Objective The wall-well system formed by a hanging water curtain combined with pumping wells in a pit is a common decompression and dewatering method for deep and large foundation pits. However, the current standard design does not consider the influence of the sealing curtain on confined groundwater seepage. In addition, due to the influence of stratum deposition under actual engineering geological conditions, the permeability coefficient of the bearing layer is mostly anisotropic, rather than the isotropic condition assumed by the standard. These factors make the calculated results of the standard not fully consistent with actual conditions. In addition, current research often focuses only on water withdrawal in the foundation pit or changes in the groundwater level outside the foundation pit, and rarely establishes the relationship between the two. Therefore, this study further improves the dewatering design of the bearing layer of deep foundation pits by constructing a new model and using an analytical solution method. Methods Firstly, the wall-well system formed by the hanging water curtain combined with the pumping well in the pit was equivalent to a pressurized incomplete well with the same area. A three-dimensional stable axisymmetric model of decompression and precipitation was established by considering the water insulation effect of the water curtain and the anisotropy of soil permeability. Based on the model, the top and bottom of the confined aquifer were assumed to be impervious boundaries, and the second-type boundary conditions were constructed. Based on the assumption that the outer boundary was not affected by pumping, the first-type boundary condition was constructed. Based on the hydraulic connection inside and outside the foundation pit, the second-type boundary condition was constructed based on Darcy's law. The basic differential equation of groundwater movement was transformed into a zero-order virtual scalar Bessel equation and a second-order homogeneous differential equation using the finite Fourier cosine transform and linear transform. Then, using the inverse Fourier cosine transform and linear transform, the relationship between the extractable water quantity and the drawdown outside the foundation pit was solved. Based on Darcy's law, the equivalent seepage path was introduced to derive the calculation formula for water inflow in the foundation pit. The relationship between the amount of water pumped from the foundation pit and the maximum water-level drawdown outside the foundation pit was established by using the continuous condition of groundwater seepage and the equal pumping amount inside and outside the foundation pit. Finally, the foundation pit drainage of five engineering cases was compared to the model formula, and the degradation of the model solution was compared to the known solution in the literature to verify the rationality of the model solution. Results and Discussions The calculated values of the model solution were in good agreement with the field-measured values, and all errors were within 10%, which met the actual requirements of general engineering. Compared to the field-measured values, the error was very large when the waterproof effect of the curtain and the anisotropy of soil permeability were not considered. Although project safety was ensured, excessive precipitation cost was consumed, which was not conducive to project management. The solution for the water-level drawdown outside the pit in this study was in good agreement with the formula in the literature under different radial distances and showed certain applicability by changing the value of the pumping amount. Compared to several engineering measured parameters, the parameters affecting seepage around the deep foundation pit mainly included the insertion ratio of the suspended water curtain d/M, the anisotropy of the permeability coefficient of the bearing layer kr /kz, the dimension ratio of the foundation pit r0/M, and the fixed recharge distance l. The fixed recharge was regarded as a stable water source that was not affected by pumping and did not change with time. The influence radius was used when no fixed recharge existed. Therefore, the above four parameters were mainly considered for the model sensitivity analysis. The setting of the water-sealing curtain changed the seepage state of confined water around the deep foundation pit. An increase in the water curtain insertion ratio reduced the water inflow of the foundation pit and the maximum water-level drawdown outside the foundation pit, and the cut-off point for the decreasing trend was approximately between 0.5 and 0.6. As the anisotropy of the confined soil layer increased, the water inflow of the foundation pit and the maximum water-level drawdown outside the foundation pit slowed down, with approximately 4 as the cut-off point. With the increase in the dimension ratio of the foundation pit, the water inflow of the foundation pit under the same conditions continued to increase, and the maximum water-level drawdown outside the foundation pit also increased. However, the growth rate slowed significantly after the cut-off point of 0.8. The closer the foundation pit was to the fixed recharge, the smaller the delay effect of recharge was. Under the same conditions, the pumping amount of the foundation pit had to be increased to meet the requirements, and at this time, the maximum water level outside the pit deepened and decreased. Conclusions The results of the preceding parameter analysis show that the decompression and dewatering design of actual deep and large foundation pits should consider the influence of the water-seal curtain and the anisotropy of the permeability coefficient. For large foundation pits and foundation pits close to fixed recharge boundaries, corresponding blocking measures should be adopted to ensure the effectiveness of decompression and dewatering. The model solution derived in this study can provide a reasonable calculation method and theoretical reference for the optimal design of decompression and dewatering in deep and large foundation pits under a hanging water curtain.
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