Rayleigh‒Plesset方程解析近似解及空泡对高海拔环境参数的敏感性分析

吉华 ,  顾岩城 ,  白军 ,  郭傲辉 ,  宋程前 ,  罗红英

工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (03) : 306 -316.

PDF (2532KB)
工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (03) : 306 -316. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202400486
机械工程

Rayleigh‒Plesset方程解析近似解及空泡对高海拔环境参数的敏感性分析

作者信息 +

Approximate Analytical Solution of Rayleigh-Plesset Equation and Sensitivity Analysis of Cavitation Bubbles for Environmental Parameters at High Altitudes

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (2592K)

摘要

目前已有少量研究成果表明高海拔地区部分环境因素会对空化现象产生明显影响,但尚未有研究系统地揭示高海拔环境影响空化的因素和机制,也缺乏系统分析这些影响因素的手段。空化从微观上可描述为空泡生长、溃灭的过程,因此,研究高海拔环境下的空化需要先揭示各环境因素对空泡演化的影响机理。首先,通过同伦分析法(Homotopy Analysis Method)首次得出了含表面张力、不可凝结气体和泡间作用力项的修正Rayleigh‒Plesset方程的解析近似解。其次,针对单空泡体系,通过与现有研究中特定条件下Rayleigh‒Plesset方程的解析解以及实验数据分别进行对比,验证本近似解的适用性;针对多空泡体系,将本近似解与多空泡数值计算结果进行对比验证。最后,基于本近似解,系统性地分析海拔高度增加时各环境参数的变化及其对空泡演化进程的影响,并定义了可以体现海拔影响的参数敏感性系数,使用该系数评估了高海拔下各环境参数对空泡的影响程度。结果表明:所求解析近似解可适用于单空泡和多空泡体系;通过本近似解可以系统地分析各环境参数对空泡溃灭时间等特性的影响趋势及影响程度;对空泡溃灭影响最大的环境参数为环境气压,其与溃灭时间和最小半径的敏感性系数分别为10.8%、5.7%;其他环境参数对空泡溃灭时间的影响程度从大到小依次为泡数量、泡间距、溃灭初始半径、温度、饱和蒸气压、液体密度、表面张力;考虑上述所有环境参数的影响,当海拔高度由0增加到4 km时,空泡溃灭时间增加14%,最小半径增加53%。

Abstract

Objective A few studies have shown that several environmental factors at high altitudes affect cavitation. However, a method that can systematically study the factors and mechanisms of cavitation at high altitudes is unavailable. Cavitation can be described as the growth and collapse of cavitation bubbles. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of environmental factors on cavitation bubbles at high altitudes. Methods Firstly, the approximate analytical solution of the modified Rayleigh‒Plesset equation, containing surface tension, non-condensable gas (NCG), and interaction forces of multi-bubbles, was derived by employing the homotopy analysis method (HAM) for the first time. The scope of application of this solution, which ignored fluid viscosity and thermodynamic effects, was also provided. Secondly, by comparing the results of this approximate analytical solution with experimental data and with existing analytical solutions for single bubbles in the literature, and by calculating the maximum absolute error (Emax), mean absolute error (Ema), and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), the validity of this solution was verified. Thirdly, the results of the approximate analytical solution for multi-bubbles were also compared with both numerical calculations by CFD and results reported in the literature. Fourthly, based on this approximate analytical solution, the effects of environmental parameters at high altitudes on cavitation bubbles were systematically analyzed. Instead of traditional one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis (OSA), the effect degrees of these parameters were also evaluated using self-defined parametric sensitivity coefficients (PSC), which indicate the effects of high altitude. Finally, based on the results of the parametric sensitivity analysis of environmental parameters at high altitudes, several engineering suggestions were proposed to prevent or reduce cavitation in hydraulic equipment operating at high altitudes. Results and Discussions For a single bubble, when the adiabatic exponent was 4/3, the PCC was 0.98, the Emax was 2.06×10-4 m, and the Ema was 6.64×10-5 m; when the adiabatic exponent was 5/3, the PCC was 0.98, the Emax was 3.27×10-4 m, and the Ema was 9.81×10-5 m. Both comparisons showed that the approximate analytical solution is valid because the P-value is less than 0.001. To avoid accidental and systematic errors, the approximate analytical solution was also normalized, and the results were compared with experimental data from the EPFL laboratory. The PCC was 0.97, the Emax was 0.04, and the Ema was 0.03. For multiple bubbles, the results of the approximate analytical solution and numerical calculations were compared, yielding a PCC of 0.98. Using this approximate analytical solution, a systematic analysis of the trends and degrees of the effects of environmental parameters on bubble cavitation at high altitudes was conducted. Ambient pressure has the greatest effect on the collapse of cavitation bubbles and is negatively correlated with both collapse time and minimum bubble radius, with maximal PSC values of 10.8% for collapse time and 5.7% for minimum radius. The absolute values of PSC, representing the effect degrees of the number of bubbles, distance between bubbles, initial radius of bubble collapse, liquid temperature, saturation vapor pressure, liquid density, and surface tension on collapse time, are -3.70%, -3.10%, 2.90%, 0.82%, -0.60%, 0.067%, and 0.023%, respectively, in descending order. The absolute values of PSC, representing the effect degrees of the initial radius of bubble collapse, liquid temperature, saturation vapor pressure, liquid density, surface tension, number of bubbles, and distance between bubbles on minimum radius, are 2.5%, 0.6%, -0.3%, -2.1×10-5, -6.6×10-7, 0, and 0, respectively, in descending order. When altitude increases from 0 km to 4 km, considering all the above environmental parameters, the collapse time of bubbles increases by 14%, and the minimum radius increases by 53%. This explains a phenomenon previously observed in numerical calculations: as altitude increases, the pressure during bubble collapse decreases, and the influence range on the hydrofoil increases significantly. Based on the approximate analytical solution and the sensitivity analysis of environmental parameters, suggestions for preventing or reducing cavitation erosion include adjusting parameters that affect bubble cavitation, such as reducing gas content in the fluid and correcting existing empirical parameters in hydro-turbine design. Conclusions Because the approximate analytical solution derived using HAM is valid for both single and multiple bubbles, further analysis of the mechanisms by which environmental parameters affect cavitation is supported. Using this approximate analytical solution and the self-defined parametric sensitivity coefficients, the effects of these parameters at high altitudes on cavitation bubbles can be systematically analyzed, providing a simple, intuitive, and comprehensive method for the design, operation, and maintenance of hydraulic equipment at high altitudes.

