基于洋流能的水下涡激振动能量俘获系统动力学特性研究

刘丽兰 ,  任航 ,  汪甡 ,  李佳佳

工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (01) : 253 -265.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (01) : 253 -265. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202400152
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基于洋流能的水下涡激振动能量俘获系统动力学特性研究

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Research on the Dynamic Characteristics of Vortex-induced Vibration Energy Harvester Underwater Based on Ocean Energy

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摘要

随着清洁可再生能源的不断发展,利用洋流能为水下微型无线传感器提供电能已成为研究热点。水下涡激振动能量俘获系统是一种在浅海低流速条件下利用涡激振动效应俘获洋流能的发电装置。本文将非线性恢复力、单向轴承及齿轮齿条机构与振动钝体结合,提出一种新型基于洋流能的涡激振动能量俘获系统。采用Van der Pol方程描述流体和钝体间的耦合效应,建立系统流‒固‒电耦合动力学方程。对系统进行稳定性分析,得到系统在单稳、双稳及三稳态情况下的参数数值范围,将3种稳态下系统的振幅比进行对比,发现系统处于三稳态时具有较强的发电优势。借助数值仿真,通过钝体振动的时域图、相图、分岔图及庞加莱截面详细研究流体参数(水流流速)和结构参数(质量比和阻尼比)对系统位移响应的影响,并分析单向轴承对传动轴转速的影响。分析质量比和阻尼比对发电功率的影响。结果表明,三稳态系统拥有非常丰富的非线性动力学行为,出现混沌运动、多周期运动及准周期运动,阻尼比的变化主要影响发电功率的峰值,而质量比的变化主要影响涡激振动的共振区间范围。

Abstract

Objective Due to the development of clean and renewable energy, the harvesting of ocean current energy, particularly vortex-induced vibration energy suitable for low flow rates, continues to emerge as a research hotspot for powering microwireless underwater sensors. However, linear systems face limitations such as low power output and a narrow energy harvesting range, which prevent them from meeting the required electrical demand. In contrast, nonlinear systems possess a lower energy barrier, allowing them to produce significant motion under weaker excitation and to operate effectively across a broader flow velocity range. Therefore, this study proposes a nonlinear vortex-induced vibration energy harvesting system designed to generate and supply greater power for underwater devices. The dynamic characteristics and power generation performance of the proposed system are investigated. Methods The Van der Pol equation was utilized to describe the coupling effect between the fluid and the blunt body, and a nonlinear restoring force was generated by the geometric nonlinearity caused by the oblique arrangement of linear springs. An underwater vortex-induced vibration power generation system incorporating a nonlinear restoring force was proposed. The system converted the lateral reciprocating motion of the blunt body into the unidirectional rotational motion of the generator through unidirectional bearings, gear rack mechanisms, speed-increasing boxes, and rotor generators. The fluid-solid-electrical coupling dynamic equation of the system was established, and the static equilibrium point bifurcation and different steady-state motion intervals of the blunt body's nonlinear vibration were obtained using nonlinear vibration theory. First, stability analysis was conducted on the system, and the parameter ranges under mono-stable, bi-stable, and tri-stable conditions were determined. The amplitude ratios of the system under the three steady states were compared, and it was found that the system has a strong power generation advantage in tri-stable motion. Then, using numerical simulation and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, the effects of fluid parameters (water flow velocity u) and structural parameters (mass ratio m*, damping ratio δ) on the bifurcation characteristics of the system were studied in detail through time-domain diagrams, phase diagrams, bifurcation diagrams, and Poincaré cross-sections of blunt body vibration. Then, the influence of unidirectional bearings on system speed was analyzed, followed by the analysis of the effects of mass ratio and damping ratio on power generation. Results and Discussions The variation in the stable motion characteristics of the bluff body with parameters a and b was obtained based on the potential energy function of the system. The barrier heights of the potential energy function differed under various stable motion conditions. In comparison, the potential well depths of the potential energy function under tri-stable motion were lower, making cross-well motion more likely to occur. Based on the amplitude response analysis, the tri-stable energy harvesting system exhibited a wider operating range and better dynamic output performance than the bi-stable and mono-stable systems. It was found that the motion state of the system changed with different flow velocities by analyzing the influence of ocean current velocity on the vibration characteristics of the blunt body. Minor periodic motion occurred within wells, while large-scale chaotic motion appeared between wells, and periodic motions of 8, 4, 2, and 1 were observed within the wells. It was found that the bluff body underwent large-scale inter-well motion in the resonance intervals of 0.540 m/su<0.876 m/s and 0.935 m/su<1.290 m/s, respectively. Through the analysis of the influence of the damping ratio on the vibration characteristics of the blunt body, it was observed that with the continuous increase in damping ratio, the vibration amplitude of the blunt body decreased. When the damping ratio was less than 0.387, the system alternated between chaotic and periodic motions. When the damping ratio exceeded 0.387, the bluff body converted into a periodic motion of 1. The influence of the mass ratio on the vibration characteristics of the blunt body was similar to that of the damping ratio, also exhibiting nonlinear behavior as the mass ratio changed. When the mass ratio was greater than 1.730, the bluff body exhibited a periodic motion of 1 within the well. The use of one-way clutches allowed the bidirectional vibration of the bluff body to be transmitted as unidirectional rotation to the transmission shaft, ensuring that the generator speed was equal to or greater than the gear speed. The increase in damping ratio led to a reduction in power generation, with the maximum generated power reaching 59.5 W. The increase in mass ratio narrowed the locking interval of vortex-induced vibration, resulting in decreased power generation. The maximum generated power reached 57 W. Conclusions This study proposes a novel nonlinear vortex-induced vibration energy harvester operating underwater. The installation parameters of the linear spring influence the nonlinear restoring forces acting on the bluff body as well as the vibration mode of the blunt body. Variations in ocean flow velocity, mass ratio, and damping ratio significantly affect the bifurcation characteristics and vibration amplitudes. The effects of the damping ratio and mass ratio on power generation performance are analyzed, indicating that increasing the damping ratio and mass ratio reduces the power output.

