Objective This study selects grey brick masonry from ancient structures in Longshengzhuang, Inner Mongolia, as the research object to address the issues associated with long-term freeze‒thaw cycles and impact-induced damage to sand particles in ancient buildings in Inner Mongolia. Ball pressure impact tests conducted on grey bricks before and after freeze‒thaw cycles are utilized to investigate the impact damage behavior of grey bricks in ancient buildings. Methods An engineering material durability damage testing system simulating natural environmental conditions and an automatic ball drop impact apparatus were utilized to conduct ball pressure impact tests on ancient building grey bricks before and after freeze‒thaw cycling. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique was applied to analyze strain field distributions within the indentation zones of the bricks. Dynamic hardness and coefficients of restitution were calculated to evaluate elastic‒plastic behavior. In addition, ultra-depth three-dimensional microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to observe damage morphology and to investigate underlying damage mechanisms. Results and Discussions As the number of freeze‒thaw cycles increased, the apparent hardness, compressive strength, elastic modulus, and Poisson's ratio of the grey brick samples showed a declining trend. The impact process of ancient building grey bricks was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the brick surface was compressed under ball impact, and the impact load rapidly increased to its peak value. In the second stage, elastic deformation of the brick generated an impulse force acting on the ball, which appeared as a secondary rise in the impact load time curve. With increasing impact height, both the peak load and secondary rebound force initially increased gradually and then increased rapidly, while the time interval associated with secondary impact was extended. Under identical impact heights, freeze‒thaw cycling caused an increase in peak impact load, whereas the secondary rebound time and secondary impact peak load continuously decreased. Without freeze‒thaw cycling, the peak load and secondary rebound peak load were 1 240.1 N and 380.4 N, respectively. After 10 freeze‒thaw cycles, the peak impact load increased by approximately 22.3%, while the secondary rebound peak load decreased by approximately 26.4%. These effects became more pronounced after 20 cycles. Following 50 freeze‒thaw cycles, the surface impact peak load increased by approximately 92.2%, and the secondary impact peak load decreased by approximately 63.9%, accompanied by a significant reduction in the secondary impact time interval. After impact loading, strain within the damaged zone exhibited a ring-shaped diffusion pattern centered on the impact location, and radial strain decreased with increasing distance from the impact center. At impact heights of 23, 27, 31, 35, and 39 cm, the maximum radial strains were 3 531, 4 972, 5 780, 7 861, and 9 231, respectively. At identical impact heights, increasing numbers of freeze‒thaw cycles caused the radial strain in the central indentation region to increase by 729 to 5 490. Before 20 freeze‒thaw cycles, strain increases at the indentation edges were minimal, whereas after 20 cycles, edge strain increased significantly relative to earlier stages. The dynamic hardness and coefficient of restitution of ancient building grey bricks decreased as impact height increased. At an impact height of 23 cm, these values were 53.29 MPa and 0.41, respectively, while at 39 cm, they decreased to 31.65% and 24.39% of their initial values, respectively. Under identical impact heights, increasing freeze‒thaw cycles reduced the bricks' resistance to plastic deformation, and both dynamic hardness and coefficient of restitution progressively declined. Without freeze‒thaw cycling, dynamic hardness and coefficient of restitution were 53.29 MPa and 0.41, respectively. After 50 freeze‒thaw cycles, these values decreased to 54.91% and 34.15% of their original values. Under impact loading, the surface of the ancient building's grey bricks formed spherical crown-shaped indentations, with particle shedding observed around the indentation. Freeze‒thaw cycling caused surface pulverization, spalling, and cracking, while internal pore structures gradually expanded and became larger and more rounded, reducing resistance to plastic deformation. After impact loading, indentation depth, diameter, surface area, and volume increased progressively; the indentation surfaces became rougher, and particle shedding occurred within the impact pits. Unfrozen bricks exhibited the smallest indentation damage zones in terms of depth, area, and volume, indicating the highest resistance to plastic deformation. After 50 freeze‒thaw cycles, indentation depth and diameter increased by 51.26% and 15.66%, respectively, compared to the unfrozen condition. The experimental results provided valuable guidance for durability assessment, protection strategies, and restoration practices for ancient buildings in Inner Mongolia. Conclusions Freeze‒thaw cycles significantly deteriorate the mechanical properties and impact resistance of grey bricks used in ancient buildings, leading to reduced dynamic hardness, decreased coefficient of restitution, and increased surface damage under impact loading. The experimental results provide valuable insights for durability assessment and for the development of protection and repair strategies for ancient buildings in Inner Mongolia.
ChengLeilei, QueXiaoe, YangLiu,et al.China desert ecosystem:Function improvement and service efficiency enhancement[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2020,35(6):690‒698. doi:10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20200430001
LiBin, DuHongxiu, LiuXiaoxian,et al.Physical properties and composition analysis of ancient bricks in Ming and Qing dynasties in Shanxi Province[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2020,39(9):2944‒2949.