Graphical abstract

关键词

高海拔 / 空泡 / 解析近似解 / 参数敏感性分析

Key words

high altitude / cavitation bubbles / approximate analytical solution / parametric sensitivity analysis

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
吉华,顾岩城,白军,郭傲辉,宋程前,罗红英. Rayleigh‒Plesset方程解析近似解及空泡对高海拔环境参数的敏感性分析[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2026, 58(03): 306-316 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400486

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

Objective A few studies have shown that several environmental factors at high altitudes affect cavitation. However, a method that can systematically study the factors and mechanisms of cavitation at high altitudes is unavailable. Cavitation can be described as the growth and collapse of cavitation bubbles. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of environmental factors on cavitation bubbles at high altitudes.
Methods Firstly, the approximate analytical solution of the modified Rayleigh–Plesset equation, containing surface tension, non-condensable gas (NCG), and interaction forces of multi-bubbles, was derived by employing the homotopy analysis method (HAM) for the first time. The scope of application of this solution, which ignored fluid viscosity and thermodynamic effects, was also provided. Secondly, by comparing the results of this approximate analytical solution with experimental data and with existing analytical solutions for single bubbles in the literature, and by calculating the maximum absolute error (MAXE), mean absolute error (MAE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), the validity of this solution was verified. Thirdly, the results of the approximate analytical solution for multi-bubbles were also compared with both numerical calculations by CFD and results reported in the literature. Fourthly, based on this approximate analytical solution, the effects of environmental parameters at high altitudes on cavitation bubbles were systematically analyzed. Instead of traditional one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis (OSA), the effect degrees of these parameters were also evaluated using self-defined parametric sensitivity coefficients (PSC), which indicate the effects of high altitude. Finally, based on the results of the parametric sensitivity analysis of environmental parameters at high altitudes, several engineering suggestions were proposed to prevent or reduce cavitation in hydraulic equipment operating at high altitudes.
Results and Discussions For a single bubble, when the adiabatic exponent was 4/3, the PCC was 0.98, the MAXE was 2.06×10-4 m, and the MAE was 6.64×10-5 m; when the adiabatic exponent was 5/3, the PCC was 0.98, the MAXE was 3.27×10-4 m, and the MAE was 9.81×10-5 m. Both comparisons showed that the approximate analytical solution is valid because the P-value is less than 0.001. To avoid accidental and systematic errors, the approximate analytical solution was also normalized, and the results were compared with experimental data from the EPFL laboratory. The PCC was 0.97, the MAXE was 0.04, and the MAE was 0.03. For multiple bubbles, the results of the approximate analytical solution and numerical calculations were compared, yielding a PCC of 0.98. Using this approximate analytical solution, a systematic analysis of the trends and degrees of the effects of environmental parameters on bubble cavitation at high altitudes was conducted. Ambient pressure has the greatest effect on the collapse of cavitation bubbles and is negatively correlated with both collapse time and minimum bubble radius, with maximal PSC values of 10.8% for collapse time and 5.7% for minimum radius. The absolute values of PSC, representing the effect degrees of the number of bubbles, distance between bubbles, initial radius of bubble collapse, liquid temperature, saturation vapor