1.College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
2.State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2024-06-26
2026-05-20
Issue Date
2026-09-04
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摘要
若尔盖草原作为黄河上游关键水源涵养地,其河流岸线侵蚀崩塌问题日益凸显,严重影响草原生态安全和水源涵养功能。以若尔盖草甸型弯曲河流为研究对象,调查了若尔盖草原自然环境特征及河道岸线侵蚀破坏现状,深入探讨了河岸侵蚀过程机制及其影响因素。研究全面分析了长期洪水冲刷、植被根系锚固、冻融和渗流潜蚀耦合作用下的侵蚀破坏机制,揭示了河流岸线侵蚀是由下部粉砂层及砾石夹砂层的冲刷、上部草甸层的坍塌以及渗流和冻融共同作用的结果,水流冲刷力与土体抗冲能力的相对大小决定了岸坡的稳定性。通过详细分析土层土粒结构、土层厚度、水流深度、河道弯曲度及渗流等土体参数与河道参数,构建了具有针对性的河流侵蚀计算模型,通过计算模型与实地测量相结合的方法模拟河岸坡脚侵蚀量和侵蚀速率,用BSTEM(bank stability and toe erosion model)的模拟结果验证了本文计算模型的科学性与可靠性。这种综合研究方法不仅提高了研究的深度和广度,而且为河岸侵蚀防控提供了更加全面和有效的技术支撑。
Abstract
Objective The Zoige grassland, a vital water conservation area in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, faces increasingly severe problems of riverbank erosion and collapse. This study is conducted to address this urgent issue, as it exerts a profoundly negative influence on the ecological equilibrium and water conservation functions of the grassland. The principal objective is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and influencing factors of riverbank erosion, with the aim of providing effective solutions for the protection and sustainable management of this significant ecological region. Methods The research focused on the Zoige meadow-type curved river. Comprehensive field investigations were diligently conducted to collect data related to the natural environmental characteristics of the Zoige grassland and the prevailing conditions of riverbank erosion and damage. Advanced analytical techniques were systematically employed to examine soil grain structure, soil thickness, water flow depth, curvature, and seepage. A rigorous analysis of these parameters enabled the development of a targeted computational model. Prolonged monitoring and data collection were performed to assess the effects of flood scouring, vegetation root anchorage, freezing and thawing, and seepage-induced submerged erosion on the riverbanks. The BSTEM (Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model) was utilized to simulate the erosion amount and erosion rate at the riverbank slope foot, and the results were validated through a combination of detailed field measurements and comprehensive model simulations. Results and Discussions The study disclosed that riverbank erosion in the Zoige grassland was a complex process arising from multiple interwoven factors. The scouring of the lower silt layer and gravel sand layer, in conjunction with the collapse of the upper meadow layer, together with the influences of seepage and freezing and thawing processes, collectively contributed to the erosion phenomenon. The relative magnitudes of the water scouring force and the soil resistance to scouring were identified as critical determinants of bank slope stability. The simulation results of the BSTEM exhibited a certain degree of correspondence with the field observations and provided valuable insights into the erosion processes. However, some disparities were also noted, which emphasized the necessity for further refinement and calibration of the model. The calculation results of both models were compared to the actual retreat distance of the riverbank, and it was observed that both the numerical model and the BSTEM displayed relatively consistent trends with the measured data. Specifically, with respect to the lateral erosion distance, the lateral erosion values calculated by the models were not significantly different from the measured values. In addition, as the bank slope morphology and flow conditions changed, the prediction results of the models also showed corresponding variations. The calculation formula of the BSTEM shared