口腔诊室内气溶胶传播与沉降的数值研究

万紫千红 ,  杜龙环 ,  王小霞 ,  冯鑫 ,  朱卓立

工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (06) : 286 -296.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (06) : 286 -296. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202300934
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口腔诊室内气溶胶传播与沉降的数值研究

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Numerical Simulation of Concentration Variation and Deposition of Aerosol in a Dental Clinic during Oral Cleaning

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摘要

多种呼吸道病毒均可通过气溶胶传播,口腔超声波洁牙操作时因伴随呼吸道的暴露以及气溶胶的产生面临较高的传染风险。本文参考四川大学华西口腔医学院的真实诊室建立数值模型,并采用可实现kε湍流模型与离散相颗粒模型(DPM)对气溶胶进行瞬态计算;分析了医护人员为患者进行超声波洁牙操作时在两种现有风速下(方案1为V=0.3 m/s,方案2为V=2.0 m/s)所产生气溶胶在诊室内的传播过程,研究了诊室内各表面气溶胶沉积的分布区域,并针对两种方案下的医护人员所面临感染风险进行了讨论。结果表明:1) 在口腔诊室中,随着诊疗操作的进行,两种方案气溶胶都会迅速扩散至整个诊室空间内,操作进行一段时间后(方案1为第9 min、方案2为第3 min),诊室内气溶胶一直维持在较高的浓度直至诊疗结束;2) 操作停止后,方案1与方案2分别需要30.55 min和5.55 min排空气溶胶,呼吸道传染病高发季节可适当选择更高的通风速度;3) 两种方案下医护人员在洁牙过程中接触感染性气溶胶的可能性皆较高,医护人员应严格按要求穿戴防护用具;4) 大约37.55%与52.67%的气溶胶沉积在室内可接触表面上,尤其在治疗边台和治疗车上,提示在治疗操作结束后消毒时需重点关注相关表面。研究结果为口腔诊室科学设置患者就诊间隔时间,优化消毒方案,以及合理选择通风风速提供了参考和理论依据,有助于降低医护人员以及患者之间的交叉感染。