Graphical abstract

关键词

涡激振动 / 能量俘获 / Van der Pol方程 / 三稳态 / 流固耦合

Key words

vortex-induced vibration / energy capture / Van der Pol equation / tri-stable / fluid-structure coupling

引用本文

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刘丽兰,任航,汪甡,李佳佳. 基于洋流能的水下涡激振动能量俘获系统动力学特性研究[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2026, 58(01): 253-265 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400152

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随着全球能源需求的不断增长,传统的石化能源面临日益枯竭的危机,开发新型可再生能源成为能源研究领域的热点[13]。海流能作为一个巨大的潜在能源宝库,在能源转换方面备受关注[46],也是中国实现“双碳”目标的重点研究对象[7]。涡激振动发电是将流体绕流柱状钝体产生的涡激振动能量转化为电能的新型发电技术,为海洋能源的利用提供了一种新的途径[89]
Zhu等[10]将Bach叶型安装到圆柱形钝体上,设计出了一种可同时俘获钝体自身旋转运动、钝体横向和纵向运动的涡激振动新型流体能量俘获器。Franzini等[11]通过数值分析研究了单圆柱振子的涡激振动压电俘能。Bai等[12]对双圆柱形截面钝体的涡激振动特性进行了详细研究,获得了可俘获更多水流能量的双圆筒结构参数配比。Zhang等[13]设计了一种利用涡激振动发电的浮筒,研究了在受限通道内浮筒振动的幅值和发电功率。Han等[14]研究了不同质量比和雷诺数下的涡激振动系统的能量俘获效率,发现低质量比的俘获效率比高质量比时更稳健。Zhang等[15]对多种截面钝体的涡激振动动力学响应展开了比较研究,结果表明圆柱形钝体的振动响应最强。Gao等[16]对3个串联安装的双自由度振子的涡激振动进行了数值模拟,结果表明,上游钝体表现出典型的涡激振动,中游和下游圆柱体具有较大的响应振幅。Wang等[17]设计了一种在圆形振子的两侧连接两个小直径圆柱形杆的新型俘能器,可以扩大振子振动幅值,从而提高发电功率。
以上研究大多可以简化为线性振动系统,比较而言,非线性振动有更宽的共振工作区间,并且在较小的洋流激励下,系统更易产生大幅度的振动响应。因此,许多学者尝试设计利用非线性系统俘能发电。Zhang等[18]提出了一种具有非线性阻尼的涡激振动能量俘获系统,发现非线性阻尼比恒定阻尼更有优势,提高了俘能器在振动过程中的适应性。Qin等[19]根据涡激振动和驰振的特点,将圆形钝体和方形钝体组合起来,同时引入非线性恢复力提出了一种新的涡激振动和驰振相组合式双稳态流致振动能量俘获器,从理论和实验角度研究并获得了相干共振下系统发生大幅运动的参数激励条件。Huynh等[20]为了改善线性涡激振动能量俘获装置的工作带宽,引入了双稳态刚度料的断裂强度,其仿真和实验表明硬化刚度可将系统的工作频宽扩展至高流速段,而双稳态弹簧可以使俘能装置在低速水流下工作。
本文将几何非线性恢复力所具有的多稳态势能特征与涡激振动俘能装置结合,提出一种适用于水下洋流能俘获的多稳态涡激振动能量俘获系统。利用线性弹簧的几何非线性形成作用在振子上的非线性恢复力。通过引入单向轴承校正发电机输入轴的转动方向,使振子的往复运动转化为发电机的单向转动。建立俘能系统的流‒固‒电耦合动力学方程,通过系统稳定性分析得到振子发生不同稳态运动的参数区间,深入分析三稳态振动模式下系统结构参数及流体参数对系统动态响应的影响,进一步阐明单向轴承、质量比和阻尼比对发电功率的影响规律。

