三相埋弧炉多物理场数值模拟分析

刘鹏, 杨祎晗, 李茂生, 张宏, 孙昊

工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (03) : 365 -373.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (03) : 365 -373. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202400208
化学工程与材料工程

三相埋弧炉多物理场数值模拟分析

    刘鹏1, 杨祎晗1, 李茂生1, 张宏2, 孙昊1
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Numerical Simulation Analysis of Multiple Physical Fields in Three-phase Submerged Arc Furnace

    Peng LIU1, Yihan YANG1, Maosheng LI1, Hong ZHANG2, Hao SUN1
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摘要

为探究三相埋弧炉冶炼过程中多物理场耦合机制,本文建立了一个瞬态三维矿热炉数学模型。该模型不仅将电磁理论、传热传质、组分反应和磁场扰动整合到统一的计算框架中,还利用用户自定义函数UDFs(user defined functions)求解了电流连续性方程和组分运输方程。本文分析了镍铁冶炼过程中的电磁‒温度‒组分多物理场分布规律,并对炉内热量的传递、物质的流动和能量的转化过程进行了模拟。此外,分析了不同时刻多物理场的变化规律,研究了不同电极插入深度对温度分布和金属氧化物转化率的影响。研究结果表明:受电势梯度分布的影响,电流密度主要集中于电弧区内侧边缘,呈现趋肤效应和邻近效应分布特性,并决定了焦耳热和温度场的分布,在电极下方形成一个高温坩埚区,其中电弧区最高温为5 641 K;当冶炼时间由10 min增至40 min时,电弧平均电压降随之增大,且电弧底部内侧最大焦耳热由2.38 MW·m-3增至10.30 MW·m-3;当电极插入深度由1.9 m增至2.5 m时,3个电弧区的平均电压降由20.67 V降至18.39 V,增强了电弧至熔池底部的电流密度,磁感应强度也随之增大,有利于熔池温度的提升,熔池底部最高温度由1 555 K升至1 809 K;冶炼至40 min时,坩埚区内氧化镍基本被还原。在坩埚区外,电极插入深度为1.9 m比2.5 m时氧化镍的转化率高8%左右,而坩埚区内氧化铁最大转化率由41.8%提升至51.4%,但料面中心处氧化铁转化率由33.7%降至25.6%。

