基础隔震结构抗连续倒塌机制试验研究

包超 ,  田佳岐 ,  张宇航 ,  马肖彤 ,  杜永峰 ,  杨秋宁

工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (01) : 181 -191.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (01) : 181 -191. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202400035
复杂艰险山区重大工程与环境

基础隔震结构抗连续倒塌机制试验研究

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Experimental Study on the Mechanism of Progressive Collapse Resistance of Base-isolated Structure

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摘要

隔震结构特殊的构造形式,使得现有抗震结构连续倒塌研究成果无法完全适用。为了研究基础隔震结构抗连续倒塌性能及其参数的影响规律,对3个1/3缩尺钢筋混凝土基础隔震子结构(普通橡胶隔震支座的子结构构件S1、铅芯橡胶隔震支座的子结构构件S2,以及带有翼缘板的基础隔震子结构构件S3)分别开展非线性静力推覆试验研究,对比分析了试件的受力状态与破坏模式。结果表明:3个试件的破坏主要发生在弯矩较大区域,即中柱附近,而边柱节点均未出现裂缝;基础隔震结构试件的侧向约束作用较弱,难以形成悬链线机制,其抗力机制主要分为梁机制和复合机制两个阶段;基础隔震结构其转角位移与水平位移使得中柱梁端形成塑性铰的子结构具备转动的变形能力,从而延缓框架梁端塑性铰的失效,提高结构的抗连续倒塌性能;楼板拉结作用可以提升基础隔震抗连续倒塌能力;隔震层水平刚度的提高对基础隔震结构的抗连续倒塌剩余能力影响不大。

Abstract

Objective The fundamental difference between seismic isolation structures and ordinary seismic structures lies in the incorporation of an isolation layer, which effectively mitigates earthquake input energy. The variation in structural measures within the isolation layer leads to different levels of resistance to progressive collapse. As a result, existing research on the progressive collapse resistance of conventional seismic structures does not fully apply to seismic isolation structures. In addition, there is a clear need to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how the stiffness of the isolation layer and the floor tie effect influence the collapse performance and load transfer mechanisms of seismic isolation structures, which requires further empirical validation. Methods This study aims to examine the performance of base isolation structures against continuous collapse and to assess the impact of various parameters by utilizing an office building located within a hospital in Ningxia as the reference model. It encompasses the design of substructure tests, working condition design, and test parameter design. The test model underwent comprehensive adjustments while considering the unit test conditions and several limiting factors. Nonlinear static pushover tests were performed on three 1/3-scale reinforced concrete foundation isolation substructures using the dismantled member method. For clarity, the substructural member with a standard rubber isolation bearing was designated as S1, the member with a lead-core rubber isolation bearing as S2, and the substructural member with a flange plate as S3. These test specimens were subjected to static loading under displacement control. Initially, the loading was controlled at 5 mm per stage, and upon reaching the maximum beam mechanism load, it transitioned to controlled loading at 10 mm per stage. The force states, damage modes, and resistance mechanisms of the three specimens were systematically documented. Comparative analyses of bearing deformations, strain variations, deflection curves, and load-carrying capacities were conducted. Ultimately, by employing the principle of energy balance, the dynamic response and collapse resistance of the three specimens were evaluated. Results and Discussions The findings revealed that damage predominantly occurred in regions of higher bending moments, particularly near the center column, while no cracking was observed at the side column nodes. The specimens in the base isolation structure exhibited weak lateral confinement. Upon attaining the peak beam mechanism value, the increase in bearing capacity decelerated due to the energy dissipation of the bearing, which hindered significant capacity growth during the second peak. Therefore, categorizing the resistance of base isolation structures into beam and composite mechanisms was proved to be challenging. The analysis primarily identified two stages, namely the beam mechanism and the composite mechanism. Specimens S1 and S3 exhibited reinforcement rupture at the bottom of beam A, whereas