pressure, liquid density, and surface tension on collapse time, are -3.7%, -3.1%, 2.9%, 0.82%, -0.6%, 0.067%, and 0.023%, respectively, in descending order. The absolute values of PSC, representing the effect degrees of the initial radius of bubble collapse, liquid temperature, saturation vapor pressure, liquid density, surface tension, number of bubbles, and distance between bubbles on minimum radius, are 2.5%, 0.6%, -0.3%, -2.1×10-5, -6.6×10-7, 0%, and 0%, respectively, in descending order. When altitude increases from 0 km to 4 km, considering all the above environmental parameters, the collapse time of bubbles increases by 14%, and the minimum radius increases by 53%. This explains a phenomenon previously observed in numerical calculations: as altitude increases, the pressure during bubble collapse decreases, and the influence range on the hydrofoil increases significantly. Based on the approximate analytical solution and the sensitivity analysis of environmental parameters, suggestions for preventing or reducing cavitation erosion include adjusting parameters that affect bubble cavitation, such as reducing gas content in the fluid and correcting existing empirical parameters in hydro-turbine design.
Conclusions Because the approximate analytical solution derived using HAM is valid for both single and multiple bubbles, further analysis of the mechanisms by which environmental parameters affect cavitation is supported. Using this approximate analytical solution and the self-defined parametric sensitivity coefficients, the effects of these parameters at high altitudes on cavitation bubbles can be systematically analyzed, providing a simple, intuitive, and comprehensive method for the design, operation, and maintenance of hydraulic equipment at high altitudes.
本刊网刊
西藏是中国重要的清洁能源资源基地[1]。空化现象在流体机械、水利水电、光热发电等能源与动力行业的装置中广泛存在[2]。在高海拔地区,由于气压低、昼夜温差大、辐照强等原因,空化表现出了新特性,对相关设备、工程的设计和维护提出了新挑战[3]。目前正在运行和即将开发的西藏清洁能源装置都面临高海拔环境下的空化问题,都需要系统解释高海拔环境因素对空化的影响。
目前已有少量科研成果表明高海拔环境下部分环境因素会对空化产生较大影响。Luo等[4]通过数值计算分析了4 km海拔高度下气核体积分数对空化发展的影响,表明高海拔地区空化规模更大,且对气核体积分数更加敏感。郭傲辉等[5]对不同叶片数下的离心泵性能进行了数值计算及实验研究,结果表明高海拔地区水泵叶片头部的空化更加明显,并证实流道内的压力变化已经取代了叶片间的排挤系数,成为影响离心泵效率的主要因素。王余杰等[6]使用毛细管法研究发现,相同水体温度下,气压越低,表面张力系数越大,并指出在高海拔环境下,低气压将改变水体表面张力等物理特性,进而更易产生空化。顾岩城等[7]考虑了气压、表面张力等因素,对Zwart‒Gerber‒Belamri空化模型(下称ZGB模型)进行了修正,使其适用于高海拔环境,基于该模型对三维水翼空化流进行数值计算,证明了海拔高度增加时,水翼上空化范围显著增加。
综上所述,目前针对高海拔环境下空化现象的研究主要是分析单一因素对空化的影响,暂未有研究系统地揭示高海拔环境对空化造成影响的主要因素及其作用机制。现有的数值计算和模型试验等研究手段往往只针对特定因素开展研究,忽略了过程中可能产生影响的其他因素,例如针对低压环境的实验,气压的减小会引起液体表面张力增加、含气量减小等,无法解释宏观实验现象的具体成因。
为全面研究环境因素对空化的影响,需要从微观机理上进行分析。空化现象从微观上可描述为空泡生长、溃灭,直至形成冲击波和微射流的瞬态过程[8]。因此,要研究高海拔环境下的空化需要先揭示各环境因素对空泡演化的影响机理。空泡的动力学行为可由Rayleigh‒Plesset方程(下称R‒P方程)[9]描述,通过对R‒P方程进行解析求解,可以直观地、系统地揭示各环境因素对空泡演化规律的影响。
研究者们一直致力于对高阶非线性R‒P方程进行求解。Obreschkow[10]、Supponen[11]等简化了R‒P方程,只关注压力项的影响,使用多重对数给出了简化R‒P方程的近似解并进行了实验对比。Kudryashov等[12]使用超几何函数给出了简化R‒P方程的解析近似解。在简化R‒P方程的基础上,研究者们逐步引入了其他影响项。Kudryashov等[13]考虑了不可凝结气体的影响,使用椭圆函数给出了含该项的R‒P方程的解析近似解。Qin等[1415]研究了表面张力对空化的影响,使用抛物线函数模拟了表面张力影响下空泡的溃灭。郭凯涛[16]、Guo[17]等同时考虑了不可凝结气体及表面张力项,使用特殊函数法给出了含这两项的R‒P方程在特定条件下的解析近似解。
由于实际流体中空泡并非单独存在,而空泡间又存在着相互作用力,加之流体中空泡含量受海拔高度影响明显,因此,考虑高海拔环境对空泡的影响时,对泡间作用力的分析必不可少。然而目前暂无对含温度、表面张力、不可凝结气体及泡间作用力等项的R‒P方程解析近似解的研究。
为系统性研究高海拔对空泡的影响因素和机理,本文通过同伦分析法(Homotopy Analysis Method)给出了含表面张力、不可凝结气体和泡间作用力项的R‒P方程解析近似解。首先,针对单空泡体系,将本解析近似解与经典文献中所得特定条件下R‒P方程的解析解进行对比,同时为了避免方法上可能存在的系统误差,也与相关文献中的实验数据进行对比,验证本解析近似解的适用性。其次,针对多空泡体系,由于实验数据与解析研究的缺乏,本文与多空泡数值模型计算结果进行对比。最后,基于该解析近似解,分析了海拔高度增加时各环境参数的变化及其对空泡演化进程的影响,并定义了可以反映海拔影响的参数敏感性系数,使用该系数评估了高海拔下各环境参数对空泡的影响程度。

1 Rayleigh‒Plesset方程求解

由于经典R‒P方程只分析了单空泡在无限理想流体中的运动,与工程实际存在较大偏差,因此选择修正后的R‒P方程[18]进行研究,如下所示:

-p(t)-pbρ=RR¨+32R˙2+2SρR+j=1,jiN1Dijd(Rj2R˙j)dt

式中:t为时间,s;ρ为液体密度,kg/m3Rt时刻对应的空泡半径,R=R(t),m;Rj 为第j个空泡的半径,m;R˙j为第j个空泡的半径变化速率,R˙j=dRj/dt,m/s;R¨为空泡半径变化的加速度,R¨=d2R/dt2,m/s2pb为泡内气压,Pa;pt时刻对应的环境压力,p=p (t),Pa;S为表面张力系数,N/m;N为空泡数量,个;Dij 为第i个空泡与第j个空泡的间距,m。

