Objective Among numerous smelting processes, the Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace (RKEF) process is extensively employed in ferronickel smelting due to its advantages of high metal recovery, reduced harmful elements, and mature process technology. However, several challenges remain, such as excessive energy consumption and significant slag discharge. Therefore, it is crucial to rationally design the geometric dimensions of the submerged arc furnace and seek an effective process optimization scheme to enhance smelting efficiency. The quality of ferronickel alloy is significantly influenced by the temperature of the molten pool, which is difficult to monitor and investigate experimentally during the smelting process. Therefore, a numerical simulation method is employed in this paper to explore the interaction mechanism of multiple physical fields within a submerged arc furnace and to study the influence of furnace temperature on the reduction characteristics of metal oxides. Method To explore the coupling mechanism of multiple physical fields in a three-phase submerged arc furnace during the smelting process, a transient three-dimensional mathematical model of the submerged arc furnace was established. This model integrates electromagnetic theory, heat and mass transfer, component reactions, and magnetic field perturbation into a unified computational framework, and solves current continuity equations and component transport equations using user-defined functions (UDFs). Meanwhile, source terms for viscous resistance, inertial resistance, electromagnetic force, Joule heat, and reduction reactions were added to the momentum and energy equations using user-defined functions. First, the distribution characteristics of electromagnetic, temperature, and component fields were analyzed. Meanwhile, the processes of heat transfer, material flow, and energy conversion within the furnace were simulated. Second, the variation of multiple physical fields over time was analyzed. Meanwhile, the reaction characteristics of ferronickel oxide in the submerged arc furnace were studied based on the reduction reaction mechanism of laterite nickel ore. Finally, the effects of different electrode insertion depths on temperature distribution and metal oxide conversion rates were studied. Results and Discussions The distribution of potential contour lines near the arc is dense, indicating a relatively large potential gradient. Affected by this distribution, the current density is mainly concentrated in the arc zone. In addition, the current density between the electrode bottom and the molten pool bottom is significantly higher than in other areas of the molten pool. When the smelting time reaches 40 min, the current flows in from one arc and out through the other two arcs via the charge layer, forming four current paths within the molten pool. Due to the effects of the magnetic field and high-frequency current, the current density on the inner side of the arc is higher than on the outer side, showing clear skin and proximity effects. The distributions of Joule heat and temperature depend on the current density, resulting in a concentration of Joule heat primarily beneath the electrode. The inner side of the arc shows higher Joule heat than the outer side. The temperature below the electrode is higher, forming a high-temperature crucible zone. The maximum temperature in the arc zone is 5 641 K, and the temperature along the central axis of the molten pool first increases and then decreases. Due to the low current density above the arc, the heating rate in the upper molten pool is lower, leading to a lower conversion rate of ferronickel oxide in this region. As the smelting time increases from 10 min to 40 min, the average arc voltage drop increases, the maximum magnetic induction intensity rises from 0.008 9 T to 0.012 0 T, and the maximum Joule heat on the inner side of the arc increases from 2.38 MW·m-3 to 10.30 MW·m-3. When the electrode insertion depth increases from 1.9 m to 2.5 m, the average voltage drop of the three arc zones decreases from 20.67 V to 18.39 V. Meanwhile, the current density between the arc and the molten pool bottom increases, and the magnetic induction intensity rises. As a result, the molten pool temperature increases, and the maximum temperature at the bottom of the molten pool rises from 1 555 K to 1 809 K. However, with increasing electrode insertion depth, the high-temperature zone shifts downward, leading to a gradual decrease in temperature above the arc. The maximum temperature at the molten pool surface decreases from 1 460 K to 1 390 K. Because the reduction of ferronickel oxide depends on the temperature field, controlling the furnace temperature is important for improving conversion rates. After 40 min of smelting, nickel oxide is substantially reduced within the crucible zone. Outside this zone, the conversion rate of nickel oxide is about 8% higher at an electrode insertion depth of H = 1.9 m than at H = 2.5 m. Thus, a shallower insertion depth benefits nickel oxide reduction. However, increasing the electrode insertion depth from 1.9 m to 2.5 m increases the maximum conversion rate of iron oxide in the crucible zone from 41.8% to 51.4%. The insertion depth has little effect on iron oxide conversion outside the crucible zone. The downward shift of the high-temperature region reduces the conversion rate of iron oxide above the arc zone and decreases the conversion rate at the molten pool surface center from 33.7% to 25.6%. Conclusions This study clarifies the coupled, non-uniform distribution characteristics of electromagnetic, temperature, and component fields in a ferronickel submerged arc furnace. Current density, Joule heat, and high temperature are mainly concentrated in the arc zone and beneath the electrodes, showing clear skin and proximity effects, while the upper molten pool exhibits insufficient heating and lower metal oxide conversion rates. With prolonged smelting time, the arc voltage drop, magnetic induction intensity, and Joule heat gradually increase, further strengthening the temperature field. Increasing the electrode insertion depth shifts the high-temperature zone downward, raising the bottom temperature of the molten pool and promoting iron oxide reduction within the crucible zone. However, it reduces the temperature and nickel oxide conversion rate in the upper region and at the molten pool surface. A shallower insertion depth favors nickel oxide reduction, whereas a deeper insertion depth favors iron oxide reduction within the crucible zone. Considering the overall conversion performance of ferronickel oxides, an optimal electrode insertion depth of 2.1~2.3 m is recommended for practical smelting, as it can effectively balance temperature distribution and improve the reduction rate of metal oxides in the RKEF process.
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