基于AE和DIC的超高性能湿喷混凝土轴压和劈拉破坏特性

刘振威 ,  魏凯 ,  石丹丹 ,  张国志 ,  陈飞翔 ,  陈徐东

工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (04) : 301 -314.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (04) : 301 -314. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202400548
水利与土木工程

基于AE和DIC的超高性能湿喷混凝土轴压和劈拉破坏特性

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Axial Compressive and Splitting Tensile Failure Characteristics of Ultra-high Performance Wet-sprayed Concrete Based on AE and DIC

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摘要

为研究钢纤维掺量对超高性能湿喷混凝土(UHPSC)力学性能的影响,对4种不同体积掺量(0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%)的UHPSC立方体试件开展了轴压和劈拉试验。结合声发射(AE)和数字图像相关(DIC)技术,探究了UHPSC试件在压缩和拉伸静载工况下的破坏特征。结果表明:UHPSC试件的抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度均随钢纤维掺量的增加而增大,分别提升77.0%和63.8%;钢纤维的掺入会延后试件局部应变集中带的形成,同时也会改变裂缝的扩展路径,使试件在受压过程中裂缝由边缘向内部扩展,劈拉过程中裂缝从上侧向中部扩展;最大主应变均在试件表面裂缝处,以局部应变集中带的形式出现;试件在压缩和劈拉过程中的声发射振铃计数分别呈现出4阶段和3阶段的变化规律;试件在破坏时,累计振铃计数和累计能量急剧增长,声发射b值显著降低至1.0以下;随着钢纤维掺量的增加,剪切裂纹占比增大;基于声发射累积振铃计数定义的峰前损伤变量所建立的损伤演化模型能够实现对不同钢纤维掺量UHPSC损伤的定量分析。

Abstract

Objective Axial compressive strength and splitting tensile strength tests are conducted on UHPSC cube specimens with four different volume fractions of 0, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% to investigate the influence of steel fiber content on the mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance wet-sprayed concrete (UHPSC). The failure characteristics of the UHPSC specimens under static loading are analyzed by integrating acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. Methods Firstly, based on the mixing ratio of UHPSC, large UHPSC slab elements were prepared using a concrete pump wet-spraying mechanism. The slabs were then cut into cube specimens measuring 100 × 100 × 100 mm3. Finally, in combination with DIC and AE technologies, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the cube specimens were tested using an electro-hydraulic compression testing machine. Results and Discussions The morphological images of the specimens after compressive failure indicated that, following the incorporation of steel fibers, surface cracking occurred under compression, while the concrete fragments exhibited cracking without dispersion. An increase in steel fiber content resulted in a greater number of microcracks on the specimen surface. The failure pattern following splitting tensile failure demonstrated that the incorporation of steel fibers enabled the specimens to maintain greater integrity after failure. This behavior was attributed to the mechanical interlocking between the steel fibers and the matrix, as the fibers were embedded within the matrix. The results of the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength tests indicated that increasing steel fiber content gradually enhanced these properties in UHPSC specimens. In addition, the strengthening effect became more pronounced as the fiber content increased. The principal strain field evolution cloud diagrams of UHPSC specimens with different steel fiber contents under compression and splitting tensile tests indicated that the introduction of steel fibers delayed the formation of local strain concentration zones and altered the crack propagation paths. The relationship diagrams between acoustic emission parameters and stress over time for UHPSC specimens under compression and splitting tensile tests showed that the acoustic emission ringing counts during the compression and splitting processes exhibited four stages (stable stage, growth stage, attenuation stage, and surge stage) and three stages (stable stage, surge stage, and attenuation stage), respectively. The acoustic emission b-value variation diagrams of UHPSC specimens subjected to compression and splitting tensile tests revealed that, during the initial loading stage, the acoustic emission signals were relatively weak, the b-value showed a slight decline, and the internal damage was dominated by small-scale damage. As loading progressed, the b-value increased slightly and was accompanied by rapid expansion of microcracks. Upon reaching peak stress, the b-value decreased sharply, while the microcracks expanded and interconnected, ultimately forming macrocracks. The RA‒AF value distribution diagrams of the specimens at different stages under compression and splitting tensile tests revealed that the proportion of shear cracks increased significantly with the addition of steel fibers, particularly at the peak load stage. This finding indicated that the incorporation of steel fibers raised the formation of shear cracks. The damage evolution process of UHPSC specimens with different steel fiber contents was analyzed using the cumulative ringing count as the characteristic parameter. A damage evolution model was then established based on the relative peak stress (σr) and damage variable (D) using a nonlinear equation. Conclusions 1)The incorporation of steel fibers can alter the failure mode of the specimen. The random distribution of fibers forms an effective interlocking mechanism with the aggregate, ensuring that, upon failure, the fragments remain connected rather than scattering, maintaining the overall integrity of the specimen. 2)The analysis of the evolution characteristics of specimen surface deformation reveals that cracks initially form at the edges and propagate toward the interior during the compression process. During the splitting tensile process, the addition of steel fibers changes the crack propagation path. Instead of expanding from the middle toward both sides, as observed initially, the cracks propagate longitudinally from the compression zone toward the middle region. The maximum principal strain cloud diagram exhibits localized strain concentration zones at the specimen surface cracks. Increasing the steel fiber content delays the formation of these localized strain concentration zones. 3)The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of UHPSC specimens are positively correlated with steel fiber content, and both strengths increase as the steel fiber content increases. Compared to specimens without steel fibers, the maximum compressive strength and splitting tensile strength increase by 77.0% and 63.8%, respectively, after the incorporation of steel fibers. 4)As loading progresses, the acoustic emission ringing counts of the specimens exhibit distinct stages during both the compression and splitting processes. When specimen failure occurs, the cumulative ringing count and cumulative energy increase sharply, while the b-value decreases significantly to below 1.0. In addition, higher steel fiber content extends the time required for the specimen to reach peak damage. Tensile cracking is identified as the dominant fracture mode. The incorporation of steel fibers improves the shear resistance of concrete to a certain extent, and the proportion of shear cracks increases with increasing steel fiber content. 5)Based on the cumulative acoustic emission ringing count, a pre-peak damage variable is defined. The established damage evolution model demonstrates good agreement with the experimental data, and the acoustic emission characteristic parameters are effectively utilized to quantitatively evaluate the damage behavior of UHPSC with different steel fiber contents.