the failure of specimen S2 occurred in the plastic hinge area at the beam end on the right side of the center column, which was attributed to the high horizontal stiffness of the seismic isolation bearing. In seismic isolation structures, deformation primarily occurs in the bearing, which can delay the failure of the plastic hinge at the beam ends of the frame following the formation of a plastic hinge at the beam end of the center column. The peak value of the beam mechanism for specimen S2 was 1.14 times greater than that of specimen S1, and its ultimate bearing capacity surpassed that of S3 by 1.11 times. This indicated that the ultimate load of the base seismic isolation structure increased with the stiffness of the bearings. Similarly, the peak value of the beam mechanism for specimen S3 was 1.09 times higher than that of S1, with an ultimate bearing capacity 1.13 times greater than that of S1. The beams and slabs synergistically resisted the upper load, and the tie effect of the floor slab significantly enhanced the structural resistance to continuous collapse. The tensile action of the floor slab improved the anti-continuous collapse capacity of the base isolation structure. The angular and horizontal displacements in the base isolation structure enabled the substructures, with plastic hinges at the beam ends of the center columns, to exhibit rotational deformation capacity. This delayed the failure of the plastic hinges at the beam ends of the frame and enhanced the anti-continuous collapse performance of the structure. The maximum dynamic loads for S1, S2, and S3 were recorded as 118.8, 140.1, and 129.4 kN, respectively, which were significantly lower than the corresponding static loads. The duration of the dynamic load action for S1 was 1.13 times longer. Despite the short duration of the dynamic load impact, the structure incurred damage when the load reached its peak. Based on the test outcomes and a simplified evaluation method for structural dynamic response grounded in energy balance principles, the residual load capacity of S2 was found to be 28.9% less than that of S1. The residual load capacity of S3 was 81.6% less than that of S1 and 74.1% less than that of S2. These findings indicated that, in the event of medium bearing failure, the rubber isolation bearing in the base isolation structure enhances the residual capacity of the structure to resist continuous collapse. However, increasing the horizontal stiffness of the seismic isolation layer has a minimal effect on the ability of the base isolation structure to resist continuous collapse. Conclusions Unlike traditional seismic-resistant structures, the progressive collapse resistance mechanism of base-isolated structures was divided into two stages: the beam mechanism and the composite mechanism. The horizontal stiffness provided a long peak load plateau, leading to a significant increase in both rotational and horizontal displacements. The failure mode of beams was characterized by the prior yielding of steel bars near the middle joints; tensile steel bars at both ends also yielded during the beam mechanism stage, while compressive steel bars remained unyielded. Additionally, the slab tension effect effectively enhanced the bearing capacity of isolated structures under the beam mechanism. Energy was dissipated by isolation bearings, resulting in substantial rotation of beams, yet the concrete at the beam ends of edge columns remained intact. The weak constraint of the isolation layer delayed the failure of plastic hinges at the ends of frame beams. Based on the energy equivalence principle and the DoD progressive collapse criterion, an evaluation of the residual progressive collapse resistance of beam-column substructures in base-isolated structures was conducted. It was found that the increase in the horizontal stiffness of the isolation layer had little influence on the residual progressive collapse resistance of base-isolated structures.