1 水下涡激振动俘能装置

水下涡激振动能量俘获系统结构简图如图1所示,该系统主要由圆柱钝体、支撑弹簧、传动机构、发电机和固定框架组成。图1中,θ1θ2分别为振子振动时上半部分和下半部分弹簧变形时与水平位置的夹角,a为弹簧的水平安装长度,b为弹簧的竖直安装长度。来流由于黏性在钝体后面产生旋涡,钝体在交替涡流产生的升力以及弹簧产生的非线性恢复力的作用下会在垂直于来流方向(横向)发生周期性振荡。同时,钝体与左、右齿条相连,齿条与齿轮啮合。由于单向离合器只会在一个方向上传递转矩,无论齿条向上还是向下移动,两个单向离合器中只有一个接合,而另一个分离,因此,在正、反单向离合器的作用下,齿条的往复运动转换为传动轴的单向运动。传动轴的转动经由齿轮箱加速,最后驱动发电机轴转动发电。

为了提高涡激振动的共振范围,使振荡器产生显著的振动。将4个相同类型的线性弹簧对称地安装在钝体的两端,非线性恢复力通过弹簧的几何非线性来实现(图1)。

非线性恢复力Fres可以表示为:

Fres=Fs1sinθ1+Fs2sinθ1+Fs3sinθ2+Fs4sinθ2

式中,Fs1Fs2分别为钝体上方对称布置的两个弹簧产生的力,Fs3Fs4分别为钝体下方对称布置的两个弹簧产生的力。

Fs1Fs2Fs3Fs4表达式为:

Fs1=Fs2=K(a2+(y-b)2-Ls),Fs3=Fs4=K(a2+(y+b)2-Ls)
sinθ1=y-b(y-b)2+a2,sinθ2=y+b(y+b)2+a2

式(2)、(3)中,y为钝体横向振动位移,Ls为弹簧原长,K为弹簧刚度。

因此,整理可得非线性恢复力Fres(y)为:

Fres(y)=2K(2y-Ls(y+b(y+b)2+a2+y-b(y-b)2+a2))

2 耦合系统涡激振动模型

2.1 流固耦合动力学方程

水下涡激振动俘能系统的力学模型如图2所示。图2中,Cs为结构阻尼,F为洋流激励力。由于圆柱钝体不具有大长细比并且刚性较大,因此,忽略钝体的扭振,只考虑垂直来流方向上的横向振动。