Abstract

Objective Various respiratory viruses spread through aerosol transmission. Dentists and nurses are at a high risk of infection during ultrasonic scaling procedures because of exposure to patients’ respiratory secretions and the substantial aerosols generated by ultrasonic devices. At present, there is a lack of research examining the effect of different airflow velocities on aerosol generation during dental ultrasonic scaling procedures. This study develops a numerical model to simulate aerosol dynamics during scaling procedures in dental clinics under two distinct airflow velocity conditions. Methods The study precisely simulated ultrasonic scaling procedures performed by one dentist and one assistant nurse, based on an actual dental clinic at West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University. First, a physical model was constructed, and a tetrahedral unstructured mesh was generated using discrete computational domains. ANSYS Fluent 20.0 software facilitated the numerical simulations, employing the Realizable k-ε turbulence model and the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) for transient aerosol calculations. In addition, the Discrete Random Walk (DRW) model was applied to simulate particle dispersion induced by the airflow field, and the evaporation of aerosol particles was also simulated. The numerical model encompassed the initial 30-minute aerosol release procedure and the following 60-minute post-release clearance process. The study comprehensively analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of aerosols within the dental clinic during ultrasonic scaling under two distinct airflow velocity scenarios (Scenario 1: V = 0.3 m/s and Scenario 2: V = 2.0 m/s). Quantitative analyses of aerosol deposition and distribution patterns across various surfaces within the clinic, particularly those frequently touched by healthcare personnel, were conducted. Finally, the spatial distribution of aerosols generated under the two wind speed scenarios was compared (Scenario 1: V = 0.3 m/s versus Scenario 2: V = 2.0 m/s). The regularity and distribution area of aerosol deposition on multiple surfaces in the consulting room, mainly those frequently touched by medical staff, were quantitatively analyzed, and the infection risks faced by medical staff under both scenarios were discussed. Results and Discussions In the dental clinic, aerosols generated during ultrasonic scaling procedures rapidly spread throughout the clinic space under both airflow velocity conditions. As the procedures progressed (Scenario 1: by the 9th minute; Scenario 2: by the 3rd minute), aerosol concentrations remained consistently high until the treatment ended. However, with a higher airflow velocity at the inlet (Scenario 2: V = 2.0 m/s), aerosol levels inside the clinic significantly decreased, showing approximately 2.46 times lower particle concentration compared to Scenario 1 (V = 0.3 m/s). This reduction was attributed to enhanced aerosol diffusion and accelerated sedimentation within a shorter duration. After the treatment concluded, aerosol clearance required approximately 30.55 minutes in Scenario 1 and 5.55 minutes in Scenario 2. These findings indicated that maintaining relatively high ventilation speeds in dental clinics was advisable during respiratory disease seasons. Both scenarios presented a high risk of exposure of dental care personnel to infectious aerosols during ultrasonic scaling procedures; therefore, strict adherence to protective equipment requirements was necessary. In Scenario 1 (V = 0.3 m/s), aerosol concentrations at the dentist and nurse sampling sites decreased to zero after 30 minutes, whereas in Scenario 2 (V = 2.0 m/s), this occurred within only 6 minutes. Aerosol deposition rates were 78.93% in Scenario 1 and 87.90% in Scenario 2, with 37.55% and 52.67% of aerosols depositing on frequently touched surfaces within the clinic, respectively. The treatment console surfaces, which were most frequently touched by dental care personnel, exhibited higher aerosol deposition rates in both scenarios: 4.65% in Scenario 1 and 8.19% in Scenario 2. Surfaces such as computers and dental chairs showed higher deposition rates under Scenario 2 compared to Scenario 1. Considering that airflow-induced resuspended deposits served as important sources of airborne microbes, final disinfection of these corresponding surfaces after treatments was crucial to prevent cross-infection. These results emphasized the importance of meticulous surface disinfection after dental treatments to mitigate the risk of airborne pathogen transmission in dental clinics. Conclusions Compared to Scenario 1, Scenario 2 exhibited significantly reduced aerosol concentrations and shorter clearance times, attributed to enhanced airflow dynamics that facilitated aerosol dispersion and sedimentation. Aerosol deposition rates on surfaces such as treatment consoles, computers, and dental chairs were higher in Scenario 2. Different airflow velocities influenced the peak aerosol concentration, the time to reach the peak concentration, and the aerosol clearance duration in the dental clinic. When the airflow velocity increased, the peak aerosol concentration decreased, while both the time to peak concentration and aerosol clearance duration were shortened. Regardless of the scenario adopted to control infection in the clinic, it remained essential for dental staff to maintain appropriate aerosol protection. Higher airflow velocity led to increased deposition of aerosol particles on accessible surfaces. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into how various ventilation schemes and airflow velocities influence aerosol transmission dynamics in dental care environments. These results highlight the critical importance of implementing effective ventilation strategies and rigorous surface disinfection protocols to mitigate the risk of airborne pathogen transmission during dental procedures, contributing to the optimization of infection control measures in similar clinical settings.

Graphical abstract

关键词

口腔诊室 / 气溶胶 / 空气传播 / 数值模拟 / 计算流体力学

Key words

dental clinic / aerosol / airborne transmission / numerical simulation / computational fluid dynamics

引用本文

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万紫千红,杜龙环,王小霞,冯鑫,朱卓立. 口腔诊室内气溶胶传播与沉降的数值研究[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2025, 57(06): 286-296 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202300934