Graphical abstract

关键词

基础隔震结构 / 连续倒塌 / 倒塌抗力 / pushdown分析方法 / 失效模式

Key words

base-isolated structure / progressive collapse / collapse resistance / pushdown analysis method / failure mode

引用本文

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包超,田佳岐,张宇航,马肖彤,杜永峰,杨秋宁. 基础隔震结构抗连续倒塌机制试验研究[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2026, 58(01): 181-191 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400035

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建筑结构连续倒塌是一种低概率、高危害性事故,严重威胁着人民生命财产安全和社会稳定,长期以来备受关注[12]。近年来,国内外学者通过理论分析、试验及数值模拟研究了钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构的抗连续倒塌性能[35]。围绕传统抗震结构,在理论研究方面,甘艺平等[6]提出了新的修正三折线模型,可以推广应用至不等跨结构;Li等[7]建立了RC框架非线性动态连续倒塌设计简化结构模型。在试验研究与数值模拟方面,李忠献等[8]对3榀RC框架双跨梁子结构的中节点进行竖向冲击加载试验,发现梁表现出了显著的反拱机制与压拱机制;翁运昊等[9]通过pushdown试验与数值模拟研究钢支撑对RC框架破坏模式和抗倒塌承载能力的影响,发现钢支撑可以显著提高峰值荷载;王景玄等[10]采用精细有限元法研究发现,钢梁翼缘厚度和钢管含钢率对结构抗连续倒塌影响较为显著;钱凯[1113]、Husain[14]等通过数值模拟研究了不同RC子结构的抗连续倒塌特性;黄咏政等[1516]发现主要设计参数对规则框架结构的抗连续倒塌特性有着重要的影响,并提出一种新的倒塌破坏面积快速算法。
由于基础隔震结构的特殊构造[1718],其发生连续倒塌的情况明显不同于抗震结构,使得传统抗震结构的抗连续倒塌的研究不适用于基础隔震结构。因此,有必要对基础隔震结构在意外荷载作用下的抗连续倒塌能力进行研究[1921]。Cardone等[22]建立了基础隔震建筑物的倒塌脆性曲线,用于评估基础隔震建筑物的倒塌容量;包超等[23]研究了隔震结构的关键参数以及其对抗倒塌性能的影响,并提出了基础隔震结构抗连续倒塌设计方法;韩博等[24]通过振动台试验研究了3层水平不规则RC隔震框架结构在多向动力耦合激励下的动力响应和荷载传递途径,分析了损伤跨梁内力和支座损伤的分布情况。现有研究成果大多来自数值模拟分析[2527],相关试验研究仍十分有限。
目前,中国对混凝土结构抗连续性倒塌设计方法多用于传统抗震结构,主要有概念设计法、拉结强度设计法和拆除构件法。概念设计法无法满足中国工程建设中抗连续倒塌的实际需求;拉结强度设计法通过增强构件之间的连接强度来增强结构的整体性能,但由于隔震支座的存在,水平连接设计由于需要考虑结构减震效果和支座水平运动不受影响,所以难以实现;拆除构件法[2830]是指拆除结构中的重要承重构件后对剩余结构进行连续倒塌分析。由于该方法以一种相对高效、直观且规范化的方式,系统地揭示了结构体系在局部承重构件突发性失效工况下的内力重分布机制、结构冗余度与整体鲁棒性,所以在抗连续倒塌研究领域被广泛使用。
针对上述问题,本文基于拆除构件法开展基础隔震子结构的拟静力推覆试验研究,在拆除构件过程中忽略结构中初始失效原因。制作3个1/3缩尺的RC基础隔震子结构试件,分析考虑支座类型、支座刚度变化以及楼板拉结效应对基础隔震子结构抗连续倒塌能力的影响,并研究基础隔震结构的抗连续倒塌受力机理,通过能量等效原理计算结构在抗连续倒塌过程中的动力效应,并对基础隔震梁柱结构的抗倒塌能力进行动力评估,以期为基础隔震框架结构的中柱失效情况下抗倒塌设计和研究提供参考。

1 试 验

1.1 试件设计

研究结构原型参考宁夏某医院办公楼基础隔震框架结构[3133],基础层和标准层层高分别为3.6 m和3.0 m,柱距为4.5 m,隔震层梁尺寸为600 mm×900 mm。从结构原型中提取梁柱子结构作为试验对象,如图1所示。由于试验场地限制,将原尺寸按1/3比例缩尺,试件尺寸及配筋如图2所示,钢筋均采用HRB400,其中纵筋直径为16 mm和14 mm,箍筋直径为8 mm,板中纵横分布直径同为8 mm、间距均为120 mm的钢筋。混凝土强度为C30,其抗压强度为35.7 MPa。共设计了3个中支座失效的基础隔震结构试件,试件编号、工况及参数如表1所示。建筑物的抗震类别为二级,抗震设防烈度为8度(0.20g),场地类型为Ⅱ类,隔震支座设计参照建筑隔震橡胶支座(JG/T 118—2018)建筑隔震橡胶支座进行设计,具体参数见表2

1.2 加载装置及加载制度

通过位移控制对试件进行拟静力加载,加载装置如图3所示。支墩两侧用地锚固定,支座和支墩采用8.8级高强螺栓连接。加载时保持缓慢匀速竖向加载以确保结构发生稳定变形,直到试件破坏。在中柱上方,通过作动器进行分级加载,每级荷载在平稳1 min后,观察裂缝发展并记录各测点的测试信息。第一阶段采用每级5 mm的控制加载,达到梁机制荷载的最大值后,转为每级10 mm的控制加载。

1.3 测量方案

试件的测点布置如图4所示。钢筋应变片分别安装在梁的上部和下部的3个关键位置上,见图4(a)~(b)。在A/B梁的左侧、跨中、右侧,共布置了18个混凝土应变片用于测量混凝土开裂情况,如图4(c)所示。在每侧梁上安装了3个竖向拉线式位移计(W1~W6),并在每侧边柱头安装了3个水平顶针式位移计,分别标记为AH、AL、AR,位移计分布情况如图4(d)所示。为了便于表达,参照图4(a),将试验梁划分为A梁和B梁,其中,A梁为试验正面左侧梁,A梁边柱截面称作AL截面,A梁中柱截面称作AR截面;B梁为试验正面右侧梁,B梁中柱截面称作BL截面,B梁边柱截面称作BR截面,标识方式与应变片标号的表达方式相同。

