湿床溃坝波演进特性试验研究

周昔东 ,  袁浩 ,  苏立君 ,  胡瑞昌 ,  孙倩

工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (06) : 18 -26.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (06) : 18 -26. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202400060
水灾害防治与水环境调控

湿床溃坝波演进特性试验研究

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Experimental Study of Wet-bed Dam Break Wave Evolution Properties

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摘要

溃坝洪水的传播过程受上下游初始水深影响。现阶段对溃坝洪水的试验研究较少关注到上下游水深和坡度对湿床溃坝波形和波高变化的影响。为研究湿床溃坝波波形及波高的演进特性,基于大尺度水槽(长52 m、宽1.2 m、高1 m)试验,采用波高仪测量了下游不同位置在不同时刻的溃坝波水位。通过对水位变化分析,研究了不同坡度i及上下游初始水深等因素对溃坝洪水波演进特性的影响。研究结果表明:溃坝波传播过程中波形受上、下游水深及坡度影响,通过全局弗劳德数Fx对溃坝波的传播形态进行区分:当Fx<1.2时,溃坝波以波动波(undular wave)形式传播;当Fx>1.2时,溃坝波以涌浪波(bore wave)形式传播;当Fx=1.2时,溃坝波处于两种典型波动形态之间的过渡阶段。Fx会对溃坝洪水位爬升形态产生明显影响,基于此构建了溃坝洪水位爬升计算模型;探讨了水位爬升速度CFx在两种波形下的变化规律:当Fx<1.2时,CFx增大而变大;当Fx>1.2时,CFx增大而趋于稳定。讨论了Stoker理论解在求解波高方面的适用性,当溃坝波以undular wave形式传播时,基于试验数据及Stoker理论解构建了不同水深比α条件下最大波高hmaxFx之间的函数关系。将上述计算方法与现有试验进行对比,发现数据吻合较好。研究成果对全面认识溃坝洪水波的形成及发展提供重要支持,为建立溃坝洪水灾害学提供理论依据。