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近年来,呼吸道病毒的气溶胶传播引起了广泛关注[1]。气溶胶由粒径小于100 μm的固态或液态颗粒物悬浮于气体介质中所构成[23],可以长时间停留于空气中,在通风不良的空间中积聚或运动一定距离后被吸入[4]。许多呼吸道病毒均可通过气溶胶传播,如麻疹病毒[56]、流感病毒[78]、鼻病毒[910]、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒[1112]、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒[13]等。感染了呼吸道病毒的患者口腔、鼻咽部等部位病毒载量较高,口腔医生对患者进行检查与操作时,器械往往靠近患者的这些部位,使口腔诊疗操作面临较高的传染风险[14]。已有研究证实了在使用超声波设备对患者进行洁牙时可产生大量含有细菌的气溶胶[15]。Puljich等[16]在牙椅水路中加入荧光示踪剂并结合荧光图像分析,发现进行超声洁牙后,在检测范围最远处(1.20 m)仍有大量气溶胶存在。Watanabe等[17]采用ATP生物发光法发现进行超声波洁牙治疗后,口腔医护人员的面罩、胸部、右臂及护目镜等表面的污染程度都显著增加。现有研究均证实在口腔诊疗过程中,医护人员持续和广泛地暴露于高水平的气溶胶中,面临吸入气溶胶或接触污染沉积物的暴露风险。因此,全面了解使用超声波设备进行口腔洁牙时气溶胶的传播沉积规律对阻断口腔诊室内呼吸道传染病的传播、保护医护人员与患者的健康具有参考意义。
目前,对口腔诊室内气溶胶传播与沉降规律的研究主要停留于利用检测手段对室内气溶胶进行局部检测,利用数值模拟对口腔诊室内气溶胶进行时间与空间尺度上的全面研究仍较少。Chen等[18]对5种不同状况下口腔气溶胶的分布进行模拟,但该研究并未完整还原口腔常规要求的四手操作布局和牙椅设施。Komperda等[19]模拟了在一个大型的开放式口腔诊室中所有牙椅同时进行洁牙时产生的气溶胶的轨迹,但并未包括医护患的人体模型,因此其模拟研究忽略了人体热羽流这个影响气溶胶扩散和沉降的重要因素[20]。本文通过等比例建立口腔诊室的3维数值模型,研究了在口腔诊室在现有不同通风风速下,开展一次完整超声波洁牙治疗过程时,气溶胶颗粒随时间在诊室内不同空间的扩散、沉降规律,分析两种风速下医护人员口鼻处气溶胶浓度的变化,探究诊室内气溶胶表面沉积的分布区域,最终,研究结果能帮助医务人员结合实际情况选择适合的入风口风速,设置患者就诊时间间隔,并进行重点性诊疗后的终末消毒,从而降低口腔医护人员及患者在口腔诊室内接触气溶胶的风险,为创造一个安全的口腔诊断与治疗环境提供参考。

1 研究对象

1.1 模型建立

以四川大学华西口腔医院典型口腔诊室为研究对象,搭建等比例口腔诊室3维数值模型,如图1所示。图1中,X+、X‒分别表示X轴正、负轴方向,Z+、Z‒分别表示Z轴正、负轴方向。诊室长(x)、宽(z)、高(y)分别为4.60、2.70、4.50 m。为完全还原真实治疗场景,模型中患者躺靠在诊室中间牙椅上,医生(患者右侧)与护士(患者左侧)分别坐在患者两侧进行超声波洁牙治疗操作,同时,模型中保留诊室内用于放置医疗器械与药物的治疗车、治疗边台、电脑、打印机、垃圾桶等真实物件。模型诊室通风入口(0.60 m×0.60 m)设置于天花板,门作为通风出口(2.10 m×0.90 m)形成上进下出通风气流。

1.2 控制方程

本研究采用ANSYS Fluent 20.0软件开展数值模拟。室内气流一般为湍流模型,常用大涡模拟(LES)或雷诺平均Navier‒Stokes(RANS)模型进行模拟。然而,将LES模型应用于室内流场模拟所需的计算成本过高[21],以往文献已验证可实现kε模型在模拟室内气流在稳定性、精度、计算效率等方面表现良好[2223],因此,本研究也同样采用该模型来模拟口腔诊室内的气流运动。采用SIMPLE算法对压力和速度解耦,采用2阶迎风格式离散控制方程中的对流和扩散对流项。

