Objective Considering the cleanliness and high efficiency of hydrogen energy, the development of hydrogen energy is of great significance for raising the energy transition. Because the gas energy of hydrogen-blended natural gas varies due to differences in gas components, the measurement approach for natural gas is gradually shifting from the traditional volume-based measurement mode to the energy-based measurement mode to ensure fair natural gas transfer. Transient operation simulation that considers gas component tracking represents an effective method for achieving virtual real-time metering of natural gas components and gas energy, particularly for stations without gas chromatographs. The transient simulation results of gas components and other operating parameters provide valuable references for pipeline scheduling and risk assessment. Methods Firstly, a coupling method that considered the spatiotemporal evolution of state variables and gas components during the transient flow of gas networks was proposed to simulate the time-varying operating variables and mole fraction of each component of natural gas at each discretized node in the gas pipeline network. The pipeline governing equations consisted of the continuity equation, the momentum equation, the energy equation, and the convection-diffusion equation. The BWRS EoS and enthalpy equation were applied at each discretized node. Equations of variable relations were added at the connection nodes of multiple devices to ensure the united operation of the entire gas pipeline network within the model. The coupling model considered the component tracking part and the flow parameter calculation part as an integrated whole, whereas the decoupling model divided the entire process into the gas equation of state parameter calculation part, the flow parameter calculation part, and the gas component tracking part. The parameters of the gas equation of state were calculated based on the gas components at different nodes, which were given by the initial conditions at the current time step based on the parameter calculation equations. Based on the calculated parameters, the flow parameters were obtained by solving the transient simulation model, which consisted of the pipeline governing model, equations of variable relations at the connection nodes, boundary conditions, and initial conditions. Then, the flow parameters were substituted into the component tracking model to calculate the gas components, and this model consisted of the convection-diffusion equation, boundary conditions, and initial conditions. If the pre- and post-iteration component deviations at each node met the specified accuracy requirements, the iteration ended at the current time step; otherwise, the components were updated using the calculated values, which were then used as the initial conditions to recalculate the parameters of the gas equation of state, and the above process was repeated until the component deviation between two consecutive iterations satisfied the error criteria. Results and Discussions The simulation results of the proposed coupling model and the software TGNET were compared, and the average absolute deviations of pressure and temperature at delivery Node 3# were 0.086 MPa and 0.45 K, respectively, while the average absolute deviations of methane and hydrogen mole fractions were both 0.098%. For the decoupling model, to obtain simulation results that were independent of the discrete grid, 30 s and 60 s were selected as temporal steps, and 1 km, 2.5 km, and 5 km were selected as spatial steps for the simulations. The simulation results were compared under different combinations of temporal and spatial steps. The average absolute deviations of pressure and temperature at Node 1# were 0.072 MPa and 0.44 K, respectively, while the average absolute deviations of methane and hydrogen mole fractions were both 0.10%. The average relative deviation between the methane mole fraction calculated by the decoupling model under different combinations of spatiotemporal step sizes and the methane mole fraction simulated by commercial software was analyzed, together with the computation time required under each combination. When the temporal step size was constant, the average relative deviation decreased as the spatial step size decreased. Similarly, when the spatial step size was constant, the average relative deviation decreased as the temporal step size decreased. Considering both the computation time of the decoupling model and the average relative deviation relative to commercial software, 2.5 km and 30 s were selected as the spatial and temporal steps to simulate subsequent transient scenarios. For a simulation duration of 1 h at this spatiotemporal step size, the computation times of the coupling model and the decoupling model were 4 383 s and 1 050 s, respectively, and the computation time of the decoupling model was reduced by 76.04%. Then, the model results under three different boundary condition combinations were investigated. Under boundary condition combination A, the average absolute deviations of pressure, temperature, methane mole fraction, and hydrogen mole fraction at delivery Node 3# were 0.078 MPa, 0.39 K, 0.21%, and 0.21%, respectively, while the corresponding values at Node 1# were 0.067 MPa, 0.43 K, 0.14%, and 0.14%. Under boundary condition combination B, the average absolute deviations of pressure, temperature, methane mole fraction, and hydrogen mole fraction at delivery Node 3# were 0.078 MPa, 0.41 K, 0.21%, and 0.21%, respectively, while the corresponding values at Node 1# were 0.068 MPa, 0.44 K, 0.13%, and 0.13%. Boundary condition combination C cannot be supported by the commercial software TGNET. Conclusions The proposed coupling and decoupling models demonstrate high accuracy in flow parameter calculation and gas component tracking, reaching a performance level comparable to that of commercial software. These models are not only applicable to linear natural gas pipelines but also exhibit high accuracy in simulating multi-branch natural gas pipeline systems. At a specific spatiotemporal step size, the computation time of the decoupling model is 76.04% shorter than that of the coupling model, indicating superior simulation efficiency. In addition, the decoupling model can accurately capture the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of state variables and gas components under various combinations of boundary conditions, demonstrating strong adaptability to different boundary condition scenarios.
通过上述分析可以看出,耦合模型考虑了运行过程中水力变量、热力变量和组分参数的非线性耦合关系,这意味着需要对大规模非线性方程组进行求解才可以得到管网的运行参数。求解非线性方程组的方法一般为传统的牛顿法,但不能保证牛顿法的迭代方向是一定沿着函数值下降的方向,因此,本文采用阻尼牛顿法作为求解上述非线性方程组的方法。该方法能够保证每一次的迭代是朝着函数值下降的方向移动,同时,可以保持传统牛顿法的优点,即快速收敛和高度近似到最优。阻尼牛顿法模拟流程如图4所示。图4中,为迭代步长,为搜索方向。在求解非线性方程组 F ( x )=0之前,应先设定迭代初值 x0和迭代次数r为0;再计算梯度和Hessian矩阵 Hr;判断迭代收敛要求是否被满足,如果不满足,则应更新 xr+1和r,程序在此时间步长进入下一次迭代;否则,当前时间步长的模拟将停止,程序进入下一个时间步长的模拟。
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