Abstract

Objective Among numerous smelting processes, the Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace (RKEF) process is extensively employed in ferronickel smelting due to its advantages of high metal recovery, reduced harmful elements, and mature process technology. However, several challenges remain, such as excessive energy consumption and significant slag discharge. Therefore, it is crucial to rationally design the geometric dimensions of the submerged arc furnace and seek an effective process optimization scheme to enhance smelting efficiency. The quality of ferronickel alloy is significantly influenced by the temperature of the molten pool, which is difficult to monitor and investigate experimentally during the smelting process. Therefore, a numerical simulation method is employed in this paper to explore the interaction mechanism of multiple physical fields within a submerged arc furnace and to study the influence of furnace temperature on the reduction characteristics of metal oxides. Method To explore the coupling mechanism of multiple physical fields in a three-phase submerged arc furnace during the smelting process, a transient three-dimensional mathematical model of the submerged arc furnace was established. This model integrates electromagnetic theory, heat and mass transfer, component reactions, and magnetic field perturbation into a unified computational framework, and solves current continuity equations and component transport equations using user-defined functions (UDFs). Meanwhile, source terms for viscous resistance, inertial resistance, electromagnetic force, Joule heat, and reduction reactions were added to the momentum and energy equations using user-defined functions. First, the distribution characteristics of electromagnetic, temperature, and component fields were analyzed. Meanwhile, the processes of heat transfer, material flow, and energy conversion within the furnace were simulated. Second, the variation of multiple physical fields over time was analyzed. Meanwhile, the reaction characteristics of ferronickel oxide in the submerged arc furnace were studied based on the reduction reaction mechanism of laterite nickel ore. Finally, the effects of different electrode insertion depths on temperature distribution and metal oxide conversion rates were studied. Results and Discussions The distribution of potential contour lines near the arc is dense, indicating a relatively large potential gradient. Affected by this distribution, the current density is mainly concentrated in the arc zone. In addition, the current density between the electrode bottom and the molten pool bottom is significantly higher than in other areas of the molten pool. When the smelting time reaches 40 min, the current flows in from one arc and out through the other two arcs via the charge layer, forming four current paths within the molten pool. Due to the effects of the magnetic field and high-frequency current, the current density on the inner side of the arc is higher than on the outer side, showing clear skin and proximity effects. The distributions of Joule heat and temperature depend on the current density, resulting in a concentration of Joule heat primarily beneath the electrode. The inner side of the arc shows higher Joule heat than the outer side. The temperature below the electrode is higher, forming a high-temperature crucible zone. The maximum temperature in the arc zone is 5 641 K, and the temperature along the central axis of the molten pool first increases and then decreases. Due to the low current density above the arc, the heating rate in the upper molten pool is lower, leading to a lower conversion rate of ferronickel oxide in this region. As the smelting time increases from 10 min to 40 min, the average arc voltage drop increases, the maximum magnetic induction intensity rises from 0.008 9 T to 0.012 0 T, and the maximum Joule heat on the inner side of the arc increases from 2.38 MW·m-3 to 10.30 MW·m-3. When the electrode insertion depth increases from 1.9 m to 2.5 m, the average voltage drop of the three arc zones decreases from 20.67 V to 18.39 V. Meanwhile, the current density between the arc and the molten pool bottom increases, and the magnetic induction intensity rises. As a result, the molten pool temperature increases, and the maximum temperature at the bottom of the molten pool rises from 1 555 K to 1 809 K. However, with increasing electrode insertion depth, the high-temperature zone shifts downward, leading to a gradual decrease in temperature above the arc. The maximum temperature at the molten pool surface decreases from 1 460 K to 1 390 K. Because the reduction of ferronickel oxide depends on the temperature field, controlling the furnace temperature is important for improving conversion rates. After 40 min of smelting, nickel oxide is substantially reduced within the crucible zone. Outside this zone, the conversion rate of nickel oxide is about 8% higher at an electrode insertion depth of H = 1.9 m than at H = 2.5 m. Thus, a shallower insertion depth benefits nickel oxide reduction. However, increasing the electrode insertion depth from 1.9 m to 2.5 m increases the maximum conversion rate of iron oxide in the crucible zone from 41.8% to 51.4%. The insertion depth has little effect on iron oxide conversion outside the crucible zone. The downward shift of the high-temperature region reduces the conversion rate of iron oxide above the arc zone and decreases the conversion rate at the molten pool surface center from 33.7% to 25.6%. Conclusions This study clarifies the coupled, non-uniform distribution characteristics of electromagnetic, temperature, and component fields in a ferronickel submerged arc furnace. Current density, Joule heat, and high temperature are mainly concentrated in the arc zone and beneath the electrodes, showing clear skin and proximity effects, while the upper molten pool exhibits insufficient heating and lower metal oxide conversion rates. With prolonged smelting time, the arc voltage drop, magnetic induction intensity, and Joule heat gradually increase, further strengthening the temperature field. Increasing the electrode insertion depth shifts the high-temperature zone downward, raising the bottom temperature of the molten pool and promoting iron oxide reduction within the crucible zone. However, it reduces the temperature and nickel oxide conversion rate in the upper region and at the molten pool surface. A shallower insertion depth favors nickel oxide reduction, whereas a deeper insertion depth favors iron oxide reduction within the crucible zone. Considering the overall conversion performance of ferronickel oxides, an optimal electrode insertion depth of 2.1~2.3 m is recommended for practical smelting, as it can effectively balance temperature distribution and improve the reduction rate of metal oxides in the RKEF process.

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刘鹏, 杨祎晗, 李茂生, 张宏, 孙昊. 三相埋弧炉多物理场数值模拟分析[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2026, 58(03): 365-373 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400208