在待流场收敛达到稳态后,由于气溶胶在空气中的体积浓度<10%,因此对流场的影响可忽略不计,采用离散相颗粒模型(discrete phase model,DPM)追踪颗粒的运动轨迹,质点在笛卡尔坐标系中沿x方向的运动方程如下:

dupdt=Fd(u-up)+g(ρp-ρ)ρp+F

式中,u为气体速度,up为颗粒相速度,g为重力加速度,ρ为空气密度,ρp为颗粒密度,Fd为流体对颗粒的曳力,F为除重力以外的附加力。因为Saffman升力在颗粒在壁面附近的运动中起重要作用[24],并且热泳力对小尺寸颗粒以及沉积有重要影响[25],因此本文主要考虑了这两种附加力。

通过离散随机游走模型(DRW),对流场引起的颗粒扩散进行建模,其中质量、动量和能量与流体相互交换。洁牙所释放的气溶胶为气液两相混合物,因此本研究考虑了颗粒的蒸发。颗粒表面和空气中的水蒸气浓度共同决定了颗粒的蒸发速率。

Ni=kc(Ci,s-Ci,sr)

式中,kc为传质总系数,Ci,s为颗粒表面水蒸气浓度,Ci,sr为空气中水蒸气浓度。

2 边界条件和网格划分

参考所选取口腔诊室真实情况,本研究模型诊室入风口风速分别取V=0.3 m/s(方案1)与V=2.0 m/s(方案2),门设置为压力出口。由于实际诊疗过程中医护人员穿戴手术衣,人体体表温度设置为31.0 ℃[26],诊室室温为23.0 ℃,相对湿度为60.0%,边界条件见表1。参考对口腔洁牙操作的调查结果,气溶胶释放源位于患者口腔出口处,离地面高度约为0.93 m,释放速率为1.0 m/s,与Y轴呈20°夹角(图2),气流温度接近于洁牙所用无菌水的温度(22 ℃),持续释放30 min以模拟一次完整的洁牙治疗周期。由于医护人员在进行洁牙操作时会佩戴口罩,呼吸时的气流速度较低,因此,为简化计算过程,本研究忽略了医护人员呼吸对诊室内气流场和颗粒的影响[27]。另外,在模型计算中假设地面温度均匀,房间内各壁面为无滑移边界,并且忽略这些表面间的相互辐射传热;同时,假定室内空气不可压缩且物理性质稳定,通风流量恒定。模型中的瞬态模拟时间步长为0.50 s,收敛残差小于1×10-5。气溶胶释放至30 min时停止释放,模型继续计算直到诊室内的气溶胶颗粒数为0。

通过离散计算域,生成了四面体非结构化网格。为提高计算精度,对近人体区域、入风口、门进行网格加密,如图3所示,保证所有固体表面网格的无量纲壁面距离y+小于1。为对比两种方案里Line1上的数值速度与实验速度,实验采用热线风速计(产自德国TESTO AG,型号为Model 425)测量了距离入风口9个点(0.1、0.6、1.1、1.9、2.4、2.9、3.4、3.9、4.4 m)的空气速度,Line1位置及测点示意图如图4所示,高度为2.50 m。

3 结果与讨论

3.1 网格独立性验证

建立了3种不同数量(1 797 614、2 663 171、3 175 476)的网格,通过对比分析不同网格数量计算结果和基于实验测量的数据的差异,共同对流场验证以保证连续相流体数值模拟结果的准确性。由图5可见,随着网格数的增加,网格数1 797 614和2 663 171之间的差异明显,而网格数2 663 171和3 175 476之间的差异相对较小。各点的模拟空气速度与实验数据基本一致。因此,考虑到有限的计算资源,最终选择2 663 171网格数作为数值模拟时所采用的网格数。

