Objective The design of support structures for tunnels in viscoelastic rocks requires consideration of the complex, superimposed spatial influence of the tunnel face and the rheological properties of the surrounding rock. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of the longitudinal displacement of tunnels in viscoelastic surrounding rocks through extensive numerical simulations and establishes a regression model for the displacement release coefficient using the response surface method. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the design of tunnel support systems in rheological soft rock. Methods It examines the space-time evolution behavior of the fictitious support pressure in viscoelastic surrounding rock and derives an analytical expression for this pressure. A numerical simulation model of the longitudinal deformation curve of viscoelastic surrounding rock is developed, revealing the longitudinal displacement profile (LDP) characteristics of the viscoelastic constitutive model. An empirical formula for the displacement release coefficient is derived based on the spatiotemporal dynamic evolution mechanism. Results and Discussions The study analyzes the effects of varying surrounding rock parameters on LDP, noting that the LDP under viscoelastic conditions demonstrates similarities to, but apparent differences from, those under elastic and elastoplastic conditions. Specifically, the undisturbed region of surrounding rock beyond a certain distance from the unexcavated face shows a displacement release rate of zero. Near the excavation face, the displacement release rate of the surrounding rock gradually increases and then rises sharply. This rate is affected by both temporal and spatial factors, which dynamically evolve depending on the interaction between the excavation speed and the time-dependent characteristics of the surrounding rock. Beyond a certain distance after tunnel face excavation, the displacement release rate is controlled solely by the time effect, making the spatial effect negligible. Viscoelastic surrounding rocks exhibit a superimposition of time effects on the spatial effect range, defined as space-time effects. The region where the spatial effect disappears is influenced only by the time effect, corresponding to the traditional rheological stage. The displacement release rate of viscoelastic surrounding rock within the space-time effect zone correlates with the excavation speed. An empirical formula applicable to viscoelastic surrounding rock for determining the displacement release coefficient is derived utilizing the dynamic interaction between time and space effects. This coefficient, when reduced to a purely spatial effect, aligns with the existing elastic displacement release coefficient and extends its applicability to unexcavated surrounding rock. This study also investigates the space-time evolution behavior of the fictitious support force in viscoelastic surrounding rock and develops an empirical formula for this force. The fictitious support force for the viscoelastic surrounding rock is determined based on the elastic surrounding rock solution using the Laplace transformation. The longitudinal deformation curve of the surrounding rock, as established in this study, facilitates the calculation of the fictitious support force. Conclusions Analysis of various parameters indicates that the variation in the fictitious support force is related to the tunnel excavation speed. When the excavation speed is sufficiently slow, the viscoelastic surrounding rock behaves similarly to elastic rock, and the influence of the time effect on the fictitious support force becomes minimal, being primarily governed by the spatial effect. In contrast, at higher excavation speeds where the time effect becomes significant, the fictitious support force and the displacement release coefficient for viscoelastic surrounding rock cannot be derived directly through inversion; they must be coupled with the surrounding rock characteristic curve, thus being influenced by both time and spatial effects. The empirical formula for the fictitious support force, considering space-time effects, demonstrates that for different surrounding rock parameters, the fictitious support force in viscoelastic surrounding rock is more sensitive to excavation speed.
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