复刻FBG型七芯光纤多参量同步监测系统

张作才, 高桂林, 冯谦

工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (05) : 287 -297.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (05) : 287 -297. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202400640
土木工程

复刻FBG型七芯光纤多参量同步监测系统

    张作才, 高桂林, 冯谦
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Engraved FBG Seven-core Fiber Based Multi-parameter Monitoring System

    Zuocai ZHANG1, Guilin GAO1, Qian FENG2
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摘要

针对单芯光纤难以实现多参量同步采集问题,提出复刻FBG型七芯光纤多参量同步监测系统。该系统有效集成光纤光栅(FBG)、拉曼光时域反射(ROTDR)和布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA)于一根光纤,利用七芯光纤中的4根纤芯采集结构的应变、温度和自振频率。首先,分析七芯光纤空分复用机制,经过刻制FBG串、二次涂敷等工艺流程,得到复刻FBG型七芯光纤。然后,通过有限元分析、理论分析和试验等手段,探究温度波动和应变传递层剪变滞后效应对BOTDA和FBG测得应变的影响,建立应变修正公式。最后,通过足尺钢梁多参量同步监测试验,对复刻FBG型七芯光纤的多参同步感知性能和应变修正公式的有效性和准确性进行试验。试验结果表明:温度波动1℃引起BOTDA和FBG的应变测量误差分别为23×10-6、16×10-6,剪变滞后效应导致应变减小11%;复刻FBG型七芯光纤多参量同步监测系统的监测值与传统传感器测量值一致,ROTDR和FBG的测温误差分别为0.36、-0.04℃;BOTDA和FBG的应变测量误差分别为-15×10-6、-0.4×10-6,与应变修正前相比,准确度分别提升12%、98%;FBG测得的自振频率为2.18 Hz,与加速度计的频率测量值2.19 Hz一致。复刻FBG型七芯光纤多参量同步监测系统实现了多种参量同步采集,融合了点式应变、分布式应变与温度补偿的优势,且不影响各传感器的性能,应变修正公式能够有效提高应变测量准确度,为多芯光纤在结构健康监测中的应用提供了新思路。