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,工艺流程如图1所示
镍是生产高性能特种合金、磁性材料和电磁屏蔽等工业材料的重要原料,被广泛应用于有色冶金、铸造业和高端装备制造业等领域。现有红土镍矿的冶炼工艺主要分为火法冶炼和湿法冶炼,常规火法冶炼工艺主要分为高炉法、鼓风法、矿热炉法和回转窑粒铁法[1]。矿热炉法又称为预热还原—矿热炉工艺,该工艺首先将红土镍矿装入干燥窑内脱除游离水,接着在回转窑高温条件下还原焙烧,脱除结晶水生成焙烧砂,最后将焙烧砂装入矿热炉中进行还原熔炼得到粗镍铁[2]。该工艺因工艺成熟、流程短、投资少等优点,被广泛应用于镍铁冶金工业,但存在能耗高、碳排放量大和熔炼渣量大等缺点。因此,有必要对整个工艺流程进行数值分析,合理制定矿热炉几何参数,寻求更有效的工业运行优化方案。
研究发现,电弧等离子体与阳极表面的相互作用及界面波动对熔池流动及其与矿热炉的热量交换至关重要,最终影响矿热炉冶炼效率。邓晶等[3]基于磁矢量势描述的磁流体动力学方法模拟了等离子体电弧的高温阴极射流行为,研究了弧区周围的气体被阴极射流加热和驱动的现象。Larsen等[4]对硅金属炉中交流电弧自由燃烧过程进行了模拟,其主要以电弧热作为热源,并耦合质量、动量和能量守恒方程以分析炉内熔炼过程。Chen等[5]构建了交流电弧的数学模型,研究了电弧电流对电磁作用和传热效率的影响,结果表明较高的电弧电流增强了洛伦兹力和焦耳加热效应。Moghadam等[6]建立了一个硅铁埋弧炉数学模型,研究了交流电弧的流体流动和传热过程,计算结果表明较低的功率输入导致电弧效率较高。Yao等[78]建立了电弧和熔池耦合的数学模型,研究了电弧弧长和电流大小对熔池流场和传热效率的影响。
在电弧数值研究的基础上,Halvorsen等[9]提出并分析了一种三相交流熔炼的简化模拟方法,构建了一种高效的、简化的三相交流电炉电流和功率分布的计算模型。Tesfahunegn[1011]等对交流矿热炉的电极、电弧、电极与炉壁之间边弧不同配置情况下电流分布情况进行模拟,研究表明交流频率较低时,电流密度分布只呈现邻近效应,趋肤效应仅在频率较高时出现。Cui等[12]建立了一个瞬态三维数学模型来表征矿热炉中的流动、传热和电磁行为。结果表明,增加输入电流,能够强化熔池内部流动,有利于熔池内温度的均匀化。Scheepers[1315]等将计算流体力学、热力学和反应动力学与工业数据相结合,开发了一种用于生产磷的三相交流矿热炉模型,忽略了多相间的传质过程,研究了运行条件的变化对温度和反应物质量分数分布的影响。Zhao等[16]建立了三维埋弧炉多物理场耦合模型,研究了不同电极直径对炉内多物理场分布的影响,结果表明电流密度主要集中在电极底部,呈现出明显的趋肤效应;磁感应强度最大值位于极心圆中心位置,对熔池内流体的流动有重要影响。Karalis[1718]等对二维交流镍铁矿热炉模型进行了稳态求解,考虑了电极的形状和电极插入深度对焦耳热和熔渣性能的影响,分析了不同计算域之间的电势、动量和传热过程。在此基础上,利用三维瞬态数学模型研究了不同时刻传热现象和电磁现象。李宝宽等[19]利用VOF模型建立矿料、钛渣和铁水三相多物理场数学模型,求解了反应过程中各物相的生成速率或消耗速率,从而监测不同料口的质量流量,同时还验证了冶炼过程中多物理场的强耦合性和不均匀性。Yu[2021]等建立了一个三维瞬态铬铁矿热炉多物理场模型,研究了不同电极插入深度下多物理场分布及铬铁氧化物还原情况,并在此基础上研究了不同相电压下铬铁液滴的传输速率。Zhang[2224]等建立了碳化钙熔炼过程的三维瞬态数学模型,得出了冶炼过程中炉内多物理场存在强耦合和不均匀性,电流的增加虽然提高了炉内的温度和冶炼效率,但是对安全生产也有负面影响。
综上所述,矿热炉的研究大多集中在结构参数和物性参数对多物理场的影响,缺乏将交流电弧与熔池冶炼相耦合的数值模拟。本研究通过Fluent UDFs将电磁感应、流体流动、组分反应和热力学现象集合为统一的数学框架,分析了不同时刻熔池电流、磁场、焦耳热和组分转化率的分布规律,研究了电极插入深度对熔池温度和镍铁氧化物碳还原过程的影响。

1 物理模型构建

1.1 几何模型

镍铁矿热炉结构尺寸是企业实际生产装置的设计数据,炉结构示意图如附录A图A1所示,对炉膛适当简化后由Solid Works建模,利用ICEM软件进行结构化网格划分,将炉膛区分为电弧区和熔池区,并对电弧区及熔池边界层进行局部加密,如图1所示。图1中电极直径为1.60 m,极心圆半径为2.25 m,电弧高度为0.10 m,电极插入深度为2.20 m,炉膛料面直径为13.54 m,炉膛底部直径为12.30 m,熔池位置为z=0.37~4.07 m,渣金层位置为z=0~0.37 m。本文重点研究电弧区和熔池区多物理变化情况。