2 试验结果及分析

传统框架结构在倒塌破坏时,会经历多种状态,包括弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段、压拱阶段和悬链线阶段等。与传统抗震结构不同,拆除失效柱时,基础隔震结构支座的移除会导致结构的抗力在达到梁机制峰值后,由于支座耗能而承载力增长缓慢,所以在第2个峰值处实现承载力的显著增长很难,即很难形成悬链线机制。因此,基础隔震结构的抗力机制可以简单划分为梁机制和复合机制[31]。对于梁机制,承载力由梁端弯矩提供,而梁端塑性铰的失效使得相应梁退出梁机制;而复合机制是指梁内的轴力由受压转变为受拉,结构抗力开始下降。

2.1 试件S1试验结果

图5为试件S1竖向荷载‒位移曲线图。试件S1的初始裂缝产生于BL截面,随着位移增加,梁柱端受拉区域开裂且梁内某根纵筋发生屈服,即图5中a点,结构从弹性变形状态转变为弹塑性变形状态。位移达到126 mm时,失效柱头几乎被拉开,边柱发生显著偏移,达到梁机制荷载最大值138.7 kN,即图5中b点。AR/BL截面受压区均被压溃,混凝土大范围脱落,此时隔震支座承担了梁的推力,梁跨中裂缝再次扩展并增加了若干条垂直裂缝,结构抗力完全由梁内钢筋承担。当位移达到265 mm时,梁底受力钢筋全部断裂,此时承载力骤减到3.0 kN,继续加载至310 mm,承载力不再上升,已达到本文定义的最终倒塌极限状态,即图5中c点。

试件S1的破坏模式如图6所示。从图6可看出,试件的破坏主要集中在中柱节点,边柱节点未出现裂缝,且梁的正反两侧没有明显的扭转裂缝。这是因为隔震支座的侧向约束刚度较弱,导致隔震支座先于上部结构发生扭转,与以往抗震结构梁柱子结构倒塌试验的结果有很大的不同。

试件S1试验研究结果表明,当结构承受上部荷载时,构件截面的抗弯承载力会先发挥作用,但随着荷载的增加,构件截面进入弹塑性阶段,当全截面塑性变形时梁机制达到其承载极限状态。由于隔震支座提供的侧向约束较弱,承载力不会继续提高,上部荷载完全由梁的受拉钢筋提供,边柱节点没有产生裂缝,隔震支座的存在能够有效延缓梁端塑性铰的失效。

2.2 试件S2试验结果

图7为试件S2竖向荷载‒位移曲线图。试件S2在位移为20 mm时,BL截面开始出现裂缝,并很快形成贯穿裂缝,即图7中a点;位移为65 mm时,梁上部混凝土陆续出现压酥现象;位移增加到170 mm时,柱头区域被拉开,边柱出现显著偏移,中柱柱头也明显地向右偏移,AR截面受压区钢筋被压溃,达到梁机制荷载最大值158.0 kN,即图7中b点;隔震支座承受了梁的推力,跨中裂缝快速扩展,隔震支座的侧向刚度增加,使梁受到挤压,导致梁端产生塑性铰,并使钢筋发生屈曲破坏;位移达到270 mm时,随着受力钢筋压曲破坏,承载力骤降;继续加载至320 mm,已发展至本文所规定的极限倒塌状态,即图7中c点。试件S2的破坏模式如图8所示,与试件S1相同的是其破坏主要集中在中柱节点,边柱节点完好无损,梁的正反两侧也没有明显的扭转裂缝,原因与试件S1类似。

试件S2试验研究结果表明:试件S2的受力机制与试件S1相似;不同的是,随着竖向位移不断增大,铅芯隔震支座提供的侧向约束变大,此时梁上部钢筋被压曲,随着加载继续,最终达到压曲破坏状态。

