基于双端电流测量的电缆早期故障定位研究
孟鹏飞 , 李腾飞 , 王万岗 , 谢施君 , 周凯 , 唐志荣
工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (04) : 269 -277.
基于双端电流测量的电缆早期故障定位研究
Research on Incipient Fault Location of Cable Based on Double-ended Current Measurement
随着电缆服役时间的增加,亟需在永久故障产生前开展早期故障研究。针对传统早期故障定位中的阻抗法定位精度随故障距离的增加而减小,以及单端行波法易造成故障位置误判的问题,提出基于双端电流法的电缆早期故障定位方法。首先,给出电缆中行波信号的传输线模型,并基于电弧脉冲在电缆中的传输过程,分析基于双端电流测量的故障定位的原理。然后,采用加Hanning窗的伪魏格纳分布(PWVD)算法对信号进行时频分布计算,并使用时频互相关函数估计双端信号的时间延迟,实现对早期故障定位的计算。接着,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件中搭建10 kV电缆的早期故障模型来验证本文方法的可行性,并研究不同噪声干扰对定位结果的影响,仿真结果表明,早期故障位置计算的相对误差为0.57%,具有较高的定位精度,并且不同程度噪声对定位结果的影响较小。最后,搭建电缆早期故障实验测试平台,进一步验证故障定位方法的效果,实验结果表明,本文方法的故障位置的相对误差为5.36%,方法具有可行性。本文提出的电缆早期故障的定位方法可使日常运维检修更精准、高效,对提高电力系统的安全稳定运行有重要意义。
Objective The incipient fault of the cable occurs at the local insulation defect of the cable and constitutes an intermittent grounding arc fault. As the degree of cable insulation deterioration increases, the frequency of incipient faults continuously rises and eventually develops into a permanent fault. At present, positioning methods for cable incipient faults primarily rely on the impedance method and the traveling wave method. The cable incipient fault location method, based on the impedance method, constructs the circuit equation using the fault voltage and the transmission current at the head end, and estimates the fault distance based on the purely resistive nature of the arc resistance and its corresponding parametric formula. However, this model does not consider the attenuation and dispersion of the arc current during transmission, resulting in a decrease in positioning accuracy. The incipient fault location method based on the traveling wave requires an analysis of electromagnetic traveling wave propagation in the cable, which determines the fault location by calculating the time difference in wave transmission. However, the single-ended traveling wave positioning method results in misjudgments due to refraction and reflection at the defect position. In addition, the traditional double-ended positioning method can inaccurately identify the wavefront position due to noise or discharge interference when analyzing the signal's time-domain information, affecting location accuracy. Therefore, based on two-terminal traveling wave measurements, this study proposes an accurate positioning method for cable incipient faults by calculating the time-frequency distribution of the signals. Methods Initially, the distributed parameter model of high-frequency electromagnetic wave transmission in cables was analyzed. Considering the skin effect and proximity effect of the cable, the distributed parameters were modified and expressed, and the propagation constant and traveling wave velocity of the electromagnetic wave in the cable were calculated. Then, by analyzing the transmission process of electromagnetic waves and the multiple refraction and reflection phenomena at the defect location in the cable, the corresponding relationship between the cable fault location and the time difference between the first transmission of the arc traveling wave to both ends of the cable was obtained. After that, considering the influence of noise on the time domain signal, the signal was analyzed in the time-frequency domain. The WVD algorithm formed the basis of the time-frequency distribution algorithm. However, due to the presence of cross-term interference, the accuracy of the positioning results was affected. The Hanning window exhibited good concentration capability for the main frequency of the signal and demonstrated strong attenuation for the secondary frequency. Therefore, the PWVD algorithm, incorporating the Hanning window, was employed to calculate the time-frequency distribution of the signal. Simultaneously, when calculating the time delay of the two signals, the time‒frequency cross-correlation function was utilized to determine the similarity of the time-frequency distribution, and the maximum value of the time‒frequency cross-correlation amplitude was adopted as the transmission delay of the signal, enabling the identification of the fault location. Results and Discussions For the above scheme, the positioning algorithm was first verified through simulation. Based on the arc resistance formula, the cable incipient fault model was constructed in PSCAD. The total cable length was set to 4 km, and the arc fault was introduced at a distance of 3 km from the head end. The ground current waveforms transmitted to both ends of the cable were collected, and the time-frequency distribution and time-frequency cross-correlation results of the currents were calculated. The maximum value of the time-frequency cross-correlation amplitude occurred at 10.9 μs, indicating that the transmission delay was approximately 10.9 μs. Then, the wave velocity of the arc was calculated based on the center frequency of the signal's time-frequency distribution. When the center frequency was 20 kHz, the arc wave velocity was calculated to be 187.65 m/μs. After applying the formula transformation, the fault location result was 3 022.71 m, with a location error of 0.57%. The influence of noise on positioning accuracy was then examined. When the SNR of the current signals at both ends was set to 80, 50, and 30 dB, respectively, the positioning results were 3 027.21, 3 043.73, and 3 083.69 m, and the corresponding positioning errors were 0.68%, 1.09%, and 2.09%. The simulation effectively verified the algorithm's anti-noise capability. In the experimental validation, a 10 kV 105 m cable experimental platform was constructed, and the incipient fault was introduced at the 25 m position. Two current sensors were placed at both ends of the cable to collect the arc pulse. Due to the short cable length, the sampling rate was set to 500 MHz. At this setting, the incipient fault location of the cable was calculated to be 30.63 m, resulting in a positioning error of 5.36%. For the 105 m cable, the arc underwent multiple refractions in a very short time, affecting the accuracy of the positioning result; however, the outcome still demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method. Conclusions This study proposes an incipient fault location method for cables by analyzing the transmission process of arc pulses within the cable. The PWVD algorithm, combined with the Hanning window and the time-requency cross-correlation function, is employed to calculate the fault location, effectively mitigating the issue of noise interference that typically affects time-domain signals. Simulation and experimental verification clearly demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high positioning accuracy and exhibits strong resistance to noise.
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国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52107158)
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