1.2 物性参数

本文主要研究镍铁矿热炉的冶炼过程,混合矿料的物性参数和成分比例是通过实验和热力学计算得到,其中镍、铁氧化物的质量分数分别为1.65%和25.20%。炉内气体组分由现场测量所得,其中CO、CO2、N2、H2和其他气体的占比分别为75%、2.6%、15%、1.8%、5.6%。考虑到炉料的物性参数与温度相关,其热导率与比热容均通过FactSage软件计算所得,其中炉料密度为4 000 kg/m3。其他物性参数由监测现场工艺参数和查阅文献得到,如表1所示。在局部热力学平衡下,高温空气的物性参数可以作为电弧等离子体的物性参数,参考文献[25]选定。

2 数学模型

2.1 模型假设

镍铁矿热炉冶炼过程包含还原反应、置换反应和造渣反应等复杂变化过程,为了简化计算,对该模型进行如下假设:1)仅考虑镍铁氧化物的还原反应;2)不考虑电气设备对电磁场的影响;3)忽略矿料与矿料之间的相互作用,处理成拟流体的运动和传热[1415,20];4)电弧的工质为高温空气,其物性参数为高温空气的物性参数;5)炉内各物料的磁导率均为1。

2.2 控制方程

根据电荷守恒方程,引入电势φ和磁矢量 A 建立电流连续性方程和磁流体方程,利用UDFs求解电场和磁场[26],方程如下:

σ2φ=0
J=-σφ-σAt
B=×A

式(1)~(3)中:σ为电导率,S/m;2为拉普拉斯算子;t为时间,s;φ为电势,V; A 为磁矢量,V·S/m; J 为电流密度,A/m2B 为磁感应强度,T。

将球状矿料视为多孔介质处理,利用半经验公式厄根方程求解黏性阻力系数1/α和惯性阻力系数C2。将电磁力 Fe以源项的形式加载进动量方程,方程如下:

(ρv)t+(ρvv)=-P+(μv)+Sv
Sv=ρg+Fe+Sp
Fe=J×B
Sp=-μαv+C22ρvv

式(4)~(7)中: v 为流体速度,m/s;ρ为密度,kg/m3P为压力,Pa; g 为重力加速度,m/s2μ为流体黏度,kg/(m·s); Fe为电磁力,N/m3

通过UDFs将电弧热和电阻热载入能量方程源项求解炉内温度分布,方程如下:

(ρT)t+(ρvT)=λcpT+QS

式中:T为熔池温度,K;λ为导热系数,W/(m·K);cp为比热容,J/(kg·K);QS为能量源项,W/m3

对于电弧区,能量方程源项由电子运输焓、焦耳热和辐射损失QAR组成,表达式如下:

QS=52·KBeJT+J·Jσ-QAR
QAR=aG-4an2ξT4

式(9)、(10)中,a为吸收系数,KB为玻尔兹曼常量,e为电子电荷数,G为入射辐射,ξ为斯忒藩玻尔兹曼常量,n为折射系数。

对于物料区,能量方程源项由焦耳热、还原反应热QRec和相变吸热QMelt组成,表达式如下:

QS=JJσ+QRec+QMelt
QRec=iqiΔciρMoiΔt×1 000

式(11)、(12)中:Mo为摩尔质量;i为还原反应类型;q为反应吸收热量,J/mol;c为反应物质量分数;QRec为还原反应热源项,W/m3QS为相变吸热QMelt源项,W/m3

组分运输方程由用户自定义标量(UDS)建立,其中物料的填充速度由现场测量得到。通过对氧化镍和氧化铁碳进行还原实验,确定了指前因子和活化能,明确了还原反应机理,为数值模拟提供了条件。方程如下:

(ρc)t+(ρvc)=-iKdwdtρ
dwdt=k(T)f(w)=Ame-EaRT(1-w)m

式(13)、(14)中:w为金属氧化物转化率,%;k(T)为Arrhenius方程;f(w)为反应机理函数;Ea为活化能,kJ/mol;Am为指前因子,min-1R为理想气体常数;m为反应级数;当熔池温度达到反应起始温度T时,K=1,反之K=0。还原反应参数如表2所示。