2.3 试件S3试验结果

图9为试件S3竖向荷载‒位移曲线图。试件S3在位移为30 mm时,梁柱端截面受拉区域开裂,即图9中a点;当位移达到55 mm,失效柱板端的混凝土出现压酥现象;随着位移增大,裂缝宽度不断增加,范围不断扩大,梁底混凝土脱落;位移加载到126 mm时,达到梁机制荷载峰值147.2 kN,即图9中b点;位移达到175 mm时,失效柱头两侧板带混凝土被压溃,出现斜向的带状撕裂,板钢筋漏出;位移为180 mm时,梁底裂缝宽度达到2 cm,之后竖向位移不断增大,但结构承载增长缓慢;当荷载达到148.4 kN,底部纵向钢筋断裂,承载力骤降,即图9中d点;位移达到270 mm时,梁底4根纵筋全部断裂,混凝土大批脱落,承载力急剧下降;位移到达320 mm时,结构抗力不再上升,已经达到本文所定义的极限倒塌状态,即图9中c点。试件S3的破坏模式如图10所示。与试件S1、S2相同的是,破坏主要集中在中柱节点;不同的是,试件S3的梁底部钢筋全部发生断裂,且存在大量贯穿裂缝。这一结果表明当到达抗力机制转换点时,梁板分离,协同作用消失,梁承担起复合机制的荷载,板提供的承载能力有限。

试件S3试验研究结果表明,试件S3受到上部荷载时,由于隔震支座提供的侧向约束较弱,结构抗力不会继续提高,上部荷载完全由梁的受拉钢筋提供。梁板会发生协同作用共同抵抗上部荷载,楼板拉结作用可以显著提升基础隔震结构抗连续倒塌能力。

2.4 抗倒塌机制分析

2.4.1 支座变形

在抗倒塌机制分析中,隔震支座的过度变形、非预期变形或失效性变形不仅会改变结构的抗震响应规律,更可能诱发特殊倒塌模式,显著加剧结构破坏风险。以试件S1为例,其支座变形和水平位移分别如图1112所示。与A梁相连的为A支座,与B梁相连的为B支座。A支座在中柱位移不大时,主要发生水平方向的移动,这是梁内推力的作用结果,随着竖向位移不断增大,A支座左侧出现向上翘曲,由于缺乏足够的侧向约束,边柱受到拉拽从而向内运动,产生较大偏移。当中柱位移25 mm时,梁板端受正弯矩,相邻柱梁端受负弯矩,相邻柱梁端弯矩传递至隔震支座,引起支座扭转和翘曲,上部AL截面由于隔震支座的作用,内力得到释放而未发生变形。

随着隔震支座翘曲程度不断加大,支座开始硬化,当框架梁端完全发展成塑性饺时,框架柱受到梁内轴力开始由压力转化为拉力,即由梁机制转化为复合机制,此时A支座左侧处于受拉状态,右侧处于受压状态,导致梁跨内、上部钢筋受压,下部钢筋受拉。中柱位移达到50 mm时,AR/BL截面完全进入塑性变形,此时支座位移达到30 mm,随着中柱位移不断增大,支座位移达到80 mm时,梁底受力钢筋发生断裂,支座内力得到释放。

2.4.2 应变变化

图13显示了梁端纵筋屈服时钢筋应变与竖向位移之间的关系。研究发现:在梁机制阶段,试件S1的纵筋受拉屈服时间比试件S3的要早很多,这是由于梁的纵向变形先是A、B梁近中柱梁底部受拉屈服,在到达梁机制峰值荷载前,梁端受拉纵筋已完全屈服;随着竖向荷载继续作用,结构的近边柱端上方也出现了受拉屈服现象;梁中纵筋受压屈服的时间基本一致。复合机制阶段,随着荷载不断增加,A、B梁近中柱梁顶部的纵筋受压屈服,最终A梁近中柱底部的纵筋断裂,结构失效。

为了研究隔震结构中梁构件在竖向加载模式下的混凝土应变分布规律及裂缝发展机制。分别提取试件S1、S2、S3梁失效柱端、梁跨中、远梁端的混凝土应变,如图14所示。由图14可知,靠近失效柱的混凝土首先出现裂缝,在竖向位移达到30~75 mm时混凝土应变片破坏。由于隔震支座的存在,支座发生转动,引起梁产生较大转动,混凝土应变很小,梁跨中和远梁端混凝土并不会产生裂缝。

2.4.3 变形能力

试件梁最终挠度曲线如图15所示。试件S1和S3均出现了A梁底部钢筋断裂现象,而试件S2由于隔震支座的水平刚度相对较高,失效位置出现在中柱梁端右侧的塑性铰区域。由于隔震结构变形主要发生在隔震支座,因此中柱梁端形成塑性铰在释放转动变形的同时,伴随能量耗散与内力重分布,一定程度上延缓了框架梁端塑性铰的形成。