Graphical abstract

关键词

超高性能湿喷混凝土(UHPSC) / 钢纤维 / 抗压 / 劈裂抗拉 / 声发射 / 数字图像相关

Key words

ultra-high performance wet-sprayed concrete (UHPSC) / steel fiber / compression / splitting tension / acoustic emission / digital image correlation

引用本文

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刘振威,魏凯,石丹丹,张国志,陈飞翔,陈徐东. 基于AE和DIC的超高性能湿喷混凝土轴压和劈拉破坏特性[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2026, 58(04): 301-314 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400548

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喷射混凝土是一种借助喷射设备,在空气压力作用下,通过输送管道将拌合料喷射到受喷面上,形成早期具有强度高、密实性好、适应性强等特点的混凝土喷层,被广泛应用于隧道衬砌、结构加固、桥梁修补等领域中[1‒3]。根据喷射工艺的不同,主要有干喷和湿喷两种施工方法[4],由于湿喷混凝土具有粉尘少、均质性好、回弹率低、生产效率高等优点,目前已被大多数工程优先采用。
目前对湿喷混凝土的研究和应用仍集中在低强度等级方面[5‒6],无法满足喷射混凝土向高强度、高抗渗、高耐久方向发展的需求。超高性能混凝土(UHPC)因具有较高的抗渗性能、力学性能和耐久性能[7‒9],已被广泛用于桥梁、核电、军事等工程中。采用湿喷工艺制作UHPC,不仅能够丰富UHPC的施工技术手段,还能将UHPC与湿喷混凝土的优势结合,进一步拓宽UHPC的应用领域,特别是在异形断面结构、快速修复工程等方面,湿喷UHPC将会有广阔的应用前景[10]。对于湿喷UHPC:Chen等[11]采用改性剂对湿喷UHPC浆体的流变性进行改善,并基于分子动力学模拟分析了改性剂对湿喷UHPC的黏度调节机理;Cui等[12]研究发现,通过添加改性剂能显著改善湿喷UHPC的泵送和喷射性能,且当钢纤维掺量为1.5%时,喷射厚度可达50 mm;Al‒Ameen等[13]研究发现,较高的纤维掺量能够取代速凝剂,使湿喷UHPC保持较好的几何稳定性,当纤维体积率掺量达到2%时,湿喷UHPC的耐久性能达到最优。以上对湿喷UHPC的研究多数集中在材料的配合比设计和工作性能方面,而对于湿喷UHPC在静力荷载作用下的力学性能研究较少,损伤破坏机制尚不明确。
声发射(AE)作为一种有效的无损检测方法,能够实时采集材料在外力作用下因内部损伤而产生的弹性波信号,进而评价材料在损伤过程中的破坏机制和能量变化[14‒15]。虽然AE技术可以在空间范围内监测材料微裂纹的分布,但很难提供裂纹的变形特征,而数字图像相关(DIC)技术可以弥补这种缺陷,实现对材料在变形过程中表面形变和应变分布的精确测量,为分析材料的力学性能提供了直观的数据支持[16‒17]。为此,本文结合AE和DIC技术,从材料内部的微观损伤和表面裂纹扩展方面出发,研究不同钢纤维掺量对超高性能湿喷混凝土(UHPSC)抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度的影响,阐释了UHPSC的损伤演化过程,为UHPSC在工程中的应用提供技术指导。

