Objective Internal defects in concrete-filled square steel tube (CFSST) columns reduce bearing capacity, ductility, and other properties. Therefore, it is important to address the adverse effects caused by defects in the core concrete. In this study, these effects are analyzed, carbon fiber cloth is used to strengthen defective CFSST columns, and a calculation formula for the axial compressive capacity of concrete-filled square short columns with concentrated holes is proposed. Methods Twelve short CFSST columns with no defects, discrete defects, concentrated cavity defects, and single-layer CFRP-reinforced defects were designed, considering parameters such as concrete density loss rate, defect type, defect location, and CFRP reinforcement method. Axial compression tests were conducted on columns without defects and without reinforcement, and failure phenomena under different parameters were observed. The effects of these parameters on load‒displacement curves, load‒strain curves, and ductility were analyzed. Further axial compression tests were conducted on columns with near-wall and central concentrated cavity defects using full-wrap and half-wrap reinforcement methods. By introducing bearing capacity and ductility coefficients, the performance of reinforced specimens was analyzed and compared with unreinforced specimens. Based on Chinese national standards, a reduction coefficient was fitted using multiple linear regression with density loss rate, defect location, and thickness-to-width ratio as variables, and a reduction equation was established. The ultimate bearing capacity was calculated using this equation and compared with experimental values. Results and Discussions Test results show that the coating on the steel pipe surface of non-defective specimens gradually folds and bulges when the load reaches 85% of the peak load. With increasing density loss rate, bulging in specimens with discrete defects occurs earlier. Failure in near-wall cavity specimens occurs at the defect location, while central cavity specimens fail near the column center. Reinforced specimens show delayed bulging compared to unreinforced specimens, with full-wrap reinforcement performing better than half-wrap reinforcement. When the density loss rate is less than 5%, discrete defects have little effect on compressive performance. As the density loss rate increases, compressive performance decreases significantly. The ultimate bearing capacity and ductility of CFST‒5% and CFST‒10% decrease by 7.0% and 16.0%, respectively, and ductility decreases by 10.3% and 22.3%, respectively. At a 15% loss rate, bearing capacity and ductility decrease by 26.9% and 26.3%, respectively. Under the same density loss rate, concentrated cavity defects have a greater adverse effect than discrete defects. The ultimate bearing capacity of specimens with central and near-wall cavity defects decreases by 19.1% and 29.8%, respectively, compared with specimens with a 10% discrete defect rate. Near-wall defects have a greater effect than central defects, reducing ultimate bearing capacity by 13.2% compared to central defects. After CFRP reinforcement, the ultimate bearing capacity and ductility of specimens with a 15% density loss rate increase by 9.1% and 14.7%, respectively. For central cavity defects, semi-wrap reinforcement increases bearing capacity and ductility coefficients by 11.8% and 19.5%, respectively, while full-wrap reinforcement increases them by 20.6% and 21.1%. For near-wall defects, semi-wrap reinforcement increases these coefficients by 11.9% and 22.1%, and full-wrap reinforcement increases them by 18.6% and 31.4%, respectively. This indicates that full-wrap reinforcement is more effective than semi-wrap reinforcement. A formula for calculating the bearing capacity of short concrete-filled square columns with concentrated cavity defects was developed using multiple linear regression. The average ratio Nu/Nt between calculated and experimental values is 0.968, indicating good agreement. Conclusions The results show that defects in the core concrete of CFSST columns adversely affect bearing capacity and ductility, while CFRP reinforcement improves compressive performance. The proposed formula effectively predicts the bearing capacity of specimens with concentrated cavity defects and can serve as a reference for practical engineering evaluation.
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