2.4.4 承载能力

当试件达到梁机制最大值时,由于荷载平台段较长,受压混凝土已经出现压溃,梁端区域完全塑性化,结构抗力开始下降,而不再有提升的趋势。梁中钢筋无法继续承载,导致实际结构抗力远远小于结构的设计承载力,从而引发结构连续倒塌。因此在基础隔震结构设计中,需进一步强化构造措施,以提升其抵抗竖向荷载及防止连续倒塌的能力。

图16为各试件荷载‒位移抗力曲线。分析结构抗力发现,随着支座刚度的提高,结构的承载力也在提升,试件S2的梁机制荷载峰值是试件S1的1.14倍,极限承载力是S3的1.11倍。试件S3的梁机制荷载峰值是试件S1的1.09倍,极限承载力是S1的1.13倍,这表明楼板拉结作用可以提升基础隔震抗连续倒塌能力,而且在大变形期间,悬链线机构抗力与结构水平刚度呈正相关关系。

3 抗倒塌能力评估

3.1 动力响应简化评估方法

拟静力试验忽略了动力学因素对结构抗倒塌性能的影响,因此在进行抗倒塌分析时,有必要考虑结构的动力响应。本文借鉴Izzuddin等[34]提出的能量平衡原理,对结构动力响应进行评估,通过对试验结果的积分计算,得出结构消耗的能量与外力做功之间的关系。动力倒塌分析公式如下:

Fd=1Ud0Udp(u)du

式中,p(u)为结构在位移u时的抗力,Fd为结构达到极限位移之前的平均承载能力,Ud为结构在倒塌分析中考虑的极限位移。

3个试件在静/动力作用下荷载‒位移关系曲线如图17所示。从图17可以看出,S1、S2和S3动力荷载的最大值分别为118.8、140.1和129.4 kN,明显低于静力荷载。当荷载达到最大值时,结构会出现连续倒塌破坏的情况,但在实际工程中,动力荷载作用时间很短,因此认为荷载达到最大值之后,结构将发生破坏。

3.2 抗倒塌能力评估

通过拟静力试验得到结构的抗力曲线,将其转化为动力荷载下的荷载‒位移关系曲线,称为能力曲线。在结构倒塌过程中,其动力反应与柱顶突然施加恒定荷载等效,因此需要引入一条需求线来评估结构的抗倒塌能力。

图18为试件S1、S2和S3的抗倒塌能力评估曲线。如图18中的抗力曲线所示,抗力曲线上荷载最大的点为A'点,对应的位移为Ud1,能力曲线上对应的点为A点,荷载大小为P0。根据能量平衡原理,通过式(1)计算得到能力曲线。为评估该试件的抗连续倒塌能力,在图18中引入需求曲线,该曲线与能力曲线相交于A点,该点为性能点,对应的位移Ud1为结构在中支座失效下产生的竖向位移,试件的最终位移为Uf

当能力曲线与需求曲线相交时,结构具有良好的抗连续倒塌性能。需求曲线与能力曲线相交的性能点A、D点为极限点,差值即为结构的安全储备[35]。分析结果表明,[Ud1,Uf]这个区间内的位移变化是结构对抗连续倒塌的需求能力。根据DoD倒塌判定准则计算[36],S1、S2、S3的剩余承载力分别为7.6%、5.4%、1.4%,如图18中阴影部分所示。3种试件的剩余承载力均小于10%,说明极端荷载引发初始失效后隔震结构更容易出现严重破坏,其主要原因在于隔震结构特殊的构造形式无法形成有效的悬链线机制[37]

4 结 论

本文对基础隔震框架中柱失效下的子结构倒塌开展试验研究,得到以下结论:

1)与传统抗震结构不同,基础隔震结构连续倒塌抗力机制可以分为梁机制和复合机制两个阶段,水平刚度提供了较长的峰值荷载平台,使转动与水平位移的变形显著增大。

2)梁的破坏模式为靠近中间节点的钢筋会先屈服,而两端受拉钢筋在梁机制阶段也会屈服,但受压钢筋却不会屈服;板拉结效应也能有效增强隔震结构在梁机制下的承载能力。

3)隔震支座会消耗能量,导致梁发生较大的转动,但是边柱梁端的混凝土仍然保持完好,隔震层的弱约束可以延缓框架梁端塑性铰的破坏。

4)基于能量等效原理及DoD倒塌判定准则进行基础隔震结构梁柱子结构的抗倒塌能力评估发现,隔震层水平刚度的提高对基础隔震结构的抗连续倒塌剩余能力影响不大。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(52368044)

宁夏自然科学基金优秀青年项目(2023AAC05015)

宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2021BEG03022)

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