Abstract

Objective The propagation of dam-break flow is significantly influenced by both upstream and downstream initial water depths, while the effect of slopes on flow propagation should not be overlooked. It is recognized that numerical simulations still have limitations in accurately modeling large-scale and large-deformation water surface phenomena. In addition, on-site observations of dam-break flow remain limited due to spatial and temporal constraints. Dam-break experiments allow visualization of the evolution of dam-break waves, wall impact pressure, and other related dynamics. Therefore, experimental studies of dam-break flows are of great importance compared to numerical simulations. However, few existing experimental studies simultaneously investigate the influence of water depths and slopes on the spatiotemporal evolution of dam-break wave regimes and heights. Methods Accordingly, an experimental investigation was conducted to examine the evolution characteristics of wave regimes and wave heights resulting from a wet-bed dam break. A large-scale flume measuring 52 m in length, 1.2 m in width, and 1 m in height was utilized, which was divided into two sections by a 10 mm thick fiberglass board positioned 12 m from the inlet. The upstream water was released by lifting the fiberglass board connected to an electric motor and controlled by a computer program to minimize experimental errors. The flume bottom and sides were made of toughened glass, which facilitated the observation of the experimental process while maintaining the accuracy of the detected water surface. The slope of the flume bed was adjusted using 13 pairs of hydraulically operated lifting columns that were automatically controlled with high precision. Various combinations of upstream water depth hp (hp = 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 m), downstream water depth hd (hd = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 m), and slopes i (i = 0, 2‰, 4‰, and 6‰) were considered to evaluate their effects on the dam-break waves, resulting in a total of 64 scenarios. The spatiotemporal evolution of the dam-break waves was measured using ten wave gauges positioned at different downstream locations. Results and Discussions The experimental results showed that the regimes of the dam-break waves were strongly influenced by both the upstream and downstream water depths as well as by the slopes. The regimes of the dam-break waves were distinguished using the global Froude number (Fx). Specifically, when Fx was less than 1.2, the wave propagation resembled that of an undular wave, whereas when Fx was greater than 1.2, it exhibited characteristics similar to a bore wave. In addition, the rise pattern of the dam-break flood level was significantly affected by the global Froude number Fx. Based on the variation of the experimental data, a flood-level rise model for the increase of the dam-break flood level ΔH with time T for different values of Fx was proposed. The root mean square error between this flood-level rise model and the results of existing studies was 1.7%, indicating that the proposed model accurately predicted the water-level rise for the dam-break flood. In addition, the relationship between the dimensionless water-level rise velocity (C) and the global Froude number Fx was investigated for two different waveforms. The value of C increased as Fx increased when Fx was less than 1.2 and remained constant as Fx increased when Fx was greater than 1.2. This study also examined the applicability of the Stoker solution in predicting wave heights by comparing the experimental data with the Stoker theoretical results. The findings demonstrated that when the dam-break wave propagated as a bore wave, the maximum relative error between the Stoker theoretical solution and the experimental data was 5.97%, indicating that the Stoker solution exhibited minimal error in determining the wave height under the bore wave condition. However, when the dam-break wave propagated as an undular wave, the maximum relative error between the theoretical Stoker solution and the experimental data reached 23.63%, indicating that the Stoker solution has a larger error in estimating the wave height under the undular wave condition. Formulae for calculating the maximum wave height hmax and Fx under different upstream and downstream water depth ratios α (α=hd/hp) were established to enable more accurate prediction of the variation in maximum wave height, considering the influence of slopes and different upstream and downstream water depths. The calculation method presented above was compared to existing experimental data and showed satisfactory agreement. Conclusions The varying water depths upstream and downstream contribute to the propagation of dam-break waves in two distinct forms, distinguishable by the proposed global Froude number. The phenomenon is characterized as follows: when Fx is less than 1.2, the wave manifests as an undular wave, whereas when Fx exceeds 1.2, it transforms into a bore wave. In the case of undular waves, the rate of water level rise increases proportionally with Fx, while in bore waves, this rate remains relatively constant. Based on the influence of Fx on the dam-break wave surface, a functional relationship was established between the rise in flood levels after a dam break and Fx. It was observed that when the dam-break wave propagates as an undular wave, the initial wave height represents the peak height. The experimental data also indicate that the ratio (hmaxh1)/hp decreases linearly with increasing Fx values (h1 is the wave height according to the Stoker theory solution). In addition, a formula for calculating the maximum wave height was derived by integrating this finding with the Stoker solution. The results contribute significantly to a comprehensive understanding of the formation and evolution of dam-break flood waves, providing a theoretical foundation for establishing dam-break flood hazard science.

Graphical abstract

关键词

湿床 / 全局弗劳德数 / 溃坝波形 / 洪水位爬升 / 最大波高

Key words

wet-bed / global Froude number / wave regime / flood level rise / maximum wave height

引用本文

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周昔东,袁浩,苏立君,胡瑞昌,孙倩. 湿床溃坝波演进特性试验研究[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2025, 57(06): 18-26 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400060