similarities with the self-built model but was more complex because it incorporated the influences of vegetation factors and seepage. The results calculated by the numerical calculation model constructed in this study were more consistent with the measured values than those of the BSTEM, possibly due to adjustments and optimizations made during the model construction process based on actual conditions, along with the introduction of new variables and factors. In terms of the safety factor, the values calculated by the models were essentially consistent with the measured values, which were less than 1, indicating that the eroded bank slopes were unstable and further validating the reliability of the models. Given the possibility that parameter optimization can lead to superior results for the self-built model compared to the BSTEM, the same parameter optimization was applied to the BSTEM for comparison. After optimization, the lateral erosion distance predicted by the BSTEM decreased, the deviation from the measured values increased, and the overall trend also changed. The safety factor also decreased, and significant differences emerged. These results indicated that the parameter-optimized BSTEM failed to achieve results comparable to those of the parameter-optimized self-built model, which more effectively demonstrated the advantages and accuracy of the self-built model. In addition, there were specific differences in the lateral erosion distance and safety factor at different bank slope positions. These differences were primarily influenced by factors such as bank slope morphology, flow conditions, and soil layer parameters. For example, at point R3, the significant water depth and slope drop resulted in a considerable lateral erosion distance, whereas at point H2, although the water scouring force was substantial, the large median particle size of the soil resulted in a relatively small scouring distance. Conclusions This comprehensive research made substantial progress in understanding riverbank erosion mechanisms in the Zoige grassland. The constructed computational model, validated through a combination of theoretical simulations and field measurements, demonstrated its scientific validity and reliability. The findings not only contributed to theoretical knowledge in geomorphology and hydrology but also held practical implications for developing effective prevention and control strategies for riverbank erosion. The research emphasized the importance of considering multiple factors and their interactions to understand and manage complex ecological processes. It provides a solid foundation for future studies and conservation efforts aimed at maintaining the ecological integrity and functionality of the Zoige grassland and similar ecosystems.
河流洪涝灾害、岸线侵蚀破坏和河床演变等问题关乎社会发展、生命财产安全和生态环境保护,因此在国内外都备受关注。河流侵蚀崩岸既属于土力学中的土坡稳定性问题,又是河床演变学中的河岸冲刷后退与河道扩宽问题,涉及岩土力学、水力学、植物与生态学、环境科学等多学科,是典型的学科交叉问题[6‒7]。河岸崩塌机理十分复杂,主要受河岸边界特性及土体地质结构、水流条件和河床冲淤演变特性等因素共同影响[8]。Thorne[9]总结了早期侵蚀堤岸的简单土坡稳定性分析;Osman[10]和Thorne[11]等根据堤岸发生冲刷后的几何剖面,建立了适用于河流冲刷作用下的堤岸稳定分析模型。悬臂式落崩是崩岸的主要形式,Thorne等[12]基于安全系数的稳定性分析开创性地提出了悬臂式崩岸的3种可能破坏机制:剪切、拉伸和旋转崩塌。上述研究多聚焦于均质河岸,近年来针对类似若尔盖地区二元河岸结构的研究也越来越多。赵渭军等[13]揭示了混合土二元结构河岸冲刷过程的3个阶段;朱海丽等[3]分析了黄河源草甸型弯曲河流的悬臂式崩岸模式,得到崩塌块的临界宽度表达式;李志威等[14]基于岸坡形态、河岸土体组成和水流条件,运用BSTEM(bank stability and toe erosion model)模拟了高原泥炭型弯曲河道粉砂层的崩岸过程,模拟结果与实际数据吻合较好;张芳枝等[15]通过三维有限元模拟分析河流岸坡稳定性,发现水位上升会加剧河流冲刷对岸坡渗流和变形的影响,尤其堤脚处最易受损。现有研究对草甸型悬臂式崩岸机制的分析尚不够深入,较少考虑各土层土粒结构及土层厚度对崩岸的影响,也缺乏对河流走向、河道弯曲度以及渗流等多重因素的综合考虑。
首先,在卫星地图上确定2017—2023年的对应点位置。在ArcGIS中,使用识别工具(如Identify或Select by Rectangle)获取各年份各测量点的坐标。然后,使用测量工具(如Measure Distance或Measure Area)计算测量点在相邻年份间的直线距离。年偏移量定义为相邻年份测量点之间的直线距离,其中,2017—2019年的偏移量对应两年的累计变化。所有实测点的偏移距离见表3。
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