1.School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
2.Zhongyuan Environmental Protection Co. , Ltd. , Zhengzhou 450001, China
3.College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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文章历史+
Received
Accepted
Published
2023-11-15
Issue Date
2025-10-27
PDF (2584K)
摘要
剩余污泥是城市污水处理厂副产物,严重影响污水处理厂运行及环境安全。污泥厌氧发酵是最常见的剩余污泥处理处置技术,能够实现剩余污泥减量及资源化目的。本研究以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为对象,考察纳米零价铁(nZVI)协同过碳酸盐(SPC)强化污泥厌氧发酵性能的可行性,并揭示其发酵机理,探究其最佳发酵条件。nZVI水解产物Fe2+和Fe3+可与SPC水解产物H2O2协同形成Fenton体系或类Fenton体系。此外,Fe2+和Fe3+作为催化剂,能够有效促进H2O2的分解,产生大量羟基自由基(),氧化降解有机物,进而提高污泥发酵性能。研究结果表明:1)nZVI协同SPC对污泥厌氧发酵系统水解酸化性能有显著影响,蛋白质随着nZVI投加量先增加后降低,多糖随着nZVI投加量增加而增大;2)挥发性短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)随着nZVI投加量先增加后降低,其中F3发酵系统(0.2 g SPC/g SS+30 mg nZVI/g SS(SS为混合液悬浮固体))中SCFAs最大为1 214.24 mg COD/L(COD为化学需氧量),且乙酸含量占比最高达到61.49%;3)与其他3个发酵系统相比,F3发酵系统中较低的‒P浓度表现出除磷的优越性;4)nZVI对协同发酵系统中生物酶具有较大的影响。蛋白酶活性随着nZVI的增加而降低,F1发酵系统(0.2 g SPC/g SS+10 mg nZVI/g SS)中蛋白酶活性最大,而α‒葡萄糖苷酶、乙酸激酶、丁酸激酶、脱氢酶和超氧化物酶活性均随着nZVI的增加而增大;5)nZVI协同SPC系统促进Proteiniclasticum、Christensenellaceae_R-7、Petrimonas、Macellibacteroides等功能微生物富集,保证发酵系统较高的水解酸化性能,实现SCFAs的高效积累,为污泥处理处置提供了新思路和理论基础。
Abstract
Objective Waste-activated sludge (WAS) is a by-product of wastewater treatment plants (WWPTs), which seriously affects the operation of WWPTs and environmental safety. WAS is rich in protein, polysaccharides, and other macromolecular organic matter, but it also contains a significant amount of heavy metals and viruses. If not effectively treated, it causes severe secondary pollution in the environment and results in the waste of resources. The reduction, stabilization, harmlessness, and recycling of residual sludge represent the most critical challenges in sludge management. Anaerobic fermentation of sludge is the most common technology for treating and disposing of WAS, achieving the goals of sludge reduction and recycling. This study investigates the feasibility of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) synergized with sodium percarbonate (SPC) to enhance the anaerobic fermentation performance of sludge using WAS from a municipal WWTP, and it also reveals the underlying fermentation mechanism. In addition, the optimal fermentation condition is identified. Methods The Fe2+ and Fe3+ derived from the hydrolysis of nZVI cooperated with the H2O2 produced by SPC to establish Fenton or Fenton-like systems. In addition, Fe3+ was reduced to Fe2+ by nZVI, establishing a cyclic reaction system that extended its action time within the fermentation system, enhancing the fermentation performance. In addition, Fe2+ and Fe3+ acted as catalysts to raise the decomposition of H2O2, resulting in the generation of many hydroxyl radicals (, which oxidized and degraded organic matter and increased the sludge fermentation performance. In addition, Fe2+ reacted with PO‒P to produce Fe3(PO4)2•8H2O precipitation, recovered PO‒P from the fermentation system, and evaluated the phosphorus removal performance of the SPC-enhanced nZVI fermentation system. Therefore, the fermentation mechanism was studied through batch experiments. A 2.5 L plexiglass reactor was used, and a magnetic stirrer was employed to maintain uniform stirring speed. The reaction temperature was room temperature (20~25 ℃), and the pH was not adjusted. A volume of 2.0 L of concentrated sludge was added to the F0~F3 reactors. The optimal dosage of SPC was determined to be 0.2 g SPC/g SS. Thus, the dosage of additives was set as follows: F0 (0.2 g SPC/g SS), F1 (0.2 g SPC/g SS + 10 mg nZVI/g SS), F2 (0.2 g SPC/g SS + 20 mg nZVI/g SS), and F3 (0.2 g SPC/g SS + 30 mg nZVI/g SS). In order to explore the influence of nZVI and SPC on the hydrolysis and acidification processes of the entire anaerobic fermentation system, the experiment involved a one-time addition of nZVI and SPC to the fermentation system without subsequent supplementation. Results and Discussions The results showed that nZVI synergized with SPC has a significant effect on the hydrolytic acidification performance of the WAS anaerobic fermentation system. The protein concentration first increased and then decreased with nZVI addition, while polysaccharides increased with nZVI addition. The maximum concentrations reached 314.43 mg COD/L for protein and 140.14 mg COD/L for polysaccharides, respectively. This demonstrated that the Fenton system or Fenton-like system can facilitate the degradation of macromolecular organic matter. The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations first increased and then decreased with nZVI, with the maximum SCFAs observed in the F3 fermentation system at 1214.24 mg COD/L. The percentage of acetic acid content in the F3 fermentation system was also the highest, at 61.49%. These findings indicated that nZVI combined with SPC enhances the acidification performance of the fermentation system. Compared to the other three fermentation systems, the hydrolysis products of nZVI, Fe2+can react with PO‒P to form ferrous phosphate Fe3(PO4)2 precipitate, resulting in a marked decrease in PO‒P concentration. The lower PO‒P concentration also indicated an improvement in the fermentation conditions. nZVI has a remarkable influence on biological enzymes in the synergized fermentation system, where the protease activity first increased and then declined, with the highest protease activity found in the F1 fermentation system (0.2 g SPC/g SS + 10 mg nZVI/g SS). However, the activities of α-glucosidase, acetic acid kinase, butyric acid kinase, dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase increased with nZVI addition. In contrast, the activities of ALP and ACP decreased with the increase in nZVI concentration. This indicated that nZVI combined with SPC enhances the oxidation performance of the fermentation system, and the higher oxidation level reduces enzyme activity. At the same time, the nZVI synergized SPC sludge fermentation system raises the enrichment of microbial functions, including Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi, and other bacteria such as Proteiniclasticum, Christensenellaceae_R-7, Petrimonas, and Macellibacteroides, which ensure effective hydrolysis and acidification performance and efficiently achieve SCFAs accumulation. Conclusions The results showed that the cooperation of nZVI with SPC significantly improved the anaerobic fermentation performance of WAS. This collaboration effectively accelerated the degradation of macromolecular organic matter in the fermentation system, providing a readily available substrate to produce SCFAs, particularly acetic acid. In addition, nZVI, in conjunction with SPC, contributed to the removal of phosphorus from the fermentation system, facilitating the recovery of phosphorus as a ferrous phosphate precipitate. The enrichment of functional bacteria further ensured the efficient hydrolysis and acidification performance of the nZVI‒SPC collaborative sludge fermentation system. The F3 fermentation system, with 0.2 g SPC/g SS + 30 mg nZVI/g SS, represented the optimal fermentation condition. This finding provides a new perspective and theoretical foundation for expanding sludge treatment and disposal methods.
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