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受全球气候变暖影响,极端天气引发的突发性灾害事件风险增加,在梯级水库的河流系统中,很有可能引发连锁反应,导致梯级溃坝[12]。溃坝洪水会导致下游水位和流速急剧上升,造成严重的财产和生命损失。因此,了解溃坝洪水在湿床上的演变特征对降低洪水风险、制定下游紧急撤离策略尤为重要[34]
溃坝洪水问题由于其重要性和复杂性一直以来广受学者关注。Ritter[5]通过特征线法求解Saint‒Venant方程,研究了无摩擦水平干河床上的溃坝波问题。在Ritter解法[5]的基础上,现有研究考虑了河床摩擦[68]和坡度[911]对溃坝流传播的影响。Stoker[12]利用特征线法将Ritter的解扩展到了湿床上。然而,由于其波前假设的无效性,Stoker解法无法准确描述波动演变过程和相应的波前表面轮廓[13]。Àrnason[14]研究了下游端对湿床上溃坝波的反射效应,但其解析解是基于浅水和长波假设,这些假设忽略了垂直方向的速度且压力是静水压力[15]。Wang等[16]采用截面形状参数分离法和特征线法推导出了任意截面形状下倾斜干河床的溃坝波传播的解析解,在后来的研究中采用了同样的方法来推导倾斜湿河床溃坝波传播的解析解[17]
尽管理论解在不断发展,但目前的解法仍无法准确描述不同大水深比αα=hd/hphd为下游初始水深,hp为上游初始水深)条件下的溃坝波浪波动现象。此外,关于溃坝波高演变的理论或经验公式的研究也很有限。先前的研究表明,在区域的最初始阶段和上游边缘,这些理论解与试验数据之间存在差异[18],这可归因于浅水假设[15]。如果保留来自浅水方程扩展的所有高阶项来模拟速度剖面,则SGN(Serre‒Green‒Naghdi)方程可以有效地模拟任何α值的溃坝波。Castro‒Orgaz等[19]在探索标准SGN方程下波面不破裂的原因时证实了这一点,而该方法通过考虑不均匀的水深,充分考虑了河流坡度对溃坝波浪模型的影响[20]。在早期的研究中,已经开展了一些关于溃坝波传播的试验研究,但这些试验研究主要集中在溃坝的初始阶段[2122],或者关注湿床或干床上的波面剖面和波前速度[2324],或者关注溃坝水流对结构物的冲击[22,25]。河道坡度对溃坝波浪传播特性影响的试验研究主要集中在其对溃坝流量的影响[18,26],少有研究其对溃坝波水位爬升和波高的影响。此外,目前的试验研究很少涉及大水深比(α>0.5)条件下波高沿程演变和溃坝洪水位的爬升[2728]
因此,重点研究了溃坝洪水位爬升及溃坝波高沿程的演化。首先,对不同上下游初始水深及河流底坡条件下的溃坝波进行了系统的试验研究,根据试验数据,引入Fx对溃坝波传播的形式进行区分。其次,详细揭示了溃坝波来临时水位爬升模型的机理,建立了水位爬升模型,同时讨论了水位爬升速度的变化规律。最后,讨论了Stoker解对湿床溃坝波波高的精确性,通过对试验数据及理论解的对比分析,本文提出了全局弗劳德数Fx<1.2时,溃坝波以波动波(undular wave)形式向下游传播条件下沿程最大波高的计算公式。

1 试验装置和重复性验证

试验水槽是由钢化玻璃制成的矩形棱柱体水槽,水槽上游长12.0 m,下游长40.0 m,宽1.2 m,高1.0 m。水槽可以变坡以调整河流坡度(坡度以山区河流坡度为来源,坡度i=sin θ,sin θ为0、2‰、4‰、6‰,θ为河床与水平面的夹角)。溃坝闸门由厚15 mm的聚酯纤维板制成,闸门通过钢缆绳与YE3‒112M‒4型电磁制动异步电动机连接,可在一瞬间被提起。闸门提起的时间(以闸门下缘完全脱离上游水体为标准计算闸门提起时间)主要受上游水深影响,最长的提起时间出现在上游水深为0.8 m时,且上游水深越大则提起时间越长。根据文献[28]对瞬时溃坝的定义,闸门提起的时间必须小于试验时间tt=(2hp/g)1/2,其中,hp为上游水深,g为重力加速度,取9.81 m/s2)才能定义为瞬溃。在不同上游水深条件下,闸门提起的时间如表1所示。

