试验

1.1 试件设计

为研究端板厚度、柱翼缘厚度和螺栓直径对平齐端板节点力学性能的影响,结合规程设计6个试件,试件编号为JD-1~JD-6,试件由梁、柱、端板和高强螺栓构成,各试件参数如表1所示,试件详图如图1所示。其中,端板尺寸为200 mm×250 mm,梁采用焊接“H”型钢,截面为200 mm×150 mm×10 mm×10 mm,节点域加劲肋厚度为10 mm,螺栓采用8.8级高强螺栓,其他部件全部采用Q235钢。

1.2 材料性能

对试验中不同厚度Q235钢材进行力学性能试验,结果如表2所示。

1.3 试验装置及加载制度

试验装置包括7部分:500 kN自平衡框架、作动器、试件、压梁、销轴连接件、50 t液压千斤顶和50 t压力传感器。试件布置如图2所示。图2中,柱水平放置,梁竖直放置。试件轴压比为0.1,通过50 t液压千斤顶在柱两端施加轴压力,作动器与梁翼缘预留的螺栓孔进行连接。

试验采用位移控制加载。在10 mm之前,位移载荷步长为2 mm;在达到10 mm(含10 mm)之后,位移载荷步长为10 mm,各级荷载均循环3次,加载制度示意图如图3所示。试件加载的位移以向右为正、向左为负,如图2所示。

1.4 测点布置

试验中分别采用应变片、位移计和倾角仪测量试件的应变、位移和转角。应变片、位移计和倾角仪布置如图4所示。应变片L1~L4测量梁翼缘应变,应变片L5~L7测量梁腹板应变。位移计S1、S2测量梁的水平位移,位移计S3、S4测量节点域变形,位移计S5、S6测量柱的竖向位移。4个倾角仪分别位于梁腹板(倾角仪N1)、柱腹板(倾角仪N2、N4)和节点域(倾角仪N3),以测量梁、柱间转角变化。其中,节点转角θ由梁和柱轴线的相对转动组成[19],计算方法如式(1)~(3)所示[2021]

θ=θb-θc
θb=Δ1-Δ2l1
θc=Δ5-Δ6l2

式(2)、(3)中:θbθc分别为梁、柱转角;Δ1Δ2为梁的水平位移,由位移计S1、S2测得;Δ5Δ6为柱的竖向位移,由位移计S5、S6测得;l1为位移计S1、S2之间的距离,为650 mm;l2为位移计S5、S6之间的距离,为800 mm。

2 试验结果及分析

2.1 试验现象

试件JD-1和JD-2在加载初期无明显变形,处于弹性阶段。试件JD-1的转角达到24.63 mrad(抗弯承载力为21.18 kN·m)时,可以听到焊渣弹出的声音;转角达到37.90 mrad(抗弯承载力为24.81 kN·m)时,梁翼缘根部与端板连接的焊缝开裂,如图5所示。试件JD-2在转角达到50.08 mrad(抗弯承载力为28.29 kN·m)时,端板螺栓连接处出现持续声响。两试件转角分别达到70.72、70.08 mrad时,试件JD-1和JD-2对应的极限抗弯承载力分别为31.25、35.45 kN·m,端板两端发生的翘曲变形过大,如图6(JD-2试件)所示,试验终止。

试件JD-3和JD-4在加载初期无明显变形,处于弹性变形阶段。试件JD-3在转角达到45.28 mrad(抗弯承载力为29.78 kN·m)时,螺栓与螺栓孔之间发出相互摩擦的声响,随着加载位移变大,摩擦声逐渐增大;转角达到65.91 mrad(抗弯承载力为37.89 kN·m)时,试件的承载力开始下降,试验结束。拆卸试件后发现试件JD-3的螺栓出现明显弯曲,如图7所示。试件JD-4加载过程中,转角达到21.18 mrad(抗弯承载力为24.06 kN·m)时,柱翼缘出现弯曲变形;转角达到-59.00 mrad(抗弯承载力为-33.96 kN·m)时,柱翼缘发生明显屈曲,试验结束,柱翼缘屈曲如图8所示。破坏模式为柱翼缘发生明显受弯破坏,同时端板屈服。