除此之外,考虑空泡内除水蒸气外还含有氮气等内容物,这些杂质气体在空泡演化过程中不参与相变,但存在分压,因此可表示为:

pb=pv(T)+pg0R0R3k

式中:T 为环境温度,℃;pvT 对应的空化临界压力,pv=pv(T ),Pa,一般取饱和蒸气压;pg0为泡内氮气等杂质气体的分压,Pa;R0为空泡溃灭初始半径,m;k为气体多变指数,1<k 5/3。

式(2)代入式(1),同时为简化方程,假设液内空泡等距离分布,可得:

-p(t)-pv(T)ρ+pg0ρR0R3k=RR¨+32R˙2+2SρR+N-1Dd(R2R˙)dt

式中:D为空泡等距离分布间距,m。当t=0时,空泡处于平衡状态,因此初始条件满足R(0)=R0,dR(0)/dt=0。

式(3)乘2R2dR/dt,积分后得:

R˙2+N-1D(RR˙2)=-2pg03(k-1)ρR0R3k-2SρR-1-2(p-pv)3ρ+C1R-3

式中:C1为积分常数,各项系数如式(5)所示,给定环境参数时可求出各系数的值。

A=2pg03(k-1)ρ, B=2Sρ, C=2(p-pv)3ρ

将初始条件代入式(4),可得C1=(A+C)R03+BR02。对式(4)进行分离变量可得:

dRdt=±-AR0R3k-BR-1-C+C1R-31+N-1DR

引入自变量τ,使得R=R(τ),t=t(τ),并满足上述初始条件,对式(6)分离变量后,积分可得:

t(τ)=0τ±R˙(ζ)1+N-1DR(ζ)dζ-AR0R(ζ)3k-BR(ζ)-1-C+C1R(ζ)-3

为了描述空泡演化过程,基于同伦分析法先使用适当的函数去构造高阶非线性微分方程的解析近似解[1920],随后证明其合理性。使用三角函数对空泡振荡特性进行描述,R(τ)=asin(ωτ+φ)+b。令ω=1,则空泡周期为2Tc,其中,Tc为空泡半径由R0溃灭至Rmin的周期,s;参数ab可由a+b=RmaxRmin-a+b=RmaxRmin确定;当R=RmaxRmin时,满足dR/dt=0,因此由式(6)可确定RmaxRmin;由初始条件可知R(0)=asin(φ)+b=R0,可得φ=arcsin(R0-b)/a式(1)解析近似解可表示为:

R(τ)=asinτ+arcsin(R0-b)a+b,t(τ)=0τR˙(ζ)1+N-1DR(ζ)dζ-AR0R(ζ)3k-BR(ζ)-1-C+C1R(ζ)-3

根据上述推导可知,式(3)中忽略了液体黏滞性的影响,并且在式(8)中使用边界条件dR/dt=0对参数ab进行求解时需要保证式(6)中各系数为常数,否则未知数数量大于方程数,为无穷多解的不定方程。综上,式(8)的适用范围为无黏恒压流场。

2 解析近似解的验证

2.1 单空泡体系

为验证式(8)针对单空泡体系的适用性,同时为避免方法上可能存在的系统误差,将式(8)计算结果与现有文献中的解析结果和实验数据分别进行对比验证。

2.1.1 与现有解析近似解对比

针对单空泡体系,文献[1617]通过特殊函数法给出了N=1、k=4/3时式(1)的解析解,如式(9)所示:

R(τ)=a(τ,g2,g3)+bc(τ,g2,g3)+d,t(τ)=0τ(R(τ))2dτ

式中:(τ,g2,g3)为Weierstrass椭圆函数,g2g3为不变量;abcd为待定系数,给定式(1)中环境参数可求出各系数的值。给定各环境参数值,N=1,k=4/3,D=0.5 m,R0=0.1 m,p=101.325 kPa,S=0.001 N/m,T=20 ℃,pv=2 340 Pa,pg0=0.05 MPa,此时,式(8)和(9)的计算结果分别如式(10)、(11)所示:

R(τ)=0.015 429 3cos(τ)+0.084 570 7,t(τ)=0τR˙(ζ)dζ-AR0R(ζ)3k-BR(ζ)-1-C+C1R(ζ)-3
R(τ)=3.030 8R0(τ,0.653 2,0.112 2)+0.0253.030 8(τ,0.653 2,0.112 2)+1,t(τ)=0τ(R(τ))2dτ

图1为式(10)、(11)所求解析结果的对比。采用Pearson相关系数来评价曲线间的贴合程度[21],Pearson系数越高,说明两曲线越相似。式(8)N=1、k=4/3时,Pearson相关系数为0.98,>0.90,说明吻合情况较好,P<0.001,说明研究结果具有统计学意义。

为避免特定条件下计算结果可能存在的随机误差,需对式(8)在其他条件下的结果进行验证。由于文献[1617]中的求解仅限于k=4/3条件下,因此尝试构造k=5/3时式(1)的解析解,详细过程见附录A。

使用特殊函数法得到了N=1、k=5/3时式(1)的解析解,如式(12)所示:

R(τ)=R0M2(τ+τ0,g2,g3)+M1M2(τ+τ0,g2,g3)+1,t(τ)=0τ(R(τ))dτ

式中:M1M2为待定系数,计算方式详见附录式(A7);τ0为积分常数。令各环境参数取值与图1相同,式(8)和(12)的计算结果分别如式(13)、(14)所示:

R(τ)=0.012 358 6cos(τ)+0.087 641 4,t(τ)=0τR˙(ζ)dζ-AR0R(ζ)3k-BR(ζ)-1-C+C1R(ζ)-3
R(τ)=2.694R0(τ,1.123 5,0.343 7)+0.033 32.694(τ,1.123 5,0.343 7)+1,t(τ)=0τ(R(τ))2dτ