Abstract

Objective Optical fiber sensing systems have gradually became important components of structural health monitoring systems (SHM). A multi-parameter synchronous monitoring technology based on engraved FBG seven-core fiber is proposed, which effectively integrates Raman optical time-domain reflectometry (ROTDR), fiber Bragg grating (FBG), and Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) into one seven-core fiber to address the difficulty of achieving multi-parameter synchronous acquisition with a single-core sensing fiber. The ROTDR sensing core monitors distributed temperature, the FBG sensing core measures point strain, temperature, and vibration frequency simultaneously, and the BOTDA sensing cores perform distributed strain data acquisition. Methods Firstly, the space division multiplexing mechanism of multi-core fiber was thoroughly analyzed. The cross-sectional layout of the seven-core fiber and the composition of the seven-core fiber multi-parameter monitoring system were introduced, and the cores were numbered. The strain, temperature, and natural frequency of the structure were synchronously collected using four cores of the seven-core fiber, considering the symmetry of the cores and the sensitivity of the sensing technology to temperature and strain. Among them, core 7 in the central position was employed to sense the point strain and temperature through FBG sensing technology, while cores 1 and 4 in symmetrical positions were utilized to monitor distributed strain through BOTDA sensing technology. At the same time, core 2 was utilized to measure distributed temperature through ROTDR sensing technology. In addition, the strain measurements of BOTDA and FBG were susceptible to fluctuations in ambient temperature and the shear lag effect of strain transfer layers. The influence of the shear lag effect of strain transfer layers on BOTDA and FBG strain was investigated by finite element analysis and strain transfer experiments. Theoretical analysis and sensitivity coefficient calibration experiments were conducted to analyze the influence of ambient temperature fluctuations on strain measurement values. The strain correction formula that considered temperature compensation and strain transfer rate was established. Finally, the multi-parameter synchronous monitoring experiment of a full-scale steel beam was conducted to test the multi-parameter synchronous sensing performance of the engraved FBG seven-core fiber and the effectiveness of the strain correction formula. The multi-parameter monitoring experiment included two parts: a static graded loading experiment and a free attenuation vibration experiment, which were conducted to verify the static and dynamic working performance of the engraved FBG seven-core fiber, respectively. Before the experiment, the ABAQUS finite element model was established to guide the procedure. The length of the steel beam specimen was 12 m, which met the requirements of BOTDA spatial resolution. During the test, the strain values were collected by strain flower, FBG, and BOTDA. At the same time, the temperature values were monitored by a high-precision thermometer, FBG, and ROTDR. In addition, the natural frequency of the specimen was collected by the accelerometer and FBG. All the measured values of the optical fiber sensing technologies were compared to the measured values of the traditional sensors. Results and Discussions The results showed that the shear deformation hysteresis effect of the strain transfer layers and the fluctuation of ambient temperature led to errors in strain measurement. The strain sensitivity coefficients of FBG and BOTDA were 1.2 pm/10-6 and 0.044 MHz/10-6, respectively. The temperature sensitivity coefficients of FBG and BOTDA were 19 pm/°C and 1 MHz/°C, respectively. Therefore, a temperature fluctuation of 1 °C caused strain errors of 23×10-6 in BOTDA and 16×10-6 in FBG. The stable strain transfer rates of finite element analysis and experiments were 85% and 89%, respectively, which were independent of strain magnitude. The shear deformation hysteresis effect caused the strain measurement values to decrease by 11% to 15%. The shear deformation hysteresis effect of the strain transfer layers and the fluctuation of ambient temperature have a significant influence on the strain measurement results, which cannot be ignored. It was necessary to establish a strain correction formula to improve the accuracy of strain measurement. In addition, the monitoring values of the multi-parameter synchronous monitoring system based on the engraved FBG seven-core fiber were consistent with those of the traditional sensors. The temperature measurement errors of ROTDR and FBG were 0.36 °C and -0.04 °C, respectively. After correction by the strain correction formula using FBG temperature measurement values, the BOTDA strain measurement error was -15×10-6, while the FBG strain measurement error was -0.4×10-6. Compared to the pre-strain correction, the strain accuracy was improved by 12% and 98%, respectively. It was important to note that when the ROTDR temperature measurement values were utilized to correct the strain, the strain error was not reduced, because the ROTDR strain measurement accuracy was poor, and excessive temperature compensation was introduced. The natural frequency of the specimen measured by FBG was 2.18 Hz, which was consistent with 2.19 Hz measured by the accelerometer. Conclusions The multi-parameter monitoring technology based on engraved FBG seven-core fiber achieved the synchronous acquisition of multiple parameters. This technology combined the advantages of point strain, distributed strain, and temperature compensation, without affecting the performance of each sensing technology. In addition, the strain correction formula effectively improved the accuracy of strain measurement. Finally, reasonable suggestions were proposed for the application of engraved FBG seven-core fiber in practical engineering, and future research directions were identified to further optimize the multi-parameter synchronous monitoring system based on engraved FBG seven-core fiber. The study provides new insights into the application of multi-core fiber in structural health monitoring.

Graphical abstract

关键词

多芯光纤 / 光纤光栅 / 温度补偿 / 应变传递 / 空分复用

Key words

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复刻FBG型七芯光纤多参量同步监测系统[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2025, 57(05): 287-297 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400640