1 试验概况

1.1 试验材料和配合比

试验所采用的胶凝材料为江西亚东水泥厂生产的P·Ⅱ52.5水泥;硅灰选用埃肯公司生产的半增密硅灰;漂珠选用山东日照生产的超细粉煤灰漂珠;骨料选用石英砂;减水剂为聚羟酸高性能液体减水剂;钢纤维为冷拉镀铜直丝钢纤维,钢纤维材料参数如表1所示。试验共设计了钢纤维体积率分别为0、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的4种UHPSC,各组分含量见表2。表2中,试件编号中的UHPSC为混凝土类型,0、0.5、1.0和1.5分别代表钢纤维体积掺量。

1.2 试件准备

试验所用的湿喷机为河南省煤炭科学设计研究院生产的KBS‒8A混凝土泵送式湿喷机,喷射距离为1 m左右,喷射速度约为26 m/s,喷射方向与受喷面大致呈90°,为抵消因重力作用而产生的速度垂直分量,喷射时将喷嘴略向上扬3°~5°。为充分反映UHPSC的真实性能,首先使用尺寸为450 mm×350 mm×120 mm的平板模具制备UHPSC大板构件。拆模后养护28 d,切割成尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×100 mm的立方体试件,分别用于抗压强度试验和劈裂抗拉强度试验。试件的具体制备过程如图1所示。

1.3 试验设备与加载方案

图2为试验装置。试验装置由加载设备、DIC采集系统和声发射监测设备组成,设备系统如图2(a)所示。首先,在试件一表面喷涂白色喷漆,待白漆晾干后,喷涂黑漆制作黑色散斑;DIC系统采用德国GOM公司生产的Aramis Professional系统,获取试件表面的全场应变变化。在试件喷涂散斑的左右两侧面,分别交叉布置4个用于采集AE信号声的发射探头,其型号为PK6I。声发射设备采用美国公司生产的Sensor Highway Ⅲ监测系统,信号采集的信号幅度门槛值设定为40 dB,声发射探头1~4布置情况如图2(b)所示。试验所采用的加载设备为POPWIL‒3000型电液式压力试验机,采用位移控制方式进行加载,加载速率设置为0.6 mm/min。

2 试验结果及分析

2.1 抗压强度试验

不同编号试件受压破坏后的形态如图3所示。由图3可以发现,当试件破坏时,裂缝的数量随着纤维含量的增多而减少。试件未掺入钢纤维时,当达到承载能力后,试件表面混凝土受压后易剥落,破坏后有几条贯穿的裂缝,其与普通混凝土破坏形态基本相同。当掺入钢纤维后,试件表面受压开裂后,混凝土碎块裂而不散,并且钢纤维掺量越多,试件表面微裂缝越多,试件破坏后的完整性越好,少有贯穿的主裂缝。虽然有钢纤维掺入,试件在破坏时也会有明显的脆性破坏特征,原因是钢纤维和混凝土共同承受压力,当混凝土内部纤维达到受拉强度时,纤维的拔出导致能量突然释放,从而使得混凝土表现出脆性破坏[18]。