3.2 方案1诊室内气溶胶传播规律

3.2.1 方案1诊室内流场分析

口腔诊室流场流动情况对气溶胶的扩散和沉降有直接影响,因此,为探究诊室内流场对气溶胶运动的影响,经过气溶胶释放源做相互垂直的截面1(X=2.07 m)与截面2(Z=1.92 m),如图6所示。S1、S2分别为医生与护士口鼻处采样点,距地面高度为1.23 m。同时,为探明医护人员附近的流场以及所面临的气溶胶交叉感染风险,经过S1、S2做平行于地面的截面3(Y=1.23 m)。

图7(a)展示了截面1的温度及流线。由于人体表面的温度高于周围环境的温度,人体附近的气流向上运动产生热羽流现象,并受诊室天花板阻挡在医生头部上后方、护士头顶天花板附近形成环流区。图7(b)从截面2展示了人体热羽流向上垂直扩散至天花板后,空气沿壁面向下流动,同时由于桌椅等对气流的影响,在诊室上方和边台、牙椅附近形成环流区。在通风气流与人体热羽流共同作用下,从患者口腔出发的气流稍向医生侧偏斜,并跟随热羽流向患者头部上方天花板流动,最终在通风气流的影响下于入风口与门口之间形成局部环流,如图7(c)所示。同时,截面3(图7(d))展示了医护人员口鼻高度的局部环流以及诊室墙角存在的多处环流区。

3.2.2 方案1诊室内颗粒扩散情况

方案1的气溶胶从患者口腔喷出后,颗粒随时间的动态弥散结果如图8所示。当气溶胶喷出0.5 s时,颗粒随气流运动到患者身体前上方,稍向医生侧偏移,此时扩散性不强,气溶胶颗粒处于聚集状态。当气溶胶持续释放1 min时,已有大量颗粒聚集在天花板下方,同时,受到顶部天花板的物理边界压迫,气溶胶颗粒逐步向周围扩散开。气溶胶释放时间T=5 min时,气溶胶颗粒跟随气流在诊室内扩散,由于患者头上后方、入风口与门口之间存在大环流区,大部分气溶胶颗粒在此处聚集停滞,因此此处存在高浓度的气溶胶,相反,远离门口的诊室另一侧气溶胶颗粒数较少。10 min时,整个口腔诊室内充盈着大量气溶胶颗粒,并在随后的时间内(10~30 min)处于相对平衡的高浓度状态。气溶胶停止释放5 min后(35 min时),诊室内气溶胶颗粒数因沉降和通风排逸大幅减少。45 min时,诊室内悬浮颗粒数虽已降低至峰值的1.18 %,但仍然散布于整个空间各处,缺乏相对清洁的区域。55 min时,诊室内颗粒几乎都消失,但仍有极少数停滞于环流区。

3.3 方案2诊室内气溶胶传播规律

3.3.1 方案2诊室内流场分析

截面1流线及温度分布如图9(a)所示,由于入风口风速较高,通风气流在桌椅等物件的阻碍下与人体热羽流在诊室上部发生相互作用,最终在护士、医生头部后上方和边台附近形成比方案1更大的环流区。此时,患者口腔出口处的气流明显向医生侧倾斜。相较于方案1,患者头部环流区位置更低更加接近患者头部,患者腿部上方也未形成环流区(图9(b))。患者口腔出来的气流在此截面上向患者腿部所在方向发生偏斜,如图9(c)所示,相较于方案1,当入风口速度增大后,气溶胶顺应气流向垃圾桶上方天花板运动。图9(d)中同样可见,垃圾桶所对应角落的环流,且环流区域集中于与门口相对的两个角落,方案一中门口处的环流区消失,同时,医生与护士之间存在小的环流区域。

3.3.2 方案2诊室内颗粒扩散情况

图10为方案2的诊室内气溶胶颗粒随时间的运动分布。当气溶胶喷出0.5 s时,颗粒向患者腿部偏向医生侧运动,此时尚未扩散。1 min时,气溶胶颗粒已充盈整个口腔诊室,此时患者头部天花板区域至垃圾桶天花板区域颗粒较为密集。从T=1 min至T=10 min,诊室内颗粒浓度逐步增加,随后在10~30 min期间浓度不再增加而达到动态平衡。气溶胶释放30 min后停止。35 min时室内气溶胶浓度已大幅降低至峰值的约0.42%,40 min时空气中基本已无悬浮气溶胶。