2.3 边界条件

矿热炉边界条件如表3所示,现场稳定熔炼的相电压为164 V,交流电频率f为50 Hz,电极间的相位角ψ为120°。电势和磁矢量的边界条件参考文献[11,20]进行设置。根据炉料的升温过程可以确定温度边界条件,采用耦合法求解内部边界[4,24]

2.4 数值方法

基于有限体积法,利用ANSYS Fluent对控制方程进行数值求解,用用户自定义函数(UDFs)求解了电热转换、电磁感应、磁场扰动和组分反应等过程。其中,电弧高温空气的雷诺数大于2 300,因此采用标准kε湍流模型。采用P‒1辐射模型[15]处理电弧与熔池之间的传热过程,其中,电弧的散射系数和吸收系数均为0.6[28]。利用Ergun公式求解炉料的进料速率,物料孔隙率由实验测得为0.37。采用SIMPLE算法处理压力‒速度耦合问题,利用二阶迎风格式对控制方程进行离散。电弧初始温度为7 000 K,熔池初始温度为673 K,模拟时间步长为0.1 s,总模拟时长为40 min。

3 分析讨论

3.1 模型验证

通过网格无关性验证发现,相同条件下,网格数为65.20万时,电弧区最大焦耳热与熔池壁面最高温度将不会随着网格数量的增加而发生显著变化,故选定模型总网格数为65.20万。图2为本文的数学模型与Karalis等[17]提出的电炉模型计算的电压和焦耳热结果对比,结果吻合较好,两者之间的相对误差为2.3%。

3.2 熔池电势分布

电弧区电压降为电弧上下表面平均电压差,对镍铁球团冶炼过程至关重要,用ΔU表示。图3为不同电极插入深度下电弧区电压降。由图3可知,不同电极插入深度下三电弧电压降并不相同。电弧1最大电压降出现在插入深度1.9 m,其值为12.26 V,电弧2最大电压降出现在插入深度2.5 m,其值为22.09 V,电弧3最大电压降出现在插入深度1.9 m,其值为30.7 V。随着3个电极插入深度的增加,3个电弧区在1.9、2.1、2.3、2.5 m深度的平均电压降分别为20.67、20.32、19.54和18.39 V。炉料的电压降可以通过电弧电压降间接得到。

图4为电极插入深度H=2.1 m时,电弧2和电弧3底面圆心连线上不同时刻的电势分布,当冶炼时间由10 min增至40 min时,电弧平均压降随之增大,分别为2.25、3.66、6.95和11.24 V。上述现象均可通过欧姆定律进行解释,随着熔池温度的升高,熔池电导率随之增加,熔池区电压降逐渐减小,电弧区电压降便逐渐增加,即电势梯度逐渐增加。由图4中Face A(z=1.77 m)上电势云图可知,电弧下方至熔池底部间的电势梯度高于熔池其他位置的电势梯度,电势梯度越大表现为电势等值线分布越密集。

3.3 电流密度分布

电磁学物理场直接影响温度场和组分场的分布,因为焦耳热是由电流产生的。因此,分析镍铁矿热炉中的电流和焦耳热分布具有重要意义。为了更清楚地展示电流密度的分布,选择水平截面Face A和垂直截面Face B(x=1.125 m)来展示冶炼至40 min时熔池内电流密度的分布规律。由图5可知,Face A上大部分电流围绕3个电弧流动,且电弧内侧电流密度明显高于电弧外侧电流密度,这是受磁场作用和高频电流的影响出现的趋肤效应和邻近效应[2930]。从Face B可以发现,电流从一个电弧流入,从另一个电弧流出,形成了电弧与电弧之间、电弧与炉底之间、电极与电极之间和电弧与炉壁之间的电流通路。受电势分布的影响,电流密度主要集中在电弧区,且电极下方至熔池底部的电流密度明显大于熔池内其他位置的电流密度。

3.4 焦耳热和磁场分布

图6为电弧2、3底面圆心((1.125,-6,1.77)和(1.125,6, 1.77))连线上Line B的焦耳热分布。由图6可知,由10 min冶炼至40 min,电弧底部内侧最大焦耳热由2.38 MW·m-3增至10.30 MW·m-3,电弧底部外侧最大焦耳热由1.49 MW·m-3增至3.21 MW·m-3,其变化趋势同电流密度分布规律相似。

