Objective This study clearly determines the physical characteristic factors that govern the displacement and burial of buildings by debris flow, and clarifies the impact patterns of these physical characteristic factors on the deposition positions of buildings in debris flow. Provides specific guidance for post-disaster emergency rescue positioning of trapped individuals in debris flow depositions. Methods Firstly, the force analysis of buildings buried by debris flow was simplified by assuming 1) they are situated in a channel with a uniform slope, 2) they are regular-shaped building blocks, and 3) they are displaced by a certain distance and halted in the debris-flow deposition under the steady motion of a uniform and stable debris flow. Based on these assumptions, the key physical characteristic factors influencing the forces acting on the building blocks were extracted: Froude number, degree of liquefaction, density ratio between the block and the debris flow, height ratio between the block and the debris flow, and the aspect ratio of the block itself. Secondly, small-scale flume experiments were conducted with high precision and distributed measurement capabilities. The experimental sensors included ultrasonic sensors, three-axis force sensors, and pore water pressure sensors, along with high-speed cameras for observing the displacement process. These experiments enabled the measurement of normal stress, shear stress, pore water pressure, debris flow depth, and velocity. Finally, the impact patterns of factors characterizing the physical characteristics of debris flow-building interactions on the relative deposition positions of building blocks in the debris flow accumulation area were studied based on experimental measurement results. Results and Discussions 1) Changes in the solid concentration of debris flow affected its flow regime; higher solid concentration weakened the flow mobility of the debris flow. The reduction in flow mobility led to building blocks being positioned closer to the deposition front in the debris-flow deposition. The influence of the flow regime on relative position primarily manifested in experiments involving high-density blocks, while its effect was less pronounced in experiments involving low-density blocks. Based on the theoretical force analysis of building blocks, high-density blocks exhibited greater self-weight and basal friction, making them more difficult to be displaced Thus, their deposition positions were significantly influenced by the flow mobility of the debris flow. In contrast, low-density blocks exhibited lower self-weight and basal friction, making them more easily displaced by the debris flow. In addition, their density was similar to that of the solid-phase particles in the debris flow, causing these building blocks to become part of the solid phase of the debris flow. Therefore, the influence of the flow regime on the relative position of low-density blocks was less significant. 2) Block density and size were the primary factors affecting relative position. For blocks with the same density, those with larger sizes in the flow direction and flatter shapes were more difficult to be displaced. In debris flows with 45% and 50% solid concentration, high-density blocks were more difficult to displace compared to low-density blocks, resulting in relatively smaller relative positions. However, in debris flow displacement experiments with 53% solid-phase concentration, high-density blocks were displaced farther, positioning relatively closer to the front in the deposition. This behavior was related to the dominant forces, physical mechanisms, and specific motion modes of building blocks displaced by debris flows with different solid concentration and required further investigation. 3) The relationship between the relative position of building blocks in the debris flow deposition and both the flow regime of the debris flow and the physical characteristics of the building blocks was elucidated. The experimental results demonstrated a qualitative comparison of the influence of various physical parameters on relative position. Further research was required to quantitatively analyze the impact of each physical parameter on relative position, enabling theoretical prediction of the positions of building blocks in debris flow debris-flow deposition. This study focused on the movement distance and deposition extent of destroyed building blocks under the action of debris flow displacement without considering the process of building destruction. Therefore, the experimental setup considered only the geometric shapes and densities of the building models, neglecting the structural foundations of buildings, which can differ from real conditions. The experimental results of this study can provide a reference for the movement distance and deposition extent of destroyed buildings in debris flows. However, in practical applications, factors such as the structural foundations of buildings must be comprehensively considered. Conclusion With the increase in solid concentration of debris flow volume, the reduction in flow mobility results in building blocks being deposited nearer to the deposition front. Under identical inflow conditions, flatter block shapes exhibit greater resistance to displacement, resulting in shorter movement distances after displacement and relative positions farther from the deposition front. In experiments with 45% and 50% volume solid concentration, blocks with lower density are displaced farther and positioned relatively closer to the deposition front. In contrast, for debris flows with 53% solid concentration, blocks with higher density tend to position relatively closer to the deposition front. This study, based on flume experiments, identifies the factors influencing the displacement process and examines the impact patterns of debris flow on building displacement. It provides valuable guidance for post-disaster emergency rescue operations, particularly in locating and rescuing trapped individuals.
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