Objective This study accurately assesses the seismic safety of near-fault subway station structures by developing an advanced methodology and procedure. Currently, this assessment faces two major challenges, namely the scarcity of near-fault seismic records and the lack of practical modeling methods. This study proposes a deterministic physics-based simulation approach to construct strong ground motion fields that couple source, path, and site effects, and then uses the simulated motions as inputs to assess the seismic performance of critical station structures located at near-fault sites. Methods Firstly, this study introduced a comprehensive fault-to-station response simulation approach that comprised two main components: the FK-SE-FE hybrid method for simulating seismic wave propagation and the GP14.3 source model for synthesizing broadband ground motions. Specifically, the first component employed the FK-SEM hybrid method to simulate wave propagation from the source to the site, while the SEM-FEM hybrid method was utilized to simulate wave propagation from the site to the structure. The second component integrated high-frequency stochastic perturbations into the low-wavenumber deterministic asperity source model to ensure the bandwidth effectiveness of the synthesized ground motion, constructing the GP14.3 kinematic hybrid source model. This integrated simulation approach enabled a comprehensive analysis from fault rupture to structural response and effectively considered several key physical processes within the seismic scenario chain, including: 1) fault rupture mechanics; 2) regional crustal wave propagation; 3) local site effects; and 4) soil-structure interaction. Secondly, the underground stations of the Tianjin Metro were taken as an example, and six important stations were selected as research subjects based on the existing rail transit network. A refined finite element model of the subway station structure was established while explicitly considering soil-structure interaction. In addition, against the backdrop of the Tianjin hidden fault, and based on active fault detection, seismic hazard assessment, and geotechnical exploration drilling data for the target area, a kinematic hybrid source model of the target fault and the regional underground velocity structure was constructed. Finally, the synthesized broadband seismic waves were employed as input motions to investigate the dynamic responses and damage risks of various subway station structures under the prescribed earthquake scenarios. Results and Discussions The synthesized ground motions revealed substantial variations in acceleration waveforms and response spectra across the selected stations. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) values at specific locations reached up to 2.32 m/s2, which significantly exceeded the standard design basis seismic acceleration value of 0.15g for general construction projects in Tianjin. This finding highlighted the necessity for site-specific seismic assessments. Horizontal seismic motions were generally more pronounced than vertical motions, with horizontal PGAs reaching values up to twice those of the vertical components in some cases, indicating the importance of incorporating multi-directional seismic inputs in structural dynamic analyses. The structural deformation patterns exhibited considerable variability among the stations. Tianjin South station experienced the most severe deformation and the highest damage risk due to its proximity to the fault trace, with maximum interstory drift ratios approaching the plastic deformation threshold, which indicated a high potential for significant structural damage. In contrast, stations such as Yingkou Road, Tianjin West, and Tianjin stations exhibited moderate deformation levels, whereas Haihe Education Park and Binhai Airport stations experienced minimal deformation, indicating relatively lower risk profiles. Lateral wall relative displacements demonstrated nonlinear variations along the structural height. Displacements in the y-direction were larger than those in the x-direction, reflecting the complex interactions between multi-directional seismic inputs and the soil-structure system. The severity of potential structural damage varied among the stations, with Tianjin South station exhibiting the highest displacement values, followed by moderate risk levels at Yingkou Road, Tianjin West, and Tianjin stations, and minimal risk levels at Haihe Education Park and Binhai Airport stations. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed FK‒SE‒FE hybrid method combined with the kinematic hybrid source model in capturing the spatial variability of seismic motions and the complex interactions within the soil-structure system. The method provided a precise and practical tool for the seismic risk assessment of near-fault subway stations, emphasized varying vulnerability levels, and highlighted the necessity for site-specific seismic design considerations. Conclusions This study presents an advanced methodology and systematic procedure for evaluating the seismic response of near-fault subway stations by employing the FK‒SE‒FE hybrid method in conjunction with the GP14.3 kinematic hybrid source model. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this integrated approach in accurately capturing complex interactions and the spatial variability of seismic motions. The analysis indicates that stations located in proximity to the fault line, such as Tianjin South, are subjected to significantly higher risks of severe deformation and structural damage, highlighting the necessity for enhanced seismic design measures in these locations. In contrast, stations situated farther from the fault, including Haihe Education Park and Binhai Airport, exhibit comparatively lower seismic risk levels. The proposed procedure provides meaningful insights for engineers and researchers seeking to enhance the resilience and safety of subway infrastructure in earthquake-prone regions. Overall, the results highlight the critical importance of site-specific seismic design considerations and the implementation of advanced simulation techniques for mitigating seismic hazards.
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