试件JD-5和JD-6在加载初期无明显变形,处于弹性变形阶段。两试件转角分别达到4.94、4.82 mrad时,端板与柱翼缘之间出现缝隙,此时两试件的抗弯承载力分别为13.92、25.70 kN·m。随着加载继续,当转角分别达到21.53、17.45 mrad(对应的抗弯承载力分别为41.32、37.58 kN·m)时,端板与柱翼缘之间的缝隙变宽,同时节点发出持续声响。试件JD-5加载过程中,当转角达到-30.65 mrad(抗弯承载力为-37.80 kN·m)时,试件发出了一声“嘭”的声响,此时,荷载出现直线下降,试验结束。拆卸试件后发现距离受拉梁翼缘最近的一个螺栓被拉断,如图9所示。试件JD-6加载过程中,当转角达到17.47 mrad(抗弯承载力为30.09 kN·m)时,节点处发出轻微声响,同时距梁翼缘最近的4个螺栓发生松动,当转角达到-40.12 mrad(抗弯承载力为-29.11 kN·m)时,承载力出现下降,试验结束。试件JD-6的所有螺栓均未能成功拆卸,可能是螺栓直径较小,试验后期变形较大,螺栓与螺母的螺纹之间发生相对不均衡挤压或摩擦[22],从而影响螺栓的正常拆卸。

综上可见,节点达到极限状态时主要发生破坏的部件分别为端板、柱翼缘或螺栓,不同试件破坏模式如表3所示,试验所得的极限承载力和极限转角等数据如表4所示。

2.2 试验结果分析

2.2.1 滞回曲线和骨架曲线

图10为各节点的抗弯承载力-转角(M-θ)滞回曲线,由图10可知,6个节点的滞回曲线均表现出显著的捏缩现象。加载初期,所有试件均处于弹性变形阶段,滞回曲线呈线性;随着加载进行,试件变形进入塑性发展阶段,在高强螺栓撬力作用下端板两端发生翘曲或柱翼缘发生屈曲,导致滞回曲线呈现捏缩特征。其中,试件JD-5和JD-6相对于其他试件的捏缩现象更为明显,且循环圈数也明显减少,这是由于当螺栓直径较小时,随着加载进行,靠近受拉梁翼缘螺栓的残余变形随之增大,最终螺栓发生破坏。

图11为节点的M-θ骨架曲线。图11中,虚线为根据欧洲规范EC3[18]计算的节点刚性连接和铰接连接对应的抗变承载力限值。

图11可知,节点均为半刚性节点。其中,试件JD-5和JD-6的骨架曲线明显高于其他节点,说明通过合理布置,采用6个高强螺栓(M14或M16)的节点,其抗弯承载力和初始转动刚度均大于采用4个M20高强螺栓的节点,达到既满足设计要求又节省材料的目的。试件JD-1的骨架曲线最低,且靠近铰接界限,说明当端板厚度较薄时,其他部件的材料性能还没有完全发挥,端板两端就已经发生完全翘曲。因此,在节点设计中,采用适宜的端板厚度显得尤为重要。

2.2.2 耗能能力

耗能能力采用等效黏滞阻尼系数ξ衡量,计算方法见文献[23]。图12为各节点等效黏滞阻尼系数‒加载位移(ξ-Δ)曲线。由图12可知:加载初期,节点均处于弹性阶段,表现出较低的耗能能力。进入塑性阶段后,随着加载进行,耗能能力增强,各节点的ξ均有较大幅度增长,ξ的增长速度由快变慢依次为:JD-5>JD-6>JD-3>JD-2>JD-4>JD-1。试件JD-1、JD-2和JD-4的ξ-Δ曲线基本重合,说明三者耗能能力基本一致,这是由于端板厚度或柱翼缘厚度较薄时,端板或柱翼缘先于其他部件发生塑性变形,导致三者耗能能力较弱。试件JD-3的ξ-Δ曲线高于试件JD-4,说明增加柱翼缘厚度能够提高节点耗能能力。试件JD-5和JD-6耗能能力明显高于其他节点,说明通过合理布置,采用6个高强螺栓(M14或M16)的节点,其耗能能力大于采用4个M20高强螺栓的节点。

2.2.3 转角延性系数

本文采用最大延性系数μθ 衡量节点的变形能力,计算方法见文献[24],其中节点的名义屈服转角θy 采用EEEP法[2526]计算,计算结果如表4所示。由表4可知,试件JD-2的最大延性系数为JD-1的1.08倍,二者延性系数接近,说明端板厚度较薄时,增加端板厚度对提高节点变形能力不明显。试件JD-3延性系数为JD-4的1.13倍,说明增大柱翼缘厚度能提高节点的变形能力。试件JD-6的最大延性系数为JD-5的1.12倍,这是由于当节点破坏模式为螺栓破坏时,节点的承载力主要受到螺栓控制,增大螺栓直径使螺栓塑性变形发生较充分的同时也增大了节点延性。