图2为式(13)、(14)所求解析结果的对比。在k=5/3时,Pearson相关系数为0.98,二者吻合较好。

综上所述,k=4/3或5/3时,式(8)与(9)最大误差、平均误差与Pearson相关系数如表1所示。因此,可认为式(8)与现有解析解具有同样的精确度。除此之外,相比于现有解析解,式(8)的适用范围更广,对于取值范围(1,5/3]内任意k可进行求解,且考虑了多气泡间的相互作用力,更加符合实际情况。

2.1.2 与实验数据对比

为进一步验证式(8)对单空泡体系的适用性,选取文献[1011]中洛桑联邦理工学院(EPFL)公开的空泡实验数据进行对比。由于EPFL空泡实验中气相为空气,实验温度为26 ℃,所以式(8)k取1.4[22],其余参数与文献[1011]中实验工况一致。由于实验数据集中在第一个Tc且对数据进行了归一化处理,对式(8)的计算结果进行相同处理,结果对比如图3所示。同时,采用了目前广泛使用的4阶龙格‒库塔(RK4)数值方法进行了计算,并对式(8)与RK4法进行了比较,结果见表2

表2可知,该近似解与实验数据Pearson相关系数为0.99,因此,可认为式(8)与实验数据基本吻合。同时,相较于RK4的计算结果,该近似解的平均绝对误差和最大绝对误差更小,与实验数据更加吻合。

2.2 多空泡体系

第2.1节中进行了多方面对比,可以合理推断式(8)针对单空泡体系的适用性。由于针对多空泡体系的解析研究较少,且实验的实现较为困难,无论是激光诱发或电火花诱发等都很难控制多个气泡均匀分布,因此实验数据不足[23],故采用数值计算对式(8)进行验证。

2.2.1 数值模型建立与计算设置

使用UG建立如图4所示的模型,空泡数目由工况决定,外围空泡等距离分布在中心空泡周围。为使空泡直接溃灭,设定各边界为压力边界,且环境压力远大于泡内压力[24]。同时为尽可能降低边界对计算结果的影响,使空泡到边界的距离大于50R0

使用ICEM进行网格划分,在空泡周围区域进行局部网格加密,使加密区域的最小网格尺寸为0.05R0

使用Ansys Fluent进行计算,假设液相不可压缩,考虑表面张力,液体的流动视为层流,泡内气体视为可压缩理想气体,重力忽略不计。Fluent求解器设置见表3。采用瞬态计算,时间步长为20 000,每个时间步为5×10-7 s,各时间步迭代次数为20。

2.2.2 数值模型验证

在进行计算前,需对数值模型进行验证。使用第2.1.2节中空泡实验数据[1011],相同工况下的数值计算结果与实验数据对比如图5所示。

根据计算结果可知,数值计算结果与实验数据最大差值为0.1,平均绝对差值为0.03,Pearson相关系数为0.98,因此可认为数值计算结果与实验数据基本吻合,验证了该数值模型的适用性。

2.2.3 与数值计算结果的对比

计算工况设定:R0=1×10-4 m,p=30.397 5 kPa,S=0.072 N/m,T=20 ℃。数值计算结果与式(8)的对比如图6所示,该工况下,Pearson相关系数为0.98,且在第一个周期内近似解与数值解吻合极好。误差部分是由于式(8)忽略了黏性项,而在数值计算时20 ℃对应液体运动黏度为1.006×10-6 m2/s,液体黏滞性的影响导致了空泡溃灭周期小于式(8)所得Tc,气泡反弹阶段能达到的Rmax小于R0,且由于克服黏性导致能量损耗,每个周期Rmax逐步减小。该现象与文献[2526]研究结论一致,流体黏性会使空泡溃灭周期减小,且反弹能达到的最大半径逐步减小,直到空泡消失。

同时由图6可知,在空泡后续反弹阶段,随着时间增加,周期增加,误差逐步增大,若以1%Tc为可接受的误差标准,第3个周期时误差为0.9%,因此可认为前3个周期是准确的。

为避免计算中可能存在的误差,将式(8)与文献[27]中空泡数N=7工况下的数值计算结果进行对比,文献[27]中主要研究了第一个周期的空泡溃灭情况,令参数与文献[27]工况一致,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,式(8)与文献[27]的计算结果趋势一致,Pearson相关系数为0.98,且符合上述黏性对空泡演化的影响规律。

3 空泡对高海拔环境参数的敏感性分析

3.1 各参数受海拔高度影响分析

基于上述分析,可以合理推定式(8)的适用性。接下来对各环境参数进行敏感性分析。

为分析单一参数的影响,采用控制变量法分析海拔高度H增加时,各参数的变化及其对空泡R(t)曲线的影响。

式(1)中参数分为4类:

1) p及只受p影响的参数

pH变化明显,记海拔高度H(km)处的气压为pH (Pa),选取适合中国高海拔地区的计算方法[7]pH=101 32516.955-H16.955+H

根据摩尔定律,气体溶解量与p正相关[7],因此海拔高度H处对应气泡数量N可表示为NH=16.955-H16.955+HN0,取0处的空泡数量N0=10,可知,当H增加时,p减小,从而导致NH 减小。

假设空泡均匀分布,当H增加,N减少,D增加。因此海拔高度H处对应泡间距可表示为DH=16.955+H16.955-HD0,取D0=0.5 m,可知,当H增加时,NH 减小,从而导致DH 增加。