图7为矿热炉不同高度的磁感应强度最大值分布。由图7可知,随着电极插入深度的增加,磁感应强度最大值由0.008 9 T增至0.012 0 T,且最大值均出现在电弧区位置,说明增加电极插入深度能有效提高电弧至熔池底部的电流密度,同时也产出更大的磁感应强度,有利于熔池热量的传递和温度的均匀分布。同理,最大电流密度和焦耳热也会随着电极插入深度的增加而增加,并随之下移。

3.5 熔池温度分布

矿热炉内温度的控制对镍铁氧化物的还原具有重要意义。图8为不同电极插入深度下熔池的温度分布。

图8(a)可知,增加电极插入深度能有效提升熔池底部温度,熔池底部最高温度由1 555 K增至1 809 K并逐渐向熔池两侧递减,侧壁温度为1 154 K。

图8(b)可知,受焦耳热分布影响,在电极下方形成了温度较高的坩埚区。此外,随着电极插入深度的增加,熔池中轴线上温度分布呈先增后减趋势,熔池料面处的中心温度由1 460 K降至1 390 K。这是因为增加电极插入深度虽然能够提升电弧下方至熔池底部的温度,但随着电弧高温区的下移,电弧上方至熔池顶部的温度逐渐降低。当电极插入深度为2.5 m时,熔池底部中心温度为1 555 K,而中轴线上温度最大值为1 558 K,熔池中轴线上温度分布仍然呈先增后减趋势。

3.6 氧化镍转化率分布

研究发现,温度对镍铁氧化物的反应速率有直接影响。图9为40 min时不同电极插入深度下氧化镍转化率的分布,由于熔池结构的对称性,本文取熔池底面半径Line E(z=0.37 m)和熔池中部水平截面半径Line F(z=2 m)作为分析重点。由图9(a)、(b)可知,冶炼40 min时,坩埚区内温度较高,该区域内氧化镍基本被还原,坩埚区外的氧化镍在H为1.9 m转化率相较于H为2.5 m更高。通过对熔池不同高度水平截面半径的氧化镍转化率进行分析,发现电极插入深度为1.9 m时氧化镍转化率比其他电极插入深度更高,说明H为1.9 m更有利于氧化镍的还原过程。

3.7 氧化铁转化率分布

图10为冶炼40 min时不同电极插入深度下氧化铁转化率的分布,分别从熔池底面半径Line G和熔池中垂线Line H进行分析。由图10(a)可知:冶炼40 min时,坩埚区外的氧化铁转化率受电极插入深度影响较小;坩埚区内的氧化铁转化率随电极插入深度增大而增加,深度由1.9 m增加至2.5 m时,氧化铁转化率由41.8%增至51.4%。由图10(b)可知,熔池中轴线上的氧化铁转化率随电极插入深度增加而降低,深度从1.9 m增加至2.5 m时,熔池顶部氧化铁转化率由33.7%降至25.6%。说明坩埚区内温度分布的不均匀性对氧化铁的还原影响较大,增加电极插入深度增大了电弧下方的温度,有利于氧化铁的还原,却降低了电弧上方区域氧化铁的转化率。考虑到在同等条件下,坩埚区内的氧化镍能够基本还原,合理控制电极插入深度对于氧化铁的还原过程具有重要意义,在熔炼阶段建议电极插入深度为2.1~2.3 m。

4 结 论

本文建立了一个三维瞬态多物理场模型来预测埋弧炉的复杂冶炼过程,其中包括电热转化、电磁感应、流体流动、传热传质和还原反应等现象。

1)电弧区的电流密度受磁场作用和高频电流的影响出现了明显的趋肤效应和邻近效应。受电流周期变化的影响,电流从一个电弧流入,另外两个电弧流出,呈周期性交替变化,并在熔池内部形成4条电流路径。此外,熔池焦耳热的分布规律同电流密度分布规律相似。

2)随着电极插入深度的增加,熔池底部最高温度由1 555 K增至1 809 K,熔池上表面圆心处的温度由1 460 K降至1 390 K。增加电极插入深度虽然能够提高电弧下方至熔池底部区域温度,但是高温区的下移导致电弧上方的温度降低。

3)通过对电极插入深度对镍铁氧化物还原的研究,冶炼40 min时,坩埚区内的氧化镍基本完全还原,坩埚区外的氧化镍转化率在H为1.9 m高于H为2.5 m时,说明氧化镍低温转化率高于高温转化率,这对于提高合金中镍的含量有参考价值。然而,坩埚区外的氧化铁受电极插入深度的影响较小,坩埚区内的氧化铁虽然随电极插入深度增加而增加,但电弧高温区的下移也导致电弧上方区域的氧化铁转化率减小。

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