3 试验与规范对比

3.1 抗弯承载力

规程、欧洲规范EC3计算值与试验极限抗弯承载力如表5所示。

表5可知,试验节点极限抗弯承载力均大于计算值,说明规程和EC3均具有一定的安全储备。当节点破坏模式为端板破坏时,规程与EC3计算结果基本相同;当节点破坏模式为柱翼缘破坏时,规程计算值小于EC3计算值,柱翼缘厚度越小计算差值越大;当节点破坏模式为螺栓破坏时,规程为EC3计算值的0.7倍左右。这是由于规程的计算方法是基于EC3组件法的简化,没有考虑塑性铰线对节点承载力的影响,使计算值小于EC3,同时仅考虑端板、柱翼缘和螺栓主要因素对节点承载力影响,相较于EC3具有更高的安全储备,适用于半刚性节点。

3.2 梁中和轴位置变化

梁截面中和轴位置是影响节点极限抗弯承载力计算值大小的直接因素,规程和EC3建议梁截面中和轴位置位于受压梁翼缘中心[1718]。为研究节点在荷载作用下梁截面中和轴实际位置,在梁截面布置应变测点,分析梁截面中和轴位置变化,其中,应变片L1~L4测量梁翼缘应变,应变片L5~L7测量梁腹板应变。取梁测点数据之间连线与0轴的交点作为梁中和轴位置[27],所得梁截面应变分布如图13所示。随着加载进行,梁截面中和轴逐渐向受压梁翼缘移动,试验结束时截面中和轴均未移动到受压梁翼缘中心,与规范建议不一致。这是由于,受拉侧端板翘曲程度不断增大,与柱翼缘接触面积减小,受拉区高度不断增大但受拉区应变值变化不大,梁截面中和轴不断向受压梁翼缘靠近导致受压梁翼缘压应变不断增大,且受拉侧梁翼缘应变较小。当节点达到极限状态时,除试件JD-3梁截面中和轴位置接近受压梁翼缘,其他节点梁截面中和轴均未在受压梁翼缘中心。因此,规程和EC3规范选用节点极限抗弯承载力的力臂相较于试验值偏大。

4 有限元分析

4.1 有限元模型的建立

通过ABAQUS软件建立的有限元模型,所用的Q235钢材的本构关系通过材性试验确定,如表2所示。模型单元网格采用结构技术进行划分,在节点域部位进行局部加密。具体网格尺寸划分为:节点域采用20 mm网格划分;柱截面其他区域采用40 mm网格;梁截面和端板采用20 mm网格;螺栓采用5 mm的网格,对螺栓孔网格进行局部加密[28]。单元采用线性减缩积分单元C3D8R。端板和梁翼缘间的焊接使用绑定方式进行模拟,采用通用接触,摩擦系数为0.4,螺栓施加预紧力,按轴压比0.1施加轴压力。柱与销轴连接处设置xyz 3个方向的位移(U1U2U3)约束,右侧压梁处设置面外水平和竖向位移,加载制度根据实际情况进行设置。有限元模型如图14所示。

4.2 有限元模型验证

图15为试验与有限元计算所得滞回曲线。表6为有限元分析得到的极限抗弯承载力和试验值对比。由图15表6可知:有限元计算值与试验值接近,极限抗弯承载力比值范围为0.92~1.09,最大误差为8.51%;有限元分析得到的滞回曲线和试验滞回曲线吻合较好,由于有限元模型中未考虑试验初始缺陷[29],有限元计算得到的正、负向加载曲线呈原点对称,说明有限元模型是可靠的。

4.3 有限元参数分析

根据试件对比组的参数变化,通过改变端板厚度、柱翼缘厚度和螺栓直径研究节点抗弯承载力和延性系数变化规律。

4.3.1 端板厚度影响

图16为不同端板厚度节点模型的M-θ骨架曲线,以骨架曲线转角最大值衡量节点转动能力。由图16可知,当端板厚度小于规范构造要求时,端板厚度每增加2 mm,节点的极限抗弯承载力和初始转动刚度平均提高3.71%和16.59%,节点转动能力随端板厚度的增大而减小,当端板厚度大于18 mm时,节点极限抗弯承载力增加不明显。

延性系数随端板厚度变化如图17所示。由图17可知,随着端板厚度增加,延性系数呈先增大后减小的趋势,并在端板厚度为12 mm时达到最大值。原因是,当端板厚度较小时,节点抗弯承载力由端板承担,其他部件还没有完全发挥作用时,端板就已经发生翘曲破坏。随着端板厚度增加,节点极限抗弯承载力由端板控制变为柱翼缘控制,端板厚度的增加导致抗弯承载力的不断增加,超过柱翼缘的极限抗拉承载力,从而导致节点延性系数的降低。