图4为不同钢纤维掺量UHPSC试件的抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度变化。由图4可知,随着钢纤维掺量的增多,UHPSC试件的抗压强度呈增大趋势。与UHPSC‒0试件相比,当钢纤维体积率为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%时,试件的抗压强度分别提高了49.5%、59.2%和77.0%。这是由于UHPSC试件经喷射成型时,随着纤维的掺入,纤维的随机分布与骨料之间形成良好的搭接,有效改善了材料内部空隙以及微裂纹产生等问题,提高了混凝土的密实度,而且试件在受压过程中,钢纤维能够充分吸收试件破坏后释放的能量,使其强度得到提高[12,19‒20]。

2.2 劈裂抗拉强度试验

由图4可知,随着钢纤维掺量的增多,UHPSC试件的劈裂抗拉强度逐渐增大,纤维含量越多,增强效果越显著。与试件UHPSC‒0相比,当钢纤维体积率为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%时,试件的劈裂抗拉强度分别提高了34.5%、48.7%和63.8%。原因是钢纤维本身具有较高的抗拉强度,在混凝土开裂后,纤维承受了大部分拉力,纤维的桥联作用使得试件仍能够继续承受荷载,从而提高了混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度,相比传统的普通混凝土,喷射成型的混凝土在材料的密实性和抗裂性方面,均能得到充分发挥[21‒22]。

试件劈拉破坏后的典型破坏形态如图5所示。通过图5可以发现:当未掺入钢纤维时,试件在破坏时会在表面的中间区域附近突然形成一条纵向开展的裂缝,将试件劈裂成两半,表现出明显的脆性破坏特征,破坏后的表面周围未产生细小裂缝;当掺入钢纤维后,试件在破坏前,表面会有较为明显的预兆,由于钢纤维包裹在基体内,钢纤维与基体的机械咬合作用,在竖直表面中线裂缝附近出现较多的微裂缝,试件破坏后整体相对完整。

2.3 试件表面变形演化及破坏过程

图6为不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件在不同抗压下的主应变场演化云图,其中,Pmax为峰值应力最大值。由图6可知,试件表面最大主应变沿纵向分布,且主要以局部应变集中带的形式出现。与试件实际破坏形态对应,即随着荷载的增大,裂缝首先由试件表面边缘产生,后不断向试件内部扩展延伸,试件破坏程度逐渐加剧,最后贯穿整个试件表面,反映在云图上,即表现为局部应变集中带中主应变值较大的内部条带逐渐变宽并贯通。

从图6中还可以看出,试件在压缩过程中,表面变形演化的特征随纤维掺量的不同表现出较明显的差异。随着纤维掺量的增加,在峰值时,试件表面最大主应变云图中的局部应变集中带数量逐渐减少,宽度逐渐变小。当纤维掺量为0、0.5%、1.0%时,试件的局部应变集中带在50%峰值应力水平时出现,并且随着荷载的增大,不同局部应变集中带之间逐渐相连;当纤维掺量为1.5%时,局部应变集中带延后至75%峰值应力水平时出现,且不同条带之间相互分离。

图7为不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件在不同劈裂抗拉下的主应变场演化云图。由图7可知:试件的局部应变集中带均在75%峰值应力水平时出现,当钢纤维掺量为0时,试件在破坏时没有明显征兆,随着荷载的增加,裂缝在试件中部产生并向两端迅速开展,裂缝大致沿中线贯穿,最后被劈裂成两半;随着纤维的掺入,局部应变集中带首先出现在试件表面上部,随着荷载的增大,裂缝由上表面中部逐渐变宽并迅速向下扩展,当钢纤维含量增至1.5%时,试件表面裂缝宽度减小,这主要是因为跨越裂缝两端的纤维在荷载作用下,能够发挥一定的阻裂作用,纤维含量越多,这种作用也就越明显,因此试件在开裂后,仍能够继续承受荷载作用。