2) T及只受T影响的参数

TH变化明显,一般规律为H每增加1 km,T减小6 ℃。记海拔高度H处的温度为TH =T(H),则两者关系可表述为:TH=T0-6H,其中,T0为0处的温度。

pvT影响明显,随p的变化可忽略不计,当H增加,T减小,分子不易逸出水面,所以pv减小。选定T0=30 ℃,H处对应温度TH 下的pv(TH )可查T-pv曲线[28]

3) 与pT都相关的参数

考虑液体的可压缩性,根据液体的状态方程[29],如式(15)所示:

ρ=p+pwKw(T+Tw)

式中:pw为液体压力常数,取值为1 944.61 MPa;Kw为液体常数,取值为472.27 J/(kg·K);Tw为温度常数,取值为3 837 K。由式(15)可知,ρp增加、T减小而增加。

根据毛细管法可确定S同时受Tp的影响[67],大致关系可表示为:

S(pH,TH)=133.3(p0-pH)+S(p0,TH)

式中:p0为0处的环境气压,取值为101.325 kPa;S(pH, TH )为海拔高度H处气压和温度下的表面张力系数,N/m。由式(16)可知,Sp增加、T增加而减小。

文献[7]中推导了海拔高度H处的空化初始半径rHH的关系式,加入Tk对其进行修正,可表示为:

rHr0=p0-pv(T0)+2S(p0,T0)R0pH-pv(TH)+2S(pH,TH)RH3k

式中:RH 为海拔高度H处对应的空泡溃灭初始半径,m。空化初始及溃灭初始时都满足边界条件dR(0)/dt=0,由式(6)、(16)可知溃灭初始半径RHH的关系,取R0=0.1 m。由式(17)可知,R0H增加、p增加、T减小而增加。

4) 其他

气体多变指数k与气体混合成分、温度、压缩程度等有关,水中杂质气体的含量也会受温度、外部气压的影响,但目前还无研究可确定两参数与H的具体代数关系,还需对数据进行现场处理采集,因此仅讨论其对空泡的影响。

3.2 各参数敏感性分析

统计学中单因素敏感性系数[30]式(18)所示,无法体现海拔高度的影响,例如,ρTc敏感度计算结果约为61.6%,但由于H每增加1 km,ρ约增加0.43%,当H=4 km时,Tc只增加0.27%,影响并不明显。

fx=Δy/yH=0Δx/xH=0×100%

式中:fx 表示参数x变化导致y的变化率。因此为体现高海拔环境的影响,定义海拔敏感性系数fH

fH=Δy/yH=0Δx/xH=0×Δx/xH=0ΔHx×100%

式中:ΔHx表示参数xH变化而改变时所对应的H变化量,km;fH 表示H每增加1 km,参数x变化导致TcRmin的变化率。表4为当H变化时各环境参数的变化趋势及其对空泡的影响,表4中,“↗”代表增加,“↘”代表减少。图8为不同H对应各参数下的R(t)曲线,选取了表4fH 较高的4个参数。

图8(a)可知,环境压力pTcRmin负相关,且影响程度较大,由式(1)可知,空泡溃灭的主要驱动力为泡内外的压差,因此p减小会降低空泡溃灭速度,且重新达到平衡状态需要泡内气体压缩的程度更小。在图8(d)中,由于pg0不变,R0增加,同样导致空泡内外压差的变化,引起Tc增加,因此R0Tc正相关。对此可在水力设施合适的位置安装补气设备[31],以达到改善运行状况、提高空化系数、减小空化影响的目的。由图8(b)、(c)可知,泡数量NTc正相关、泡间距DTc负相关,这是由于多泡条件下,周围空泡溃灭产生的负压场会延迟中心空泡的溃灭,当N增加或D减小时,负压场的影响更强,中心空泡的延迟效应更为显著,从而引起Tc增加。因此,可通过改变泡数量,即水中含气量,来达到减小空化的目的,例如对于离心泵可以通过加热以改变水中含气量;对于水轮机,可在进水前进行除气处理,如采用除气器、添加消泡剂等。

图9为各环境参数间的影响程度及各环境参数对TcRmin的影响程度。图9中,x轴为自变量,y轴为因变量,横线以上的格子fx 表示各环境参数之间的相互影响;横线以下的格子fH 表示自变量对RminTc的影响程度。其中每个格子代表变量间的影响程度,白色代表负相关关系,黑色代表正相关关系,且颜色越深表示敏感性系数越大。由图9可直观地看出各参数对空泡的影响程度。

除此之外,由表4图9可知,各环境参数对空化的影响程度,因此在高海拔水利工程设计阶段,需考虑高原当地的气压、温度、水中气含量等影响程度较大的环境参数,从而进一步确定水力机械的设计参数,如水轮机的吸出高度、比转速、空化系数,等。

3.3 气体多变指数及杂质气体分压的影响分析

图10kpg0对空泡的影响,表5为敏感性系数分析,计算采用式(18)。由表5可知,pg0TcRmin正相关。这是由于pg0增加,杂质气体所占体积分数增加,空化时不可凝结气体不参与相变,因此空泡溃灭可达到的Rmin增加;对于Tcpg0增加时式(1)左侧压差减小,因此Tc增加。

3.4 考虑全部环境参数的影响分析

图11为考虑表4中全部环境因素时不同H对应的R(t)曲线,k=1.4、pg0=0.005 MPa。

H由0增加到4 km时,Tc增加约14%。Tc增加导致空泡与材料面接触的时间增加,进而导致材料表面受空化影响的范围更大。当H由0增加到4 km时,Rmin增加约53%,但各H对应的R0-Rmin基本持平,差值约为0.085 m。空泡能量由动能和势能组成,溃灭初始及达到最小半径时dR/dt =0,因此空泡溃灭对外做功可视为泡内压力势能释放,其对外做功=泡内压力Pb×体积变化ΔV。由上述分析可知,ΔV基本持平,由于H增加p减小,空泡重新达到平衡状态所需内部压力减小,因此Pb减小,空泡溃灭做功产生的射流强度有所降低。这也从微观上解释了文献[7]中数值计算的结果,随H增加,水翼上空化压力Pcav有所降低,空化范围lcav显著增加。

