Objective Due to the rapid development of infrastructure construction, the consumption of concrete has increased significantly. However, natural aggregate remains in shortage in many regions because of environmental constraints. Therefore, the use of locally available desert sand in concrete production in structural engineering receives increasing attention in northwest China's Xinjiang Province. The Xinjiang region is characterized by limited fine natural aggregate resources, and nearly a quarter of the area is covered with desert sand. Therefore, using desert sand as a fine aggregate resource addresses the imbalance between the supply and demand of river sand, and it reduces the cost of concrete production and transport. The column is one of the essential components of a structure, so numerous studies appear in previous literature. However, relatively limited research examines the axial compression behavior of reinforced desert sand concrete short columns. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the influence of desert sand on the axial compression behavior of reinforced concrete short columns. The failure mode, load axial displacement curve, load concrete strain curve, load longitudinal steel strain curve, load stirrup strain curve, and ductility behavior of reinforced desert sand concrete short columns are analyzed. Methods Taking the desert sand replacement ratio, longitudinal steel ratio, and stirrup ratio as the main parameters, the study designed eighteen reinforced concrete short columns made with desert sand in accordance with "Code for design of concrete structures" (GB 50010—2010). All columns were constructed with dimensions of 550 mm in length, 150 mm in width, and 150 mm in height. The test was conducted on an electro-hydraulic servo pressure testing machine with an axial loading capacity of 5 000 kN, and the loading velocity was set to 0.01 mm/min. Four displacement sensors with a measuring range of 100 mm were arranged along the central axis of the four surfaces of each specimen to record the axial displacement. Strain gauges were attached to the longitudinal steel bar, stirrup, and concrete surface to measure their respective strains. Results and Discussion The test results showed that 1) the reinforced desert sand concrete short columns failed by forming vertical through cracks, and the failure process and pattern of reinforced desert sand concrete short columns were similar to those of reinforced ordinary concrete short columns. 2) When the desert sand replacement ratio increased from 0 to 80%, the peak load changed by -9.04%, 4.62%, 2.00%, and -5.52%, and the ductility coefficient changed by -16.20%, 5.40%, 1.80%, and -9.46%, respectively; the concrete's longitudinal and transverse strains of the specimens increased at first, then decreased, and then increased again; the longitudinal steel strain and stirrup strain of specimens with a desert sand replacement ratio of 20% and 80% were larger, while the longitudinal steel strain and stirrup strain of specimens with a desert sand replacement ratio of 40% and 60% were smaller. The main reason for this behavior was that the concrete contained more pores than ordinary concrete when the desert sand replacement ratio was low (20%), while the internal pores were filled by desert sand when the replacement ratio ranged from 40% to 60%. The axial compression properties decreased again because the strength of desert sand particles was lower than that of river sand when the replacement ratio reached 80%. 3) When the longitudinal steel ratio increased from 0.89% to 3.57%, the peak load increased by about 8.53% and 15.80%, and the ductility coefficient increased by about 27.44% and 39.98%, respectively; the concrete's longitudinal and transverse strains decreased gradually; the longitudinal steel strain and stirrup strain of the specimens also decreased gradually; the results were consistent with those of ordinary reinforced concrete columns. 4) When the stirrup ratio increased from 1.22% to 1.52%, the peak load increased by about 11.44% and the ductility coefficient increased by about 21.58%; the concrete's longitudinal and transverse strains decreased gradually; the longitudinal steel strain and stirrup strain of the specimens decreased gradually; the results were also consistent with those of ordinary reinforced concrete columns. 5) The predicted axial compression strength using "Code for the Design of Concrete Structures" of China Code GB 50010—2010 and "Structural Concrete Building Code" of US Code ACI318 was higher than the experimental values by 21% and 38%, respectively; after introducing the influence of desert sand on the strength of concrete and the matching effect coefficient of desert sand concrete and steel bar, the study established a formula for the axial compression strength of reinforced desert sand concrete short columns. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental results. Conclusions 1) The reinforced desert sand concrete short columns with desert sand replacement ratios of 20% and 80% demonstrated poor performance, while those with replacement ratios of 40% and 60% exhibited good performance. Therefore, it was appropriate to use desert sand concrete specimens with replacement ratios of 40% to 60%, and a 60% replacement ratio was recommended to make full use of desert sand resources. 2) When the longitudinal steel ratio increased from 0.89% to 3.57% and the stirrup ratio increased from 1.22% to 1.52%, the axial compression properties of the reinforced desert sand concrete short column improved gradually, and the behavioral characteristics were comparable to those of the ordinary reinforced concrete short column. 3) The formula for calculating the axial bearing capacity of reinforced desert sand concrete short columns was proposed by incorporating the influence of desert sand on concrete strength and the matching effect coefficient of desert sand concrete and steel bars. It can provide a theoretical basis for the engineering application of the reinforced desert sand concrete short column.
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