2.4 声发射特征分析

2.4.1 基于振铃计数和能量的损伤演化分析

振铃计数和能量为常用的声发射特征参数,前者可以反映材料内部损伤程度大小,后者可以反映内部裂隙形成和扩展过程中的能量大小[23]。图8和9分别为不同纤维掺量的UHPSC试件在抗压和劈拉试验下的声发射参数、应力随时间的变化关系。从图8可以发现,当试件在压缩过程中,声发射振铃计数有4个不同的变化阶段,分别为稳定阶段Ⅰ、增长阶段Ⅱ、衰减阶段Ⅲ和激增阶段Ⅳ。当试件处于初始压实状态时,声发射信号较弱,声发射振铃计数、能量均维持在较低水平,累计振铃计数和累计能量呈线性稳定增加,这是由于在压缩初期,试件内部裂隙扩展缓慢,此时该阶段的裂纹很少。当荷载为峰值应力的30%~50%时(阶段Ⅰ),试件进入弹性-裂纹稳定发展阶段,此时声发射信号开始活跃,振铃计数增多,累积振铃计数曲线和累积能量的斜率开始增大,试件表面裂纹开始出现。当荷载达到峰值的70%~80%时(阶段Ⅱ),曲线增长缓慢,试件表面裂纹扩展减缓;当荷载达到峰值应力附近时,试件内部裂隙经扩展、贯穿,形成较大裂缝,此时振铃计数显著增加,声发射能量也逐渐增大,累计振铃计数和累计能量呈阶梯式增长,此时裂缝开始迅速发展,混凝土受到严重的破坏。

对于不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件,在压缩过程中的不同阶段所呈现的声发射特性规律基本一致,随着纤维掺量的增多,试件达到峰值破坏的时间会有所延长,与试件UHPSC‒0达到峰值破坏时间(214 s)相比,钢纤维体积率为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的试件达到峰值破坏的时间分别增长了33%、81%和134%。这表明钢纤维含量越高,振铃计数在破坏时的变化更加密集,这可能是因为此时试件内部损伤加剧,导致裂缝急剧扩展。

从图9中可以看出,试件在劈拉过程中,声发射振铃计数变化可分为3个不同阶段,分别为稳定阶段Ⅰ、激增阶段Ⅱ和衰减阶段Ⅲ。当试件处于初始压实状态时,声发射信号较弱,累计振铃计数和累计能量增加较平缓;当荷载为峰值应力的50%~70%时(阶段Ⅰ),试件进入弹性-裂纹稳定发展阶段,此时声发射信号开始活跃,振铃计数增多,试件表面裂纹开始出现;当荷载达到峰值应力附近时,此时振铃计数显著增多,累计振铃计数和累计能量也急剧增长,此时裂缝迅速发展,混凝土劈裂破坏。当纤维含量增多时,试件破坏的时间也相应延长,特别当钢纤维含量为1.5%时,试件达到峰值破坏的时间为781 s,与试件UHPSC‒0达到峰值破坏时间512 s相比,增长了53%,并且最终破坏时试件UHPSC‒1.5比试件UHPSC‒0的累计能量和累计振铃计数提高了2.6倍左右。

2.4.2 基于b值分析

在混凝土结构破坏过程中,会产生大量AE活动,这些AE活动在本质上与地震活动相似,因此地震学中的b值分析法可以应用于混凝土等材料的损伤和破坏分析中[24]。b值计算式为:

lg N=a-b(AdB/20)

式中:N为幅值高于AdB的事件数;AdB为AE信号幅值;a为拟合常数;b为拟合直线的斜率,即b值。一般来说,b值增大表明幅值较小的声发射事件数占主导,此时结构内部以微小裂缝扩展为主。相反,b值减小表明幅值较大的声发射事件数占主导,意味着结构中的微小裂缝向宏观裂缝状态发生转变,此时应变能剧烈释放。因此,b值能在一定程度上反映裂缝的发展过程,并作为评估结构损伤程度的指标[24]。

将采集到的声发射数据代入式(1)中,并利用最小二乘法计算出最佳拟合直线的系数a和b。图10和11分别为不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件在抗压和劈裂抗拉试验下声发射b值随应力的变化曲线。图10、11中,虚线框对应应力在峰值附近时b值的下降段。从图10和11中可以看出:试件在加载初期,声发射信号较少,b值出现了轻微的减小,试件内部主要以小尺度破坏为主;试件在加载中期时,b值会有略微的增长,此时微裂纹扩展迅速;当试件达到峰值应力时,b值急剧减小,此时微裂纹扩展贯通,导致宏观裂缝出现。