表1可知,在4种不同的上游水深情况下,试验闸门提起的时间小于瞬溃标准时间,符合对堤坝瞬溃定义的要求。图1为水槽装置示意图,水槽尾部闸门用厚为15 mm可移动的纤维板制成,可同时控制下游水深。试验水深数据由安装在水槽中央的10个YWH200-D型数字波高仪采集,采样频率设置为200 Hz,量程为1 m,采集精度为±1 mm。为让溃坝波充分发展,在距离溃坝闸门10 m处布置第1根波高仪(①),到尾部闸门按平均距离依次布置剩下9根波高仪(②~⑩),间隔为3 m。水槽装置如图2所示。

以闸门处为坐标原点,溃坝水流演进方向为x正方向。波高仪的坐标位置如图1所示,x分别为10、13、16、19、22、25、28、31、34和37 m。

试验分为64个工况进行,上游水深(坝址后上游水深)hp为0.4、0.6、0.7、0.8 m,下游水深(第1根波高仪位置水深,x=10 m)hd为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 m,坡度i为0、2‰、4‰、6‰,定义上下游水深比α=hd/hp。试验工况如表2所示。每个工况进行3次试验(试验1、2、3),取3次试验的平均值进行分析。

为确保试验数据采集的稳定性,本文对试验的可重复性进行检验。选择试验工况为hp=0.5 m、hd=0.1 m,x为10、22和34 m处的水深数据进行检验,结果如图3所示。

图3可知,3次试验结果基本吻合,通过对试验数据分析可以得出:在x为10、22和34 m处的3次试验结果的决定性系数R2的范围分别是[0.967,0.982]、[0.992,0.995]和[0.996,0.998]。结果表明:试验有很好的重复性。试验中,对每个工况都重复3次试验,最终试验数据取3次试验数据的平均值。

2 试验数据处理及理论分析

2.1 无量纲化

为分析溃坝水流在湿河床中的传播特性,本文采用式(1)~(4)对水力参数进行无量纲化处理:

T=t/hp/g
H=h/hp
ΔΗ=(h-hd)/hp=Δh/hp
C=c/ghp

式(1)~(4)中:TH、ΔHC分别为无量纲时间、水深、涌波高度和洪水位爬升速度;h为波高水位,m;Δh为涌波高度,m;c为洪水位爬升速度,m·s-1

2.2 理论分析

在平坡条件下,Stoker将Ritter理论解求解范围由干床拓展到湿床,通过联立求解以下3个方程可以得到相应洪水流速v、溃坝波前流速u和下游水深h[9]

1+8u2ghd-1=2hhd
vghd=ughd-ghd4u1+1+8u2ghd
v+2ghd=2ghp

式(5)~(7)中,v为溃坝洪水流速,m·s-1

通过式(5)~(7),对平坡条件下的试验工况进行求解,结果如表3所示。

3 溃坝波爬高特性

3.1 溃坝波形的定义与区分

通过本文试验发现溃坝波向下游演进主要有涌浪波(bore wave)和波动波(undular wave)两种形式,如图4所示。其中,图4(a)为以bore wave形式向下游传播,hp=0.8 m,hd=0.1 m,Fx=2.6;图4(b)为以undular wave形式向下游传播,hp =0.5 m,hd=0.3 m,Fx=0.8。

为更好区分两种溃坝波传播的形态,本文引入全局弗劳德数Fx

Fx=hp-hdxhdx

式中,hdx为下游沿程不同位置的初始水深,m。当下游位置为第1根波高仪处时,hdx=hd。由于河床坡度i的存在,会造成同一工况下,下游沿河道的初始水深变大,而根据全局弗劳德数Fx的定义,Fx包含了i对沿程水位变化的影响。

早期的研究[19,3033]认为,当α大于0.4时,溃坝波以undular wave形式进行传播。在本研究中,在平坡条件下,利用式(8)可以得到Fx=(1/α-1)1/2。因此,当α位于区间[0.4,0.55]时,对应的Fx范围为[0.91,1.23]。本研究通过对试验数据进行分析后发现:当Fx>1.2时,溃坝波大都以bore wave形式向下游传播;当Fx<1.2时,溃坝波大都以undular wave形式向下游传播;当Fx=1.2时,溃坝波处于两种典型波动形态之间的过渡阶段,其不同位置波浪水位线如图5所示。图5中,eRMSE为试验值与理论解的均方根误差(RMSE)。