4 结 论

1)通过同伦分析法给出了含不可凝结气体、表面张力、泡间作用力项的Rayleigh‒Plesset方程解析近似解。将该解分别与单空泡实验数据、现有文献解析结果及多空泡数值模型计算结果进行对比,验证了本解析近似解的适用性。

2)基于得到的解析近似解,通过控制变量法分析了海拔高度增加时各环境参数的变化及其对空泡演化进程的影响,并定义了可体现海拔影响的参数敏感性系数fH,使用该系数评估了高海拔下各环境参数对空泡行为的影响程度。其中影响最大的参数为环境气压ppTc负相关,敏感性系数fH 为10.8%;pRmin也为负相关,敏感性系数fH 为5.7%。除环境气压外,其他参数对Tc影响程度从大到小依次为R0NDpvρS

3)基于得到的解析近似解,分析了海拔高度增加时,各环境因素(除kpg0外)共同作用下的空泡演化规律,结果表明当海拔高度由0增加到4 km时,空泡溃灭时间增加14%,最小半径增加53%。

附录见本刊网络版,扫描标题旁的二维码可阅读网络全文。

参考文献

[1]

西藏自治区人民政府.着力推动清洁能源产业高质量发展[EB/OL].[2024-3-11].

[2]

Ji Bin, Cheng Huaiyu, Huang Biao,et al.Research progresses and prospects of unsteady hydrodynamics characteristics for cavitation[J].Advances in Mechanics,2019,49(1):428‒479. doi:10.6052/1000-0992-17-012

[3]

季斌,程怀玉,黄彪,.空化水动力学非定常特性研究进展及展望[J].力学进展,2019,49(1):428‒479. doi:10.6052/1000-0992-17-012

[4]

Pang Bohui.Influence of atmospheric pressure on cavitation characteristics of high velocity flow at high altitude[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2019,36(1):64‒67.

[5]

庞博慧.高海拔地区气压环境对高速水流空化特性的影响[J].长江科学院院报,2019,36(1):64‒67.

[6]

Luo Hongying, Tao Ran.Prediction of the cavitation over a twisted hydrofoil considering the nuclei fraction sensitivity at 4000 m altitude level[J].Water,2021,13(14):1938. doi:10.3390/w13141938

[7]

Guo Aohui, Zhang Zheng, Li Yang,et al.Hydraulic performance optimization of a centrifugal pump in high altitude area based on CFD[J].Yangtze River,2018,49(12):98‒101. doi:10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.2018.12.018

[8]

郭傲辉,张政,李杨,.基于CFD的高海拔地区某型号离心泵水力性能优化[J].人民长江,2018,49(12):98‒101. doi:10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.2018.12.018

[9]

Wang Yujie, Zhang Luchen, Luo Shaoze.Influence of environmental pressure drop on surface tension coefficient of water[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2017,17(36):136‒138.

[10]

王余杰,张陆陈,骆少泽.环境气压降低对水体表面张力系数的影响[J].科学技术与工程,2017,17(36):136‒138.

[11]

Gu Yancheng, Bai Jun, Luo Hongying,et al.Modification of the ZGB cavitation model and analysis of its effect on hydrofoil cavitation[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2024(3):255‒261. doi:10.12396/znsd.231091

[12]

顾岩城,白军,罗红英,.高海拔下ZGB空化模型的修正及其对水翼空化的影响[J].中国农村水利水电,2024(3):255‒261. doi:10.12396/znsd.231091

[13]

Yu Jiaxin, He Daqing, Wang Xiaoyu,et al.Research status of cavitation bubble dynamics near boundaries[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2023,38(6):858‒871. doi:10.16076/j.cnki.cjhd.2023.06.006

[14]

于佳鑫,何大庆,王笑语,.边界附近空化泡动力学研究进展[J].水动力学研究与进展A辑,2023,38(6):858‒871. doi:10.16076/j.cnki.cjhd.2023.06.006

[15]

Pandit A V, Sarvothaman V P, Ranade V V.Estimation of chemical and physical effects of cavitation by analysis of cavitating single bubble dynamics[J].Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,2021,77:105677. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105677

[16]

Obreschkow D, Bruderer M, Farhat M.Analytical approximations for the collapse of an empty spherical bubble[J].Physical Review E,2012,85(6):066303. doi:10.1103/physreve.85.066303

[17]

Supponen O, Obreschkow D, Kobel P,et al.Detailed experiments on weakly deformed cavitation bubbles[J].Experiments in Fluids,2019,60(2):33. doi:10.1007/s00348-019-2679-4

[18]

Kudryashov N A, Sinelshchikov D I.Analytical solutions for problems of bubble dynamics[J].Physics Letters A,2015,379(8):798‒802. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2014.12.049

[19]

Kudryashov N A, Sinelshchikov D I.Analytical solutions for nonlinear convection-diffusion equations with nonlinear sources[J].Automatic Control and Computer Sciences,2017,51(7):621‒626. doi:10.3103/s0146411617070148

[20]

Qin Yupeng.Analytical solution for the collapse motion of an empty hyper-spherical bubble in N dimensions[J].Physics Letters A,2020,384(6):126142. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2019.126142

[21]

Qin Yupeng, Wang Zhen, Zou Li.Analytical investigation of the nonlinear dynamics of empty spherical multi-bubbles in hydrodynamic cavitation[J].Physics of Fluids,2020,32(12):122008. doi:10.1063/5.0037095

[22]

Guo Kaitao, Shao Xueming, Zhang Lingxin.Study on theoretical solution of Rayleigh‒Plesset equation based on special function method[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2022,37(3):345‒351.

