1.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation & Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China
2.Shangdong Academy of Building Research, Jinan, 250001, China
3.Shandong Quality Inspection and Testing Center of Construction Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Jinan 250031, China
4.Third Construciton Co. Ltd. of China Construction Eighth Engineering Division, Nanjing 210046, China
Objective To reduce storey height or increase clear height, openings are usually made in the beam web to improve space utilisation and reduce construction costs. However, this reduces the stiffness and load-bearing capacity of the beam, so it is necessary to provide additional reinforcements. The design theory and construction method of conventional inclined reinforcement for openings is relatively complex, particularly when there are a large number of openings. Therefore, a new method of reinforcing openings and calculating their load-bearing capacity is necessary for application in engineering. Methods To simplify construction and optimise the force transfer mechanism, a new built-in steel tube was proposed as an alternative to the conventional diagonal reinforcement bars of the beam with openings. A mechanical test was conducted on the beam with openings to investigate the influence of the reinforcement method on cracking development, failure modes, material strains, and load-deflection curves of the beams. The tested beams were one solid web beam (L1), and two beams with openings (L2, which adopted the traditional inclined reinforcement method, and L3, which adopted the built-in steel tube reinforcement method). Additionally, numerical models of the beams were established using the ABAQUS to analyse the internal force development. Finally, an additional compressive stress field (strut action) was introduced to create a strut-and-tie model and analyse the shear capacity of the beam with openings. Results and Discussions The results showed that the openings and reinforcement methods had a significant impact on crack distribution, the location of the maximum crack and crack width. For the beam without openings, the maximum crack was concentrated in the mid-span region and the crack widths in the two side regions were relatively small; bending damage was the main failure mode. For the beam with openings, the maximum crack width occurred near the beam's opening when using either traditional inclined reinforcement or built-in steel tube reinforcement. The crack width in the mid-span region was relatively small and tended to result in shear damage. The ultimate load-bearing capacity of the beam with built-in steel tube reinforcement was similar to that of the beam with traditional inclined reinforcement. Using the built-in steel tube reinforcement improved stress concentration and displacement. Steel strain analysis showed that the steel tube was under compression in the area near the opening. Concrete strain distribution and development was smoother in L3 than in L2. The reinforcement method significantly affected the local load-bearing mechanism of the opening. Unlike with the traditional inclined reinforcement method, an additional compression action was generated in the opening area due to the restraining effect of the built-in steel tube. The displacement trend and the location of the maximum displacement of the tested beams differ slightly due to the openings. Comparisons showed that using built-in steel tube reinforcement effectively improved stress concentration and displacement development. Compared to the bending moment distribution of L1, the bending moment in the opening area experienced local increases or decreases due to the effect of sudden shear changes, particularly near the supports. The reinforcement method of the openings had a significant impact on the local moment distribution. For L2, the bending moment trends of the concrete and steel bars were opposite, particularly at mid-span. For L3, the bending moment trends of the concrete and steel bars were more similar, with the steel tube carrying part of the bending moments. The comparison showed that the opening region in L2 was under tension and the opening region in L3 was under compression, and that the built-in steel tube reinforcement changed the force mechanism in these regions. This behaviour strengthened the compressive properties of the concrete and improved the mechanical properties of the beams with openings. For L2 and L3, the maximum tensile (compressive) strains were concentrated on either side of the opening. Compared to L2, the strain distribution in L3 was more uniform without any sharp, sudden changes. The principal stress trajectory in the shear zone of the beams with steel tube reinforcement was extracted. The built-in steel tube-reinforced beam at the beam end opening had an additional compression transfer path. This path was approximated by connecting the corner near the top of the beam end opening and the closest stirrup at the beam end with a straight line, forming an additional strut-tie model (STM). The new strength method led to the formation of the concrete compressive stress field near to the opening, and the additional compressive action shortened the force transfer path. To establish the calculation method of STM for beams with openings, taking into account the additional compression action. The modelling process of STM included firstly determining the tension ties, and then determining the position of compression struts and tension ties in three paths. For the beams with openings, there were two failure modes, i.e. bending failure and shear failure. This paper focused on the shear failure mode, assuming the destruction of tension tie or compression strut. The proposed strut-and-tie model can be used to predict the shear capacity of the beam strengthened with the built-in steel tube. Conclusions Compared to conventional inclined reinforcement methods, the built-in steel tube reinforcement offers greater construction convenience. Furthermore, this method increases the beams' shear resistance and reduces crack width at the bottom of the beam. The built-in steel tube reinforcement method creates an additional compressive effect around the opening region, thereby shortening the load transfer path. The strut-tie model can be used to analyse the shear capacity of concrete beams with openings reinforced by built-in steel tube.
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