3.4 两种通风速度下室内气溶胶浓度动态变化

图11所示,入风口风速为方案1(V=0.3 m/s)时,诊室内颗粒数在气溶胶释放的前9 min迅速上升,在9~30 min时颗粒数处于动态平衡。然而,入口风速为方案2(V=2.0 m/s)时,诊室内颗粒数同样在气溶胶释放的前3 min迅速上升,在3~30 min时保持相对平衡,但在每秒释放颗粒数相同的前提下,诊室内气溶胶达到平衡时颗粒量大大降低,前者约为后者的2.46倍。这是因为入风口风速大,增强了气溶胶在室内的扩散,使得更多的气溶胶在短时间内发生沉降。

3.5 两种方案下医护口鼻处气溶胶浓度

图12(a)所示,方案1中(V=0.3 m/s),S1与S2处气溶胶浓度皆在T=1 min时出现变化,随着气溶胶的持续释放,S1、S2处浓度整体皆呈上升趋势。气溶胶释放后的10 min内,S1、S2处气溶胶浓度迅速升高,随后继续缓慢上升,在T=31 min达到最高。T=30 min前,S1处气溶胶浓度始终稍高于S2且医生面临比护士更高的暴露风险。30 min后,S1、S2的气溶胶浓度均同步逐渐下降至0。

入风口速度为方案2时(V=2.0 m/s),S1、S2处都迅速检测到气溶胶。由图12(b)可知,S1处气溶胶浓度处于剧烈的波动中,这可能因为在通风气流与人体热羽流作用下,患者附近高浓度气溶胶气流有时更靠近医生,如图13所示,使得S1监测点位浓度产生大幅波动。在气溶胶释放后至30 min,S1处气溶胶浓度远高于方案1时S1处气溶胶浓度,也高于S2点位浓度。因此方案2下医生为病人进行洁牙操作,会暴露于更高浓度的气溶胶中。相反,S2处气溶胶浓度在前3 min上升,随后一直保持在一个较低的浓度范围内,表明方案2中护士的暴露风险较低。导致这种结果的原因是在入风口风速为2.0 m/s时,气溶胶释放后会偏向医生侧,同时诊室内气溶胶颗粒数达到饱和时的总颗粒数下降。气溶胶停止释放后,医护口鼻处气溶胶浓度迅速下降,6 min后降至0。

3.6 两种风速下气溶胶在不同表面上的沉积

确定气溶胶的主要沉积位置对诊室内的消毒具有重要的临床意义。沉积比定义为沉积在每个表面上的气溶胶总数与释放的气溶胶总数的比值,结果显示,方案1(V=0.3 m/s)气溶胶沉积比为78.93%,方案2(V=2.0 m/s)气溶胶沉积比为87.90%,图14展示了两种入风口风速下室内各壁面的详细沉积比。方案1下,气溶胶受人体热羽流与入风口部分通风气流影响射向天花板并移动至门口,因此其沉降集中于门附近的4个壁面,分别为天花板(41.32%)、X‒(8.41%)、地板(8.35%)和Z+(7.60%)。与此同时,在方案2下,气溶胶的最主要沉积位置仍是天花板,但减少至25.04%,其次是X+(15.70%)、Z+(10.74%)和Z‒(9.45%)。此时治疗边台表面总沉积比大幅增加至8.19%。与方案1产生差异的原因在于两种方案下诊室内驱动气溶胶的流场有差异,方案2时,患者呼出气流、热羽流与通风气流强烈混合后向Z‒壁面流动,如图9(d)所示。