根据牛顿第二定律,钝体横向振动方程为:

msy¨+Csy˙+Fres(y)=F

式中:y˙y¨分别为钝体横向振动速度和加速度;ms为结构集总质量,包括圆柱振子、连接杆、弹簧以及齿条,因其振子质量远大于其他构件的质量,因此,ms可以近似等于振子质量。

当受到稳定且均匀的洋流作用时,钝体振子将主要受到流向拖拽力和涡激升力的作用,因此振子受到的洋流激励力为[21]

F=12CLρDLu2-14CAπLD2ρy¨-12CDρDLuy˙

式中:CL为升力系数;CD为圆柱形截面的阻力系数;CA为附加质量系数,CA=1[22]D为振子直径;L为振子长度;u流体流速;ρ为流体密度。

引入黏滞力系数γ和旋涡脱落频率Ωf[23]

γ=CD4πSt
Ωf=2StπuD

式(7)、(8)中,St为斯特劳哈尔数。

最终得到钝体的洋流激励力表达式为:

F=12CLρDLu2-14CAπLD2ρy¨-γΩfρD2y˙

式(9)代入式(5)中,钝体振动方程可以写为:

(ms+14CAπD2Lρ)y¨+(Cs+γΩfρD2)y˙+Fres(y)=12CLρDLu2

尾流振子模型表述了尾流涡街和固体结构的耦合作用,采用Van der pol方程描述尾流运动[24]

q¨+εΩf(q2-1)q˙+Ωf2q=ADy¨

式中:q为无因次尾迹变量,q=2CL/CL0,代指尾流振子的运动;q˙q¨分别为q的1阶和2阶导数;ε为范德波尔小参数;A为结构对流体的耦合动力参数。

因此,系统流固耦合动力学方程组为:

(ms+14CAπD2Lρ)y¨+(Cs+γΩfρLD2)y˙+Fres(y)=          14CL0ρDLu2q,q¨+εΩf(q2-1)q˙+Ωf2q=ADy¨

式中,CL0为固定静止圆柱的升力系数。

2.2 流电耦合动力学方程

钝体的横向振动通过齿轮齿条和单向轴承传递到传动轴上,传动轴的转动经过联轴器、增速箱最终传递给发电机,进而实现发电,转子系统扭转模型如图3所示。图3中:Ic为联轴器转动惯量;Ib为齿轮箱转动惯量;Ig为发电机转动惯量;If为飞轮转动惯量;Ipjj=1,2,1、2分别为左、右齿轮)为齿轮与单向离合器外侧的转

动惯量;Tc1Tc2分别为正向、反向单向离合器的扭矩;Tg为感应电磁转矩;θpj为齿轮的角位移;θg为发电机的转速,且θg=nbθby=rθb,其中,nb为齿轮箱传动比,r为齿轮半径,θb为联轴器角加速度或传动轴的角位移。

建立转子系统动力学方程为[25]

msy¨+Tj/r=Fv/d,Ipjθ¨pj=Tj-Tc,(Ic+Ib+nbIg+nbIf)θ¨b=Tc-Tg

式中,Tj为齿轮的转矩,Fv/d为传入发电系统的动力,Tc为单向离合器的扭矩,θ˙pjθ¨pj分别为齿轮的角速度、角加速度,θ¨b为联轴器/传动轴的角加速度。

Tg为转矩系数和外部电流的乘积[26],可表示为:

Tg=Ktig=KtVgRi+Ro=KtKgθ˙gRi+Ro=nbKtKgθ˙bRi+Ro

式中,θ˙b为联轴器角加速度或传动轴的角速度,ig为外部电流,Vg为电动势电压,Ro外电阻,Ri内电阻,Kg为反电动势电压系数,Kt为转矩系数,θ˙g为电动机转子转速。

在发电机工作时,振子的振动速度不断发生变化导致齿轮的角速度发生变化,进而影响到发电机转子的运动状态,由此将工作状态分为两种,即结合状态和脱离状态。

当小齿轮的角速度大于传动轴的角速度时,即θ˙pθ˙b,齿轮与传动轴处于结合状态,小齿轮和传动轴在齿条的运动下一起旋转,此时可以将式(13)与(14)合成一个等式:

Jθ¨b+Csθ˙b=Fv/dr

式中:Cs=ktkgnb/(Ri+Ro)J为总转动惯量,J=Ic+Ib+nbIf+nbIg+Ipj+msr2,由于IcIbIpj较小,而又因传动比较大,因此,可以将IcIbIpj忽略,即JnbIf +nbIg+msr2

当齿轮的角速度小于传动轴的角速度时,即θ˙p<θ˙b,齿轮与传动轴处于脱离状态,没有外部激励的输入,此时可以得到:

Jθ¨b+Csθ˙b=0

综上分析可得,俘能装置的流固电耦合动力学方程如式(17)、(18)所示。

θ˙pθ˙b时,

(ms+m0)y¨+(Cs+c0)y˙+Fres(y)=F(q)-Fv/d,q¨+εΩf(q2-1)q˙+Ωf2q=ADy¨,Jθ¨b+Csθ˙b=Fv/dr

θ˙p<θ˙b时,

(ms+m0)y¨+(Cs+c0)y˙+Fres(y)=F(q),q¨+εΩf(q2-1)q˙+Ωf2q=ADy¨,Jθ¨b+Csθ˙b=0

3 系统稳定性分析

x1=yx2=y˙x3=qx4=q˙x5=θx6=θ˙,则由式(18)得到俘能系统在结合和脱离两种情况下的状态方程为:

x˙1x˙2x˙3x˙4x˙5x˙6=x2F(x3)-Fd/v-(Cs+c0)x2-Fres(x1)ms+m0x4A(F(x3)-Fd/v-(Cs+γΩfρD2)x2-Fres(x1))D(ms+14CL0πρD2L)-εΩf(x32-1)x4-Ωf2x3                                x6Z

式中:当Z=Fv/dr-Csx6J时,为结合情况下的状态方程;当Z=-Csx6J时,为脱离情况下的状态方程。

式(19)可以求得系统的平衡点集合Pb为:

Pb=(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6)|Fres(x1)=0,x2=0,x3=0,x4=0,x5=0,x6=0,x1R

式(20)中的状态变量x1替换为量纲y,可得到系统的平衡点位置集合B,即:

B=y|Fres(y)=0,yR

根据平衡点理论,系统平衡点可分为稳定平衡点和不稳定平衡点,可以通过系统的势能函数来分析平衡点的稳定性。将非线性恢复力进一步求积分可得系统的势能函数U(y),即:

U(y)=Fres(y)dy=2K(y2-Ls(a2+(y+b)2+   a2+(y-b)2))

式(22)可知,非线性系统的势能函数主要受KLsab这4个参数影响,由于参数KLs在选定弹簧的同时就已经确定其数值大小,故可以保持参数KLs不变,研究系统的稳态随着参数ab的变化。

K=500Ls=0.4,根据式(22)得到参数ab取值与势能函数的稳态区间变化规律,如图4所示。图4中,区域Ⅰ为单稳态,区域Ⅱ为双稳态,区域Ⅲ为三稳态。图5给出了当a=0.1 m,b分别取0.1、0.2和0.4 m时所对应的3种稳态区域势能函数。由图5可知,三稳态势能函数具有3个稳定平衡点和2个不稳定平衡点,比双稳态具有更小的势阱深度,能在低水平激励下做大幅阱间运动,更适应于洋流流速多变的场合。

4 俘能系统动力学特性数值仿真

采用数值仿真分析俘能统的复杂非线性动力学行为及发电性能。系统结构及物理参数如表1所示。

振幅比A*描述钝体的位移幅度,A*描述为实际位移与钝体的直径的比值,即[27]

A*=y/D

俘能系统在单稳态、双稳态和三稳态振动模式下的振幅比如图6所示。由图6可以看出,系统在三稳态振动模式下,在共振阱间范围内的振幅比最大,并且俘能区间也比二稳态和单稳态更宽,说明三稳态系统的俘能性能更优。因此,本文将主要研究系统在三稳态特性下的动态特性和发电性能。