[23]

郭凯涛,邵雪明,张凌新.基于特殊函数法的Rayleigh‒Plesset方程理论解研究[J].水动力学研究与进展A辑,2022,37(3):345‒351.

[24]

Guo Kaitao.Analytical solution for the Rayleigh‒Plesset equation by Weierstrass elliptic equation[J].Physics of Fluids,2023,35(10):103614. doi:10.1063/5.0172387

[25]

Maiga M A, Coutier-Delgosha O, Buisine D.Analysis of sheet cavitation with bubble/bubble interaction models[J].Physics of Fluids,2019,31(7):073302. doi:10.1063/1.5095781

[26]

Paul S, Koley S.Homotopy analysis method and how the choice of base functions affect the convergence of Homotopy series solution[C]//Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Advances in Physical Sciences and Materials(ICAPSM 2023).Melville:AIP,2024:040007. doi:10.1063/5.0216014

[27]

Hussein M.A review of analytical algorithms for approximate analytical solutions of ordinary differential equation[J].Journal of Mathematical Techniques and Computational Mathematics, 2023,2(10):438‒445. doi:10.33140/jmtcm.02.10.03

[28]

Ciric D G, Peric Z H, Milenkovic M,et al.Evaluating similarity of spectrogram-like images of DC motor sounds by Pearson correlation coefficient[J].Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika,2022,28(3):37‒44. doi:10.5755/j02.eie.31041

[29]

Papa U, Ariante G, Del Core G.UAS aided landing and obstacle detection through LIDAR-sonar data[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 5th IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace(MetroAeroSpace).Italy:IEEE,2018:478‒483. doi:10.1109/metroaerospace.2018.8453594

[30]

Zhang Lingxin, Zhang Jing, Shao Xueming.The analysis of pressure wave energy during the collapse of the cavitation bubble[J].Acta Aerodynamica Sinica,2020,38(4):807‒813.

[31]

张凌新,张靖,邵雪明.空泡溃灭过程中的压力波能分析[J].空气动力学学报,2020,38(4):807‒813.

[32]

Li Linmin, Pei Chengqian, Wang Zhengdong,et al.Assessment of cavitation erosion risk by Eulerian-Lagrangian multiscale modeling[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2024,262:108735. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2023.108735

[33]

Li Zhaohao, Zhang Yuning.Research progress on dynamic of cavitation bubbles within droplet[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2023,38(6):872‒880. doi:10.16076/j.cnki.cjhd.2023.06.007

[34]

李兆豪,张宇宁.液滴内部空化泡动力学研究进展[J].水动力学研究与进展A辑,2023,38(6):872‒880. doi:10.16076/j.cnki.cjhd.2023.06.007

[35]

Shen Xiaozhuo, Wu Pengfei, Lin Weijun.Acoustic emission of pulsating bubbles in viscous media[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2024,73(17):216‒224. doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240826

[36]

申潇卓,吴鹏飞,林伟军.脉动气泡在黏性介质中的声发射[J].物理学报,2024,73(17):216‒224. doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240826

[37]

Zhang Lingxin, Wen Zhongqing, Shao Xueming.Investigation of bubble-bubble interaction effect during the collapse of multi-bubble system[J].Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2013,45(6):861‒867. doi:10.6052/0459-1879-13-067

[38]

张凌新,闻仲卿,邵雪明.多泡相互作用对气泡溃灭的影响[J].力学学报,2013,45(6):861‒867. doi:10.6052/0459-1879-13-067

[39]

Ma Jingwen, Wang Shiping, Yang Yingdi,et al.A review on cavitation flows considering thermal effects[J].Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2024,56(8):2165‒2183. doi:10.6052/0459-1879-23-621

[40]

马静雯,王诗平,杨英狄,.考虑热效应的空化流动研究进展[J].力学学报,2024,56(8):2165‒2183. doi:10.6052/0459-1879-23-621

[41]

Brunner G.Properties of pure water[M].Hydrothermal and Supercritical Water Processes.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2014:9‒93. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59413-6.00002-9

[42]

Rouban A I.The sensitivity coefficients for dynamic systems described by interconnected difference ordinary equations and equations with the distributed memory[J].Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Upravlenie,Vychislitel'naya Tekhnika i Informatika,2022(59):66‒72. doi:10.17223/19988605/59/7

[43]

Wang Wei, Deng Jun, Wei Wangru.Cavitation characteristics and aeration mitigation for the sidewall of a radial gate in a high-head tunnel[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,2025,57(2):84‒92. doi:10.15961/j.jsuese.202300347

[44]

王伟,邓军,卫望汝.高水头弧形闸门出口侧墙空化特性及掺气减蚀研究[J].工程科学与技术,2025,57(2):84‒92. doi:10.15961/j.jsuese.202300347

基金资助

西藏农牧学院研究生创新计划项目(YJS2024-48)

西藏农牧学院高层次人才引进项目(藏农院人字[2022]4号)

西藏自治区人才资源与开发专项资金(藏财科教指2022-51号)

高原环境下的水电清洁能源高效安全利用关键技术研究(XZ202401JD0005)

高水头大容量水电机组开发关键技术(XZ202201ZD0003G04)

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (2532KB)

0

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/