研究表明[25‒26]:当b值>1.7时,试件内部主要以微裂纹为主;当1.2<b值≤1.7时,试件内部裂纹稳定扩展;当1.0<b值≤1.2时,试件内部将形成宏观裂纹。由图10可知,试件在压缩过程中,b值的整体变化范围主要在0.6~2.1区间内。随着加载的进行,不同试件的b值曲线波动均呈下降趋势。但与图10(a)对比发现:图10(b)~(d)中b值的整体波动情况较剧烈,b值在破坏前的下降速度略慢;当接近峰值强度时,b值产生了一个明显的下降段,下降量约为0.3~0.6,b值整体降低到1.0以下,这表明由于钢纤维的阻裂作用使得试件内部裂缝状态的变化较为复杂。

由图11可知:在劈拉过程中,当试件未掺入钢纤维时,试件在加载前期,b值的变化趋势更为分散,试件的整体波动较大,其值主要集中在0.7~1.5范围内;然而,掺入钢纤维后,b值波动情况明显减小;试件在加载中期时,b值出现一段较为集中的区域,此时b值数值大小相对接近,其值均在1.0左右波动;随着荷载的增大,b值在试件破坏前迅速减小到1.0以下,最大减小量为1.56,这表明局部宏观裂纹的形成导致了试件最终失效。这与第2.4.1节描述的振铃计数和能量得出的结果相同。

2.4.3 基于RA-AF值分析

混凝土的裂缝开展模式可以基于声发射中RA-AF值进行分析[27‒28]。其中:上升角(RA)为上升时间与振幅的比值;平均频率(AF)为振铃计数与持续时间的比值;当RA较大、AF值较小时表现为剪切裂纹,反之表现为张拉裂纹。分别对不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件在不同时间段的RA和AF值进行分析,其中时间段的划分主要基于图8和9中振铃计数不同阶段所对应的时间。由于不同材料以及加载方式的RA-AF临界比值不同,本文将识别裂纹类型的RA-AF临界比值k设为80∶1[29]。

图12为不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件在抗压试验下不同阶段的RA-AF值分布,其中,椭圆圈内的数字分别表示该阶段剪切裂纹和张拉裂纹的占比。从图12(a)可以看到:AF值主要集中在0~250 kHz之间,而RA值主要集中在0~16 000 ms/V之间;当试件在Ⅰ阶段时,大多数AF值位于0~200 kHz,此时RA数量较少,张拉裂纹所占的比例为72.2%;当进入阶段Ⅱ和Ⅲ时,张拉裂纹所占的比例显著增多;当进入Ⅳ阶段,且越接近峰值应力(图8)时,剪切破裂的比例开始增大。通过图12(b)~(d)可以发现,随着钢纤维掺量的增多,试件在Ⅲ~Ⅳ阶段时剪切裂纹所占的比例显著增大,说明钢纤维掺量的增多,能够增加剪切裂纹的形成。

从UHPSC试件整体阶段上看,不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件的AF值占比均在60%以上,且始终大于RA的占比,表明UHPSC试件在抗压试验下的破裂模式以张拉裂纹为主,并且从UHPSC试件破坏后的形态(图3)中也可以发现,试件破坏多呈现垂直贯通裂缝,符合张拉裂纹的特征,说明该分析方法准确有效。

图13为不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件在劈拉试验下不同阶段的RA-AF值分布。从图13中可知,张拉裂纹在试件的每个阶段均占主导地位,这与试件劈拉破坏形态(图5)上的裂纹相一致,表明UHPSC试件的劈裂破坏主要由张拉裂纹引起。随着钢纤维的掺入,混凝土内部空间结构受到改变,使得试件在加载过程中的内部应力状态发生了变化。在峰值应力阶段(阶段Ⅱ),UHPSC‒0.5、UHPSC‒1.0和UHPSC‒1.5试件的剪切裂缝比例分别为11.2%、11.8%和12.2%,均超过了UHPSC‒0试件的裂缝比例(5.6%),表明钢纤维的掺入在一定程度上能够增加混凝土的剪切损伤。