4.3.2 柱翼缘厚度影响

图18为不同柱翼缘厚度节点模型的M-θ骨架曲线。由图18可知:柱翼缘厚度每增加4 mm,节点极限抗弯承载力平均提高9.32%;加载初期节点处于弹性阶段,此时增加柱翼缘厚度对节点初始转动刚度无明显影响;当试件进入塑性阶段后,节点的极限抗弯承载力和转动能力随柱翼缘厚度的增加而变大。这是由于,随着加载进行,端板受拉侧翘曲程度增大,与柱翼缘接触面减小,使节点受压侧压力增大,压力由柱翼缘通过柱腹板加劲肋向节点域传递,使节点极限抗弯承载力和转动能力提高。

延性系数随柱翼缘厚度变化由图19所示。由图19可知,柱翼缘厚度每增加4 mm,节点延性系数平均提高28.24%。原因是:当柱翼缘厚度较小时,柱翼缘先发生屈曲;随着柱翼缘厚度增加螺栓撬力也随之增加,使高强螺栓和端板充分发挥其性能,导致节点转动能力提高进而提高节点延性。

4.3.3 螺栓直径影响

图20为不同螺栓直径节点模型的M-θ骨架曲线。由图20可知,节点初始转动刚度、极限抗弯承载力和转动能力均随螺栓直径的增加而变大。当螺栓直径达到24 mm后,螺栓直径变大对节点的极限抗弯承载力影响不明显,同时节点的转动能力开始下降。这是由于,当螺栓直径较小时,节点的极限抗弯承载力主要由距离受拉梁翼缘最近的螺栓承担,随着螺栓直径增加,节点极限抗弯承载力不再由螺栓控制,此时,极限抗弯承载力与螺栓直径关系不大。

延性系数随螺栓直径变化如图21所示。由图21可知,螺栓直径每增加2 mm,节点延性系数平均提高36.66%,当螺栓直径达到24 mm时,延性系数达到最大值,随着螺栓直径的进一步增加,延性系数开始下降。这是由于,当螺栓直径较小时,螺栓先于其他部件发生破坏;随着螺栓直径增加,节点抗剪刚度也随之增加,延性系数在24 mm时达到最大,螺栓直径继续增加时,端板先于螺栓发生破坏,导致节点延性降低。

5 结 论

本文研究了钢框架平齐端板节点不同端板厚度、柱翼缘厚度和螺栓直径的力学性能,根据节点试件的拟静力试验结果,对节点的破坏模式、极限抗弯承载力、滞回性能、耗能能力、延性系数和中和轴位置进行研究,并结合有限元模型对节点极限抗弯承载力和延性系数进行深入分析,得出结论如下。

1)节点的破坏模式主要为端板翘曲、柱翼缘屈曲和螺栓破坏;节点的滞回曲线呈明显捏缩现象。

2)采用6个高强螺栓(M14或M16)的节点通过合理布置,其极限抗弯承载力、初始转动刚度和耗能能力均大于采用4个M20高强螺栓的节点,同时达到节省材料和充分发挥材料性能的目的。

3)端板厚度小于构造要求时,端板厚度每增加2 mm,节点极限抗弯承载力和初始转动刚度平均提高3.71%和16.59%;端板厚度大于构造要求时,节点极限抗弯承载力提升不明显。节点延性系数随端板厚度的增加呈先增后降的趋势。当端板厚度为12 mm时,节点具有一定抗弯承载力和较高的延性系数,建议平齐端板的最小厚度不宜小于12 mm。

4)柱翼缘厚度每增加4 mm,节点极限抗弯承载力和延性系数平均提高9.32%和28.24%,但初始转动刚度提升不明显,根据“强柱弱梁”的设计原则,柱应采用较厚的翼缘。

5)增大螺栓直径会提高节点极限抗弯承载力、初始转动刚度和延性系数。当螺栓直径为24 mm时,极限抗弯承载力、转动能力和延性系数最大。

6)规程和EC3均具有一定的安全储备,且规程的计算值为EC3计算值的0.68~0.98倍,相较于EC3具有较高的安全储备。

7)节点中和轴位置与规程和EC3建议位置不一致,而是位于受压梁翼缘和距离受压梁翼缘最近螺栓之间,节点实际力臂小于规范力臂。

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基金资助

河北省自然科学基金项目(E2021208010)

河北省自然科学基金项目(E2023208069)

河北省自然科学基金项目(E2023208080)

中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(236Z5408G)

河北省教育厅产学研合作专项(CXY2024045)

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