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结构健康监测是感知结构响应和周边环境的有效手段,可提高建筑服役安全性和耐久性。传统的结构健康监测系统多采用电子传感技术,存在易受电磁干扰、信噪比低、传输距离短、种类繁杂、耐久性差等不足,优化升级结构健康监测系统成为土木工程领域亟待解决的关键问题和研究热点之一[1]
光纤传感器是一种利用光导纤维的温度和应变敏感性进行物理参量监测的新型传感技术[2]。光纤主要材质为二氧化硅,通过光信号感知和传输外界信息,具有天然的抗电磁干扰、传输距离远、尺寸小、重量轻、耐腐蚀等优点,此外,不同的光纤传感技术还具有测量精度高、空分复用、波分复用等功能,成为结构健康监测新技术研究与应用的热点[3]。光纤传感技术根据感知范围的不同分为点式传感和分布式传感。其中,点式传感主要指光纤光栅(FBG)。FBG为折射率呈周期性变化的格栅结构,长度约1 cm,可直接用于测量局部温度和应变变化[45],对其进行特定封装后还可拓展监测参量的种类[67],具有测量精度高、可封装性好、波分复用等优点[8],但FBG串接数量有限,不能实现全分布式测量。相比而言,分布式传感可在光纤全长范围内感知[910],主要包括拉曼光时域反射(ROTDR)[11]、布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA)[1213]等光纤传感技术。根据空间分辨率不同,单根光纤测点数量达数千点,每一测点均可定位监测,但传感性能受到空间分辨率、测量精度和采样速率3项指标的制约。因此,有效结合点式传感与分布式传感的优势,可弥补各自的不足,实现多参量同步采集是研究的重点。
多芯光纤配套技术的不断完善,为多参量同步采集提供了一种解决思路[14]。其中,七芯光纤的截面尺寸与一根普通单芯光纤相同,在同一包层内均布7根可以独立传感纤芯,使得容纳多种传感技术于一根光纤、同步解调多种参量成为可能。冯谦等[15]利用多芯光纤提高分布式振动测量精度,探究其在安防工程中的应用,所提的振动解析算法在一定程度上可以定位外界干扰,但用于实际工程时尚需提高预警准确系数。Jin等[16]建立轴向应变误差模型,减少多芯光纤形状传感技术的测量误差,但仍需考虑环境温度变化对光栅应变测量值的影响,进一步优化修正效果。赵志勇[17]通过测量多芯光纤对称纤芯的应变,初步再现了空间变形,但缺乏定量校核误差和动态变形监测。Chen等[18]利用多芯光纤重构曲率半径从5~100 cm的2维圆形,但该曲率半径仍无法满足土木工程形变监测的需求。Zafeiropoulou等[19]提出一种扁平状多芯光纤,在形状传感领域的性能优于普通多芯光纤,但该特殊几何结构的光纤制作工艺复杂,不利于推广应用。Feng等[20]在实验室初步探究多芯光纤同步监测多个参量的可行性,加快多芯光纤由通信领域迈向传感领域的步伐,但存在偏振光测振(PVS)难以用于实际工程中大尺寸构件的准确振动监测、缺乏分布式应变监测、应变测量误差较大等问题。Han等[21]基于多芯光纤和深度学习算法建立了一套导管形状传感方法。He等[22]采用动态布里渊光学相关域分析技术实现了快速、高空间分辨率的动态应变测量,但该技术对数据存储设备要求高,且减小了测量范围。Arrizabalaga等[23]打破光纤折射率分布对称性,制造出一种有利于监测应变、振动和曲率的耦合多芯光纤,但该特种光纤制作工艺复杂,折射率分布难以控制。Zhu等[24]采用蚀刻多芯光纤对分布折射率传感进行温度补偿,提升了光频域反射计的工作性能,但蚀刻光纤涂敷层和包层降低了传感光纤的韧性,限制了分布监测长度和传感器成活率。
上述多芯光纤研究大多局限于形状感知和特种结构光纤,少数涉及土木工程领域多参量传感,但采用的个别传感技术不利于工程应用。本文提出基于复刻FBG型七芯光纤的多参量同步监测技术,融合点式传感和分布式传感的优势,解决了温度补偿和应变传递率修正问题,有效提高了应变监测准确度。首先,在七芯光纤指定位置刻制FBG串,并重新涂敷封装,得到具备点式传感和分布式传感双重功能的复刻FBG型七芯传感光纤;其次,探究应变传递规律和温度补偿原理,构建应变修正公式;最后,设计实施足尺钢梁多参量监测试验,对比分析复刻FBG型七芯光纤的多参量同步感知能力和应变修正效果。

1 七芯光纤空分复用机制

1.1 组成结构

图1所示,七芯光纤由包层和纤芯组成,7根纤芯呈六边形均匀分布于包层内,材质均为二氧化硅,但纤芯折射率高于包层,光束被有效约束在纤芯内传输。在预定位置刻制FBG,使得7根纤芯均具备反射布拉格光的功能,得到兼具点式传感和分布式传感优势的复刻FBG型七芯传感光纤,并通过耦合器和光纤解调仪器达到各纤芯采集不同参量的目的。