4.1 水流流速对钝体振动特性的影响

在其他参数不变的情况下,设定水流流速u的取值范围为0~2.000 m/s。图7给出了三稳态特性下的位移与流速的分岔。由图7可知,随着流速的增大,系统在三稳态特性下依次经历了小幅度周期性阱内运动、大幅度阱间混沌运动、混沌运动与周期运动交替窗口、最终进入周期‒1响应。而当u1.290 m/s时,三稳态系统只能激发阱内运动,在此范围出现混沌运动和倍周期运动交替出现的现象,当u1.51 m/s时,依次出现了周期‒8,周期‒4,周期‒2,周期‒1的阱内运动。

为了进一步研究三稳态系统的运动特性,分别取水流流速u为0.500、0.600、0.900、1.000 m/s,求解出在这些参数下,该三稳态系统运动的时域响应图、相图及庞加莱映射图,分别如图811所示。

u0.540 m/s时,此时系统做周期‒1的阱内运动(图8)。当处于0.540<u<1.290 m/s范围时,三稳态系统的位移响应进入到了大幅度混沌运动区域。当u=0.600 m/s时,系统振动表现为无序和不规则的大幅度跨阱运动(图9)。在混沌区域中的0.876u<0.935 m/s范围内,还观察到一个周期‒1运动(图10)。当u=1.000 m/s时,系统处于混沌运动(图11)。

4.2 阻尼比对钝体振动特性的影响

阻尼比可以影响振动系统的耗散能量和响应特性。对于涡激振动俘能系统而言,阻尼比δ指振动系统中阻尼与系统固有振动频率之间的比值[28]

δ=cs2msks

式中,ks为系统刚度。

其他参数不变的情况下,设定阻尼比取值范围为δ=0.0010.600。图12给出了三稳态特性下钝体位移y与阻尼比δ的分岔。由图12可以看出:当0<δ0.120时,该系统呈现为大幅度阱间混沌运动;当0.120δ<0.149时,系统处于周期阱内运动;当0.149δ<0.413时,系统处于混沌运动与周期运动交替窗口。当0.262δ<0.267时,系统处于周期‒5运动;当0.320δ<0.332时,系统处于周期‒7运动。当δ0.387时,该三稳态系统振动特性表现为周期‒1运动。

为了进一步观察系统的运动特性,阻尼比δ为0.060、0.265、0.320、0.380时,系统响应分别如图1316所示。当阻尼比为δ=0.060时,可以看出系统处于混沌运动,庞加莱截面上存在无数个点(图13)。当δ=0.265时,系统转变为周期‒5运动(图14)。当δ=0.320时,庞加莱截面上为7个独立点(图15)。当δ=0.380时,庞加莱截面上为5个独立点(图16)。

4.3 质量比对钝体振动特性的影响

对于涡激振动俘能系统而言,质量比m*通常被定义为振子的质量与振子在洋流中排开的流体质量ma之比,表达式如下[29]

m*=msma=4msCAρπD2L

其他参数不变,设置质量比取值范围为m*=0.0012.500,图17给出了三稳特性下钝体的位移y与质量比m*的分岔。由图17可以看出,当0<m*0.330时,该系统呈现为大幅度阱间混沌运动;当0.320m*<0.360时,系统处于周期运动;当0.360m*<1.730时,系统处于混沌运动与周期运动的交替模式;当m*1.730时,系统为周期运动。

质量比m*为0.200、0.350、0.670、1.910时的系统响应如图1821所示。当m*=0.200时,系统处于混沌运动(图18)。当m*=0.350时,庞加莱截面有1个独立点(图19)。当m*=0.670时,庞加莱截面有5个独立点(图20)。当m*=1.910时,庞加莱截面只有1个独立点(图21)。

5 俘能系统发电功率分析

5.1 发电机发电功率计算

发电机转子旋转时,切割磁场中的磁感线产生的感应电动势Em可表示为[30]

Em=Kgθ˙g=Kgnbθ˙b

通过感应电动势可以得出感应电流Im

Im=EmRtotal=Kgnbθ˙bRi+Ro

式中,Rtotal为总电阻。

因此,可以得到发电机发电功率Pvalid[31]

