1.College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
2.Key Laboratory of Hydrologic-Cycle and Hydrodynamic-System of Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing 210024, China
3.Key Laboratory on Construction and Security of Water Projects of Ministry of Water Resources, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China
Objective The destabilization process of high and steep rock slopes and its influence range are crucial for the safe operation of engineering projects. The FEM-DSDEM numerical simulation method is proposed to simulate the landslide motion process by coupling the finite element me-thod (FEM) with the deformable spheropolygon-based discrete element method (DSDEM) to achieve the numerical simulation of the continuou-discontinuous progressive evolution process of landslides under earthquake action. Methods The method uses the finite element method to simulate the bedrock and the deformable spheropolygon-based discrete element method to simulate the landslide body. The fictitious crack model (FCM) and the Mohr-Coulomb criterion were introduced to simulate the transformation from continuous to discontinuous states, including the crushing and shear damage of the landslide body. In addition, a viscous-spring boundary was imposed on the truncated boundary to realize the numerical simulation of the continuous-discontinuous gradual evolution process of the landslide body under earthquake effects. First, the feasibility and accuracy of the FEM-DSDEM numerical simulation method for reflecting the continuous-discontinuous evolution process of materials were verified using the Brazilian disc test and the four-point bending beam impact test. Second, the corresponding calculation program was developed to realize the numerical simulation of the continuous-discontinuous progressive damage evolution process of landslides. On this basis, the numerical simulation of the entire progressive failure process of the Dr2 rock slope at Suofengying Hydropower Station was conducted, and the dynamic characteristics of the landslide body and the spatial distribution characteristics of the accumulation body under three different failure modes, namely shear sliding failure, local collapse failure, and slip failure, were investigated. Results and Discussions In the Brazilian disc test, the peak load at the upper plate was 1 870 kN, and the tensile strength value obtained using the formula was 5.90 MPa, which was 5.36% lower than the input value. The result was within the allowable error range, verifying that the method could simulate the fracture process of brittle materials. In the four-point bending beam impact test, the numerical simulation results of the maximum deflection curve of the beam during the fracture process were compared to the experimental results, and the two sets of results were in good agreement. This finding verified that the method could simulate the fracture process of rock subjected to impact loading. The numerical simulation results of the entire progressive failure process of the Dr2 rock slope at Suofengying Hydropower Station showed that when the Dr2 rock slope became unstable, all sliding modes produced sliding failure along the sliding cleavage surface, accompanied by local collapse failure. The destabilizing movement of the landslide was short in duration, rapid in velocity, and generated a strong impact on the mountains located on the opposite bank of the riverbed. In addition, the accumulation of body formed after a destabilizing failure impacted the river channel, causing destruction and sediment blockage at the water intake. Among the three failure modes, the landslide occurring under the shear sliding failure mode blocked the river channel at the fastest rate. Owing to the insufficient strength of the shear surface, the sediments generated from the primary landslide could also induce secondary landslides within the shear surface. The average displacement of each gage point under the local collapse failure mode was the largest, and the peak velocity at each gage point was also the highest. In contrast, the average displacement at each measurement point was the smallest under the slip failure mode. Conclusions This study verified the capability of the FEM-DSDEM method to realize the numerical simulation of the continuous-discontinuous progressive evolution process of landslides under seismic action through the Brazilian disc test, four-point bending beam impact test, and numerical simulation of the entire progressive failure process of the Dr2 rock slope at the Suofengying Hydropower Station. In addition, the research results obtained for the Dr2 rock slope at the Suofengying Hydropower Station can provide numerical simulation solutions for investigating the entire progressive damage process of similar rock slopes. This study investigates the motion process and accumulation patterns of hazardous rock bodies after sliding down the slope under different failure modes. However, the interaction between the hazardous rock body and reservoir water after destabilization into the water was not considered. Therefore, the strong coupling effect and energy transfer between the landslide mass and the fluid can serve as important directions for future research. In addition, this study is based on a two-dimensional model, and some discrepancies can exist between the simulation results and actual conditions. Therefore, future studies can further explore the numerical simulation capability of this method under three-dimensional rock slope models.
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