图5可知:当下游水深hd较小时(Fx>1.2),Stoker理论解与试验值的均方根误差(RMSE)范围为[0.9%,1.7%],最大相对误差为5.97%,故Stoker理论解与试验值吻合较好(图5(a))。但当下游水深hd较大时(Fx<1.2,图5(b)),溃坝波以undular wave形式传播且相对误差最大值为23.63%,其波动区域的Stoker理论解与试验值的RMSE范围为[4.3%,7.1%],相比下游水深较小时的误差翻倍。由此可知,下游水深hd较大时Stoker理论解与试验值误差较大。波动随着时间衰减之后溃坝波水位达到稳定水位,且稳定水位与Stoker理论解吻合较好。所以,当Fx<1.2时,在波动区域,Stoker理论解与试验值差异较大。造成波动的原因可能是:溃坝水流由急流状态过渡到缓流状态时,会与下游水体发生能量交换进行消能。由于此时下游水深较大,消能过程不能持续到河底且河床摩阻对溃坝水流传播影响较小,所以溃坝水流会形成波状水跃进行消能。

3.2 波浪爬高规律

3.2.1 波高爬升模型

图5可知,溃坝波到达下游某位置时,此处的水位快速增大;对于水位增大过程以溃坝波达到时为时间起点,直到波高水位达到首波最大水位结束,水位增大过程如图5中矩形阴影部分所示。但是现有理论解并不能描述水位这一增大过程。故本文通过对试验数据进行分析发现,水位增大过程中,水位随时间变化规律与全局弗劳德数Fx有关。本文基于试验数据的变化,提出溃坝洪水位爬升计算模型,表示如下:

ΔH=A-B1+(T/T0)σ+B

式中:A为水位初始值,跟初始水位有关;B为水位最终值,与波高(hhdx)/hp有关;T0为水位爬升段的中间时间;σ为幂指数,取值大于0。

根据式(9)对不同Fx值下的试验数据进行数据拟合。本文仅选取了4个典型的Fx值进行展示,结果如图6所示。图6中,圆点表示波高仪在不同位置采集的水位爬高过程的试验数据。线条为式(9)的拟合结果。

图6可知:确定性系数R2都接近1,表明式(9)与试验值吻合较好。但是在不同的Fx值下,式(9)中的各系数存在差异,表4给出了不同Fx值对应的系数。由于本试验条件的限制,只能给出Fx从0.5到2.6的部分值。

基于本试验水位爬升研究范围及表4数据结果,可对水位爬升模型进行简化,将式(9)简化为式(10)

ΔH=-B1+(T/T0)σ+B

为检验式(10)的准确性,本文通过式(10)的计算结果与Yang等[15]的试验数据进行对比(Fx=0.8,hp=0.225 m,hdx=0.14 m),对比结果如图7所示。

图7可知,由式(10)与Yang等[15]试验值的eRMSE为1.7%,表明式(10)可以较为准确地预测溃坝波来临时水位的爬升。当给出上下游水深,计算出Fx,通过查询表4各系数的具体值,可以采用式(10)来预测溃坝洪水来临时洪水位的爬升。受限于试验条件,本结论适用矩形河道断面且Fx范围为0.5~2.6,对范围之外该模型的适用性有待于进一步研究。

3.2.2 水位爬升速度

研究溃坝波的水位爬升速度可以揭示溃坝水流在演进过程中对下游结构物的淹没情况,有助于下游洪水风险评估。由图6可知,不同Fx值条件下,溃坝洪水位爬升的规律有明显差异。这表明在不同Fx值条件下,溃坝洪水位爬升速度也存在差异。爬升速度c计算式为cht,Δh为此过程的波高,Δt为此过程的时间。利用式(4)可以得到无量纲洪水位爬升速度CC表征溃坝洪水达到时水位变化的快慢和爬升水位的陡峭程度。CFx变化规律如图8所示。

