Objective Deformation monitoring is one of the most direct and critical methods for assessing dam safety, and numerous studies have shown that deformation data typically exhibit significant changes prior to structural damage. The operating environment of high dams and large reservoirs is complex, and accurately predicting dam deformation is essential for timely identification of potential risks. However, the accuracy of deformation prediction is influenced by several factors, including data type, quantity, quality, patterns, and the prediction model itself. Research indicates that different models perform differently depending on the characteristics of the deformation sequence, making it difficult to ensure reliable predictions using a single model. To address the limitations of current models, such as poor applicability, large fluctuations in prediction accuracy, and weak generalization ability, this paper proposes an adaptive prediction model for dam deformation based on the "decomposition–optimization–prediction–reconstruction" framework. Methods The dam deformation time series is first decomposed into several sub-mode sequences of different frequencies using the intrinsic computing expressive empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (ICEEMDAN) algorithm. Because high accuracy prediction is closely related to the extraction of key features from deformation data, sample entropy is introduced to quantify the complexity of each sub-mode sequence and to classify them according to entropy size. With prediction accuracy as the evaluation criterion, different hyperparameter optimization algorithms (e.g., dragonfly algorithm, whale optimization algorithm, and grey wolf optimizer) are combined with appropriate prediction models (e.g., long short-term memory network, gated recurrent unit network, and temporal convolutional neural network) for the classified sub-mode sequences. An adaptive criterion linking sample entropy, the optimization algorithm, and the prediction model is proposed. Then, the best combination of hyperparameter optimization algorithm and prediction model is determined. Finally, the deformation prediction results are obtained by reconstructing the predicted results of different sub-mode sequences, thereby forming an adaptive prediction model for dam deformation based on sample entropy. Results and Discussions Engineering applications demonstrate that, compared with traditional statistical regression models, the proposed model reduces the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) by more than 60% and 90% in the training and testing sets, respectively, indicating high prediction accuracy and strong applicability. While the prediction of individual models and the proposed model is comparable on the training set, significant differences are observed in the testing set. For example, using the multi-correlation coefficient R as an indicator, the R values of all models are relatively high and similar in the training set, whereas significant differences occur in the testing set. The minimum increase in R achieved by the adaptive model is 23.5% compared with the TCN model and 35.1% compared with commonly used statistical regression models. These results indicate that the proposed model effectively extracts key features from deformation monitoring data and exhibits strong adaptability and generalization capability. With the increasing automation of dam monitoring systems, the growing number of monitoring points and increasingly complex data types place higher demands on prediction timeliness and accuracy. Conclusions The proposed prediction model not only improves prediction accuracy but supports real-time calculation, enabling integration into modern online dam safety monitoring systems. By effectively utilizing deformation prediction data to evaluate the safety status of dams, this model demonstrates substantial theoretical value and practical engineering significance.
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