气溶胶在可接触表面的分布提示口腔诊室内各表面消毒重点。方案1可接触表面(除开天花板)的沉积比(37.55%)远低于方案2的52.67%,对比在口腔诊疗频繁接触的表面,除了方案1中治疗车表面沉积比高于方案2,其他皆为方案2更高,考虑到方案2中治疗边台沉积比同样高于方案1,提示当入风口风速调至更高时,诊室内大部分频繁接触的物体表面的感染风险增加。由于桌面与地面为人员接触最多的表面,边台上方的壁面可能挂有X光观片灯、擦手纸等,本文重点讨论各桌面、地面及边台所对应壁面的气溶胶沉积情况。

两种方案下诊室俯视面的气溶胶沉积情况如图15所示。图15(a)中边台2与打印机、治疗车桌面对应较高的峰值,同时大量的气溶胶沉积在门口附近的地面上,当医护人员在这些区域行走时,已经沉积下来的气溶胶可能又被带离地面。有研究表明[2829],沉积物受气流影响再次悬浮是空气中微生物的重要来源。因此,对病人治疗结束后相应地面的终末消毒对防止交叉感染有重要意义。图15(b)在沉积计数统计中观察到两个不同大小的峰。在地面上可以观察到两个密集的沉积区域。位于X+与X‒两侧边台表面的沉积明显。而进行医疗活动时医护人员不可避免地会频繁接触边台、治疗车表面。因此,全面消毒的前提下,建议对相应边台表面重点消毒。

图16两种方案下X‒壁面及边台表面的沉积分布可知,此时图16(a)粒子数为偏锋,高峰靠近于Z=0侧,此时边台2的1.2~2.0 m区域沉降较高。方案2(如图16(b)所示)粒子数为弱双峰分布,但此时两个沉积相对集中的位置为Z=3.5~4.6 m与上2/3的墙面上,边台2气溶胶沉积相对较少。与X‒壁面相邻的Z+壁面如图17所示,此时方案2的气溶胶同样更集中于门与边台间以及边台上方的墙面上,边台1表面沉降的气溶胶远少于墙面。这应该是因为前文提到的X‒壁面与治疗区域之前形成的环流导致大量的颗粒在边台1上方停滞并被墙面捕捉。而图17(a)中,由于环流存在且边台1靠近门口侧,因此有大量的气溶胶沉积。

类似地,由于方案2中边台2同样存在环流,如图18所示,整个方案1中颗粒数远远少于方案2,因此虽然图18(a)中颗粒数更集中于边台1,但表面数量但少于图18(b)。

4 结 论

本文根据四川大学华西口腔医院的真实诊室建立数值模型,研究了入风口两种已有风速下气溶胶传播与沉积的规律,揭示了两种方案下医护人员所面临的感染风险与可接触表面的污染情况,可为口腔诊室内中呼吸道传染病的防控提供参考。主要结论如下:

1) 不同的通风风速对诊室内气溶胶释放达到的峰值、达到峰值所花费时间、排空气溶胶所花费的时间有影响,风速提高后,峰值降低,同时达到峰值以及排空气溶胶所花费时间减少。因此,口腔诊室根据不同通风风速设置合理就诊间隔时间和消毒时间是降低患者之间交叉感染的重要举措。

2) 在两种方案下,诊室内医护口鼻处(S1、S2)都存在较高的气溶胶浓度,表明在洁牙过程中,医护人员接触感染性气溶胶的可能性非常高。因此,医护人员应严格按要求穿戴手术衣、口罩、面罩等防护用具。

3) 在两种方案下,大约37.55%与52.67%的气溶胶沉积于室内可接触表面上,风速增加后沉积比反而增加。当人员在室内走动以及诊间与桌面的接触时,可能会导致沉积的气溶胶重新悬浮。因此,在治疗操作结束后消毒时需要重点关注相关表面以防交叉感染。

4) 方案1中达到平衡的颗粒数约为方案2的2.46倍,停止气溶胶释放后前者诊室内气溶胶颗粒降至0的时间比后者多25 min,提示呼吸道传染病高发季节可适当选择更高的通风速度。

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基金资助

四川大学华西口腔医院探索与研发项目(RD-01-202003)

四川省科技厅重点研发项目(2024YFFK0196)

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