2.4.4 基于累计声发射参数的损伤模型

根据关于不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC声发射特征的分析可知,振铃计数和累计振铃计数的变化能够较好地表征混凝土的变形破坏,且与试件内部裂纹发育和扩展程度密切相关[30‒31]。因此,本文选择累计振铃计数作为特征参量,对不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件的损伤演化过程进行分析。

最初,Kachanov等[32]将损伤变量D定义为材料发生损伤后的断面面积Sd和初始无损状态下的断面面积S的比值:

D=SdS

为了简化损伤变量的计算,现假设初始试件完全破坏时的累计振铃计数为Nm,则试件单位面积微元破坏时的声发射振铃计数n为:

n=NmS

故,当UHPSC试件断面损伤面积达到Sd时,累计振铃计数Nd可表示为:

 Nd=nSd=NmSSd

结合式(3)、(4)可得到累计声发射振铃计数和损伤变量之间的归一化方程关系:

D=NdNm

结合试件的应力-时间曲线(图8、9)可以发现,当荷载达到峰值时,试件承载力会突然急剧下降,因此,无需考虑峰后阶段,此时损伤变量D = 1。为方便分析不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC破坏前各阶段的损伤演化情况,对应力进行归一化处理,结合式(5)可得出不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件在压缩和劈拉下的相对峰值应力σr与损伤变量D的关系,如图14所示。

从图14可以发现,试件在外力荷载作用下的损伤变量D的变化大致分为3个阶段:在第1阶段,由于原生裂隙和孔洞的存在,在荷载作用下,试件内部微裂纹萌生,损伤变量变化较小;在第2阶段,主要为裂缝成型和扩展阶段,此时试件的损伤累积速率缓慢增大,损伤变量逐渐增加;在第3阶段,即峰前破坏阶段,损伤变量急速上升,试件裂隙贯通,最终形成宏观断裂面,试件发生破坏。

通过选用非线性方程对相对峰值应力σr与损伤变量D关系进行拟合[33],如下所示:

D=AeBσr

式中,A和B为拟合参数。

通过式(6)可以分别得到不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件在压缩和劈拉下的拟合参数值,如表3所示。

对拟合参数分析可以发现:在抗压试验中,参数A随钢纤维体积率的增大而减小,参数B随钢纤维体积率的增大而增大;而在劈拉试验中,则表现相反,即参数A随钢纤维体积率的增大而增大,参数B随钢纤维体积率的增大而减小。所有曲线的拟合系数R2均大于0.90,拟合效果较好,因此,可以用该模型预测外力荷载作用下不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC试件的损伤演化。

3 结论

本文借助声发射和数字图像相关技术,对不同钢纤维掺量的UHPSC立方体试件进行抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度的试验研究,通过分析得到以下结论。

1)钢纤维的掺入能够改变试件的破坏形态,随机分布的纤维能够与骨料之间形成良好的搭接,使得试件在受力破坏后,碎块裂而不散,试件保持相对完整。

2)对试件表面变形演化特征分析发现:试件在受压过程中,裂缝首先由边缘产生,随后向内部扩散;试件在劈拉过程中,随着钢纤维的加入,裂缝的扩展路径由最初的从中部向两侧扩展变为从受压上侧向中部扩展;最大主应变云图均在试件表面裂缝处,以局部应变集中带的形式出现,并且钢纤维掺量的增加会使试件局部应变集中带延后出现。

3)UHPSC试件的抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度与钢纤维掺量呈正相关,其强度均随着纤维掺量的增加而增大;与未掺入钢纤维的试件相比,加入钢纤维后,抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度最大分别提高了77.0%和63.8%。

4)随着时间的增加,试件在压缩和劈拉过程中,声发射振铃计数分别呈现出不同的变化阶段;试件在破坏时,累计振铃计数和累计能量急剧增长,b值显著降低至1.0以下,并且钢纤维掺量越多,试件到达峰值破坏所需的时间越长;试件的破裂模式以张拉裂纹为主,钢纤维的掺入在一定程度上提高了混凝土的剪切损伤,且随着钢纤维掺量的增加,剪切裂纹的比例也有所增大。

5)依据声发射累积振铃计数定义了峰前损伤变量,所建立的损伤演化模型与试验数据吻合较好,实现了用声发射特征参数,定量分析不同钢纤维掺量UHPSC的损伤。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金面上项目(52379124)

中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(B230204021)

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