Pvalid=Im2Ro=Kg2nb2θ˙b2(Ro+Ri)2Ro

发电转子系统参数如表2所示。

5.2 单向离合器对传动轴转速的影响

单向离合器将振子上下运动转化为单向运动,因此减少往返运动时产生的能量损耗。为了分析单向离合器对发电机输出功率的影响,图22给出了系统只有一个正向单向离合器和同时有正向、反向(双向)离合器对传动轴转速的影响。

图22可以看出:只有正向单向轴承时,发电机只能获得钝体上下往复运动中的一个方向的振动能量,无法捕获到另一个方向上的能量,所以发电机输入轴的转速会下降很多,导致发电量减少;在22.26 s时,振子开始做反向位移,在28.53 s时,发电机转速从8.29 rad/s下降到了0.84 rad/s,然后振子进入正向位移阶段;使用双向单向离合器时,钝体上下运动的能量都可以俘获,通过控制齿轮和发电机输入轴的接合和脱离状态使发电机输入轴转速始终大于等于齿轮转速,从而使发电功率最大化。

5.3 阻尼比对发电功率的影响

阻尼比δ对涡激振动锁定区间有很大的影响。为了分析阻尼比对系统发电特性的影响,在保证其他参数都相同的情况下,分别取阻尼比δ分别取0.009、0.018、0.036、0.072、0.091,计算系统的发电功率,如图23所示。

图23可知,随着阻尼比的增加,发电机输出的功率显著降低。这是因为阻尼比的增加会增加损耗、降低发电机的振动幅度,从而减少能量的输出。此外,阻尼比的增加对涡激振动的锁定区间影响不大。当水流流速为8.7 m/s、阻尼比为0.009时,发电功率可达60 W。

5.4 质量比对发电功率的影响

为了分析阻尼比对系统发电特性的影响,在保证其他参数都相同的情况下,质量比m*分别取0.095、0.239、0.382、0.520、0.669,计算系统的发电功率,如图24所示。

图24可以看出,发电机的发电功率峰值会随质量比的增大而减少,这是因为随着质量比的不断增大,系统质量会增大,使系统的振动幅值减小,从而减少了动能而降低发电量。涡激振动的锁定区间会随质量比的增大而缩小,这表明振子从洋流中有效获取能量的流速区间变窄,对系统的发电产生了不利影响。当水流流速为1.1 m/s、质量比为0.095时,发电功率可达58 W。

6 结 论

本文将非线性恢复力与涡激振动俘能装置结合,提出了一种新型基于洋流能的多稳态涡激振动能量俘获系统,建立了系统流固电耦合动力学方程,研究了洋流流速质量比、阻尼比等参数对振子动力学特性及发电功率的影响,主要结论如下:

1)处于不同稳态振动时系统的势能函数不同,相较而言,三稳态有较低的势阱深度更易于进行跨阱运动,并且具有更宽的工作区间和更高的输出动能。系统在三稳态特性下,处于0.500 m/su1.400 m/s流速区间时,振幅比的平均值可达1.98。

2)三稳态俘能系统拥有非常丰富的非线性动力学行为,随着水流流速、阻尼比和质量比参数的变化,钝体振动呈现了大幅阱间混沌运动、小幅阱内多周期运动及准周期运动等多种形式。随着阻尼比和质量比的增加,钝体从阱间运动变为阱内运动。其中,大幅阱间振动钝体振动发生了明显的跨阱运动,在流速处于0.540 m/su<1.290 m/s范围内,质量比处于0<m*0.330范围内,阻尼比处于0<δ0.120范围内,钝体均呈现大幅阱间混沌运动,振动幅值最大可达0.6 m。

3)单向轴承的利用可以保证俘获钝体双向振动的能量,使传动轴转速始终大于等于齿轮转速。随着阻尼比的增加发电功率降低。当阻尼比为0.009时,发电功率可达60 W。发电工作区间也会缩小,并导致系统提前脱离共振区间。通过质量比对发电功率的影响分析可知,质量比增大会使涡激振动锁定区间提前并缩小,振动幅值变小,发电量降低。当质量比为0.095时,发电功率可达58 W。

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基金资助

陕西省教育厅科研计划项目(21JK0705)

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