复刻FBG型七芯光纤具有芯间串扰低、纤芯数量充足、空间布局对称、扇入扇出技术成熟、波分复用、空分复用等优点,利于多参量同步感知。

1.2 复用机制

通过扇入扇出耦合器从七芯光纤引出7根单芯尾纤,每根尾纤均可连接一种光纤解调设备或端口,实现7根纤芯各自独立传感。结构健康监测中能反映构件受力状态、损伤程度和工作环境的参量主要包括应力、应变、自振频率和温度,依此设计一种空分复用方案如下:

1)纤芯7用于FBG传感,具备局部应变和温度的高精度测量功能,配备高采样频率的解调仪时,可兼顾动、静态应变监测,实现构件应变和自振频率的同步感知,有效解决了PVS测振技术的局限性;此外,纤芯7位于光纤中性轴(弯曲变形时,横截面上应力、应变为零的点连成的轴线),避免了弯曲变形影响,提高了应变测量准确度。波分复用同一纤芯上的光栅串,尚可实现不同位置的温度和应变监测。

FBG传感技术的应变求解公式如下[25]

ε=(Δλ-αΤΔΤ)/αε

式中,ε为待求应变,Δλ为FBG解调仪测得的光栅布拉格波长变化量,αεαΤ分别为FBG点式传感器的应变灵敏度系数和温度灵敏度系数,ΔΤ为温度波动值。

2)纤芯1和纤芯4处于轴对称位置,用于BOTDA传感。BOTDA利用受激布里渊散射光进行分布式应变感知,需要在通路两端分别同时输入连续探测光和泵浦脉冲光;纤芯1和纤芯4一端熔接形成光通路,另一端接入布里渊光时域分析仪端口,无需另设光纤回路,充分发挥了多芯光纤的空分复用优势;同时,作为平行、对称纤芯,这两根纤芯的应变取平均后可消除弯曲效应,利于提高应变测量准确度。

BOTDA传感技术的应变求解公式如下[26]

ε=(ΔυB-βTΔT)/βε

式中,ΔυB为布里渊光时域分析仪测得的布里渊频移变化量,βεβΤ分别为BOTDA分布式传感器的应变灵敏度系数和温度灵敏度系数。

3)纤芯2利用ROTDR感知温度。ROTDR仅对温度敏感,主要用于分布式温度感知和定位。

ROTDR测温技术的温度求解公式如下[27]

T=1/1/T0-ηRln RT/RT0

式中,T为待求温度,T0为初始标定温度,ηR为ROTDR分布式温度传感器的温度影响系数,RT0RT分别为初始标定温度和实测温度下反斯托克斯光与斯托克斯光的光强比。

上述复刻FBG型七芯传感光纤的空分复用方案共利用4根纤芯,将BOTDA、FBG和ROTDR传感技术集成一体,同步采集结构动静态应变、服役温度和自振频率等参量,冗余的纤芯尚可用于增加待测参量种类或同参多测以提高精度。

2 应变修正

多种因素会影响应变测量结果,除传感光纤和解调设备的自身性能之外,应变传递层的剪变滞后效应和环境温度波动均会引入误差,甚至导致错误。

2.1 应变传递率及其修正

传感光纤粘贴于基体表面时,在基体与纤芯之间存在黏结层和涂敷层等剪切应变传递层。在材质方面,应变传递层为有机材料,剪切模量较小、变形较大;在尺寸方面,纤芯尺寸远小于应变传递层厚度,应变传递层的剪切变形不可忽略,纤芯应变迟滞于基体应变[2830]

2.1.1 数值模拟

为探究传感光纤的应变传递机制,采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立传感单元的有限元模型,如图2所示。纤芯直径为125 μm、涂覆层厚度为62.5 μm,黏结层厚度为200 μm,纤芯弹性模量为72 GPa,涂覆层剪切模量为0.27 MPa,黏结层剪切模量为0.4 GPa;相比而言,基体的截面尺寸和刚度接近无限大;纤芯层、涂覆层和黏结层的泊松比分别取0.17、0.45和0.35。

传感单元模型的长细比过大时,易造成单元体畸形、计算精度降低,此外,需预留足够的应变传递区间,本文取模型长度为0.5 m,纤芯长细比为8 000∶1。界面约束条件采用面绑定约束,不考虑层间滑移。荷载施加时将基体一端固定,对另一端面施加面荷载,荷载工况如表1所示。