ZhuCaihui, LiNing, GuoBingxuan,et al.Detection and analysis of the disease of brick-soil structure base in an ancient building[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2018,40(1):169‒176. doi:10.11779/CJGE201801018
YangXiaohong, ZhengLiang, ChenYile,et al.Recognition of damage types of Chinese gray-brick ancient buildings based on machine learning—Taking the Macau World Heritage buffer zone as an example[J].Atmosphere,2023;14(2):346. doi:10.3390/atmos14020346
[8]
LiuJianbin, ZhangZhongjian.Characteristics and weathering mechanisms of the traditional Chinese blue brick from the ancient city of Ping Yao[J].Royal Society Open Science,2020,7(8):200058. doi:10.1098/rsos.200058
[9]
WangNiannian, ZhaoXuefeng, ZhaoPeng,et al.Automatic damage detection of historic masonry buildings based on mobile deep learning[J].Automation in Construction,2019,103:53‒66. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2019.03.003
[10]
WangHaoyu, PengLin, ZhangHoujiang,et al.Detection of material missing of hidden column in ancient building wall based on infrared thermal imaging[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2024,46(3):132‒144. doi:10.12171/j.1000-1522.20230307
CaoFeng, WuYuqing, WangJulin.Determination of capillary water absorption of blue bricks in Beijing Ming Great Wall and its influencing factors[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2019,19(22):286‒292.
LiSai, WangXinya, ZhangZhongjian,et al.Application of building information model in the renovation construction of an ancient temple:Taking Jingyong Temple as example[J].Building Structure,2023,53(S1):2391‒2395.
ZhangJianwei, HuangXiaoshan, BianHanliang,et al.Repair and reinforcement of ancient buildings based on skim milk powder combined with induced calcium carbonate precipitation technology[J].China Science and Technology Paper,2021,16(10):1035‒1039. doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-2783.2021.10.001
TangYongjing, ShaoZhendong, XuTianlong.Uniaxial compressive tests on ancient brick masonry from heritage buildings under unsaturated freeze‒thaw conditions[J].Construction and Building Materials,2018,183:706‒715. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.157
[19]
ZhangDaoming, WangLi, GuoGuoliang,et al.The effect of freeze-thaw action on the deterioration of macroscopic properties and microstructure of ancient grey bricks[J]. Protection of Cultural Relics and Archaeological Science, 2021,33(4):9‒15.
BieZhiming.The evolution law of structural damage of grey brick masonry under a freeze‒thaw cycle[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2020,51(4):668‒672. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2324.2020.04.017
YueJianwei, MaCan, ZhaoLimin,et al.Study on deterioration of gray brick with different moisture contents under freeze-Thaw environment[J].Materials,2022,15(5):1819. doi:10.3390/ma15051819
[24]
ZhaoPeng.Damage degradation law and mechanism of grey brick and its masonry structure under load and environment[D].Nanjing:Southeast University,2016. doi:10.7666/d.Y3090016
TangYongjing, ZhaoHong, YeZhenhua,et al.Weathering performance analysis and weathering degree evaluation of ancient brick masonry[J].Civil Building and Environmental Engineering,2017,39(3):67‒74.
LiYonghui, XieHuarong, WangJianguo,et al.Comparative study on isothermal moisture absorption performance of traditional grey bricks in historical buildings[J].Journal of Building Materials,2014,17(6):1092‒1095. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2014.06.027
LiuXiao.Research on the deterioration law and mechanism of the facade of brick buildings in Lanzhou[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2021.
[31]
刘笑.兰州市砖砌建筑外立面劣化规律与机理研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2021.
[32]
YueHanwei.Research on contact damage of concrete by sphere impact method[D].Beijing:China General Research Institute of Building Materials Science,2010.
ZhangZongheng, ZhangHong, YaoXiaohu,et al.Experimental study of failure modes of PVB laminated glass under low-velocity impact[J].Acta Armamentarii,2017,38(S1):113‒119.
WangDepan, LiangSen, ZhouYuesong, et al.Study on mechanical properties and impact resistance of chopped carbon fiber reinforced alumina composite ceramics[J]. Composite Materials Science and Engineering,2023,(6):12‒16. doi:10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20230628.002
HaoYunhong, WangTing, XuanJiaoyu, et al.Analysis of impact damage characteristics and elastoplastic characteristics of steel structure coating[J].Journal of Building Materials,2022,25(9):931‒937. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007
HaoYunhong, TianXule, HanYan,et al.Contact damage of steel structure coatings under impact loading[J].Journal of Building Materials,2020,23(3):707‒712. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2020.03.031
ChenZhicheng.Study on contact damage of concrete materials and non-destructive evaluation by ball compression method[D].Beijing:China Academy of Building Materials Science,2002.
[43]
陈志城.混凝土材料的接触损伤及球压法无损评价研究[D].北京:中国建筑材料科学研究院,2002.
[44]
ThorntonC.Coefficient of restitution for collinear collisions of elastic-perfectly plastic spheres[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics,1997,64(2):383‒386. doi:10.1115/1.2787319
[45]
ThorntonC, NingZemin.A theoretical model for the stick/bounce behaviour of adhesive,elastic‒plastic spheres[J].Powder Technology,1998,99(2):154‒162. doi:10.1016/s0032-5910(98)00099-0
[46]
ZouJun, LiuJiaxin, WangJizhen,et al.High-energy low-velocity impact response and damage characteristics of the blunt-body of composite laminates[J].Journal of Composites,2024,41(6):3271‒3278. doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20231016.001
ZhaoYiqiao, YuTao, GuoYichun,et al.Low-velocity impact performance of plant fiber metal laminates[J].Journal of Building Materials,2022,25(8):830‒835. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007
SunYanan, JinZuquan, PengBo,et al.Pulling-out process and interfacial bonding performance of BFRP bar in concrete based on DIC[J].Journal of Building Materials,2023,26(1):45‒52.
ChenXudong, ShiZhenxiang, GuoYuzhu,et al.Flexural performance of granite‒concrete beams based on DIC technology[J].Journal of Building Materials,2022,25(10):1040‒1046.
DaiShuhong, XuTao, HuangHuasen,et al.Study on mode Ⅰ crack damage propagation of rock based on DIC‒FEM[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science Edition),2023,42(4):385‒390.