图8可知,当溃坝波以undular wave形式向下游传播时,CFx值增大而增大,其原因可能是Fx的增大会导致上下游水位差变大,下泄洪水的势能变大,造成洪水位爬升的速度变大。当溃坝波以bore wave形式向下游传播时,CFx值增大而保持稳定,其原因可能是下泄洪水势能虽然变大,但是下泄洪水容易受到河床阻力的影响,因此,导致波高与时间的比值会保持稳定;但是稳定段的振动范围较大,这是由于此过程波速比较大,且波浪演进过程中会掺杂大量的空气,造成测量误差变大,后续的数据处理中会造成误差较大。

4 最大溃坝波高演进特性

Fx<1.2时,溃坝波以undular wave形式向下游传播,如图5(b)所示。为了研究当Fx<1.2时,最大波高水位hmax沿程变化规律,本文以全局弗劳德数Fx为横坐标,以无量纲波高(hmaxh1)/hp为纵坐标建立直角坐标系,得出(hmaxh1)/hpFx增大而线性减小的规律。其中,h1为Stoker理论解的波高,可由式(5)~(7)求解得到。

通过对试验数据进行线性拟合,得到波高hmaxFx变化的计算式:

(hmax-h1)/hp=kF x+b

本文利用不同α将以undular wave形式传播的溃坝波(Fx<1.2)区域分成4个区域,分别得到式(11)不同区域的kb值,计算式如下:

hmax-h1hp=-0.56Fx+0.71, 0.4<α0.6;-1.00Fx+0.85, 0.6<α0.7;-0.67Fx+0.47, 0.7<α0.8 

图9为波高随Fx变化规律。由图9可知,波高计算式中变化的斜率k及截距b在不同的上下游水深比α下差异明显。通过线性拟合得到3个区域具体计算式,其确定性系数R2都接近于1,表明其解是可信的。已知溃坝坝址上游水深hp,下游水深hd,下游沿程水深hdx及Stoker的理论h1值,将其带入式(12),就可得到最大波高水位hmax。Liu等[4]的试验值与式(12)的平均相对误差为6.2%,而Yang等[15]的试验值与式(12)的平均相对误差为5.1%。表明式(12)可以较为准确地计算最大波高值。

5 结 论

本文主要研究了溃坝波首次到达时水位爬升规律及波动传播下最大波高沿程演进特性,详细揭示了溃坝波来临时水位爬升规律和溃坝波以undular wave形式向下游传播条件下最大波高沿程演变的规律,建立了水位爬升模型和最大波高计算式。该研究有助于加深对溃坝波在湿床传播特性的认识以及对溃坝波与结构物相互作用的理解,得到的主要结论如下:

1)本研究引入全局弗劳德数Fx对溃坝波形进行区分,得出:当Fx>1.2时,溃坝波大都以bore wave形式向下游传播;当Fx<1.2时,溃坝波大都以undular wave形式向下游传播。

2)水位爬升形式受Fx影响明显,基于此构建了溃坝洪水位爬升水位与Fx之间的函数关系。同时讨论了爬升速度CFx之间的关系,当Fx<1.2时,CFx增大而变大,当Fx>1.2时,CFx增大而趋于稳定。

3)当溃坝波以undular wave形式传播时首波波高即为最大波高。发现(hmax-h1)/hpFx增大而线性减小,结合Stoker理论解,建立了最大波高hmax的计算式。

本试验是在矩形水槽中进行,而不同河道形状对结果的具体影响还不明确。因此,未来的研究将主要集中在不同类型的河道形状对溃坝水流传播的影响上。

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3800500)

重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重点项目(CSTB2023TIAD‒KPX0073)

重庆市研究生联合培养基地项目(JDLHPYJD2019001)

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