传感光纤有限元模型及其在最大荷载下的应变云图如图3所示。

图3可见,从基体到黏结层再到纤芯层、从纤芯中间段到两端,云图颜色由暖色调逐渐变为冷色调,说明相应部位的应变逐渐变小。

按照表1施加6级荷载,分析得到每一级基体应变对应的应变传递规律如图4所示。由图4可见:传感光纤的应变传递率曲线呈现由两端向中间增大并趋于定值的趋势。由于黏结固定段边缘效应,经过13 mm的攀升距离,曲线达到最大值,稳定应变传递率为85%。

2.1.2 传递率试验

将传感光纤粘贴于钢板基体表面轴心位置,粘贴长度为20 cm。其中,FBG1位于粘贴长度的端部,FBG2设置于粘贴长度的中间,传感器设置如图5(a)所示。将试件竖直夹持于上下两夹具的中心,采用WHSD-150KN电子万能试验机以0.5 mm/min的速度施加拉力,采用FBG解调仪采集两段FBG的中心波长,试验过程维持室内温度恒定,忽略温度波动影响,试验装置如图5(b)所示。

试验结果如图6所示。由图6可知:随着荷载的增加,FBG1和FBG2的应变传递率曲线快速趋于稳定。虽然基体应变相同,但FBG1稳定后的应变传递率为66%,FBG2的应变传递率达到89%,此结果与有限元分析结果一致,微小差异主要来源于黏结层厚度不均匀等因素。

基于以上应变传递规律,在实际监测工程中采用传感光纤测量应变时,应避开黏结固定段两端的无效区域,并进行应变传递率修正;尽量选用弹性模量较大的胶体和保护层较薄的裸纤。

2.2 温度影响及其修正

FBG和BOTDA传感技术均对温度和应变同时敏感,作为应变传感器使用时需进行温度补偿。

2.2.1 理论分析

FBG主要用于高精度点式应变监测,BOTDA能够实现长距离分布式应变监测,二者工作原理的计算公式分别如下[2122]

Δλ=αεε+αΤΔΤ
ΔυB=βTΔT+βεε

式(3)、(4)表明,FBG中心波长漂移量和BOTDA布里渊频移量均与温度波动和应变变化存在线性关系,环境温度变化将影响应变监测的准确性。

2.2.2 标定测试

将传感光纤粘贴于钢质基体表面,进行FBG和BOTDA标定试验,测得式(3)和(4)中的灵敏度系数,分析温度波动对应变测量值的影响程度。首先,保持室温恒定,标记试件的初始标距2 200 mm,分级加载改变标距段的长度,光纤轴向拉应变不断增大;同时,采用FBG解调仪和布里渊光时域分析仪测得FBG中心波长和布里渊频移,经线性拟合,FBG和BOTDA的应变灵敏度系数分别为1.2 pm/10-6、0.044 MHz/10-6,如图7所示。

其次,保持试件松弛,改变环境温度,采用FBG解调仪和布里渊光时域分析仪测得FBG中心波长和布里渊频移,经线性拟合,FBG和BOTDA的温度灵敏度系数分别为19 pm/℃、1 MHz/℃,如图8所示。

由以上标定结果及式(3)和(4)可知:当温度波动1 ℃时,FBG的应变测量误差为16×10-6,BOTDA的应变测量误差达23×10-6。中国大部地区的昼夜温差和冬夏温差较大,温度波动引起的应变测量误差不容忽略,因此,需设置高精度温度补偿传感器,并修正光纤应变监测值。同时考虑应变传递率和温度补偿的FBG、BOTDA测得应变的修正公式分别如下:

εFBG=Δλ-αΤΔΤKαε
εBOTDA=ΔυB-βTΔTKβε

式(5)、(6)中:K为稳定应变传递率,本文取0.89;ΔT由FBG和ROTDR监测。

3 足尺钢梁多参监测试验

为进一步研究复刻FBG型七芯光纤的多参量同步感知性能,同时验证应变修正公式的效果,设计实施了足尺钢梁多参监测试验,监测参量、光纤传感技术及其对应传感纤芯等如图9所示。

3.1 数值模拟

运用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立试件模型,并进行静态分析和动态分析,得到试件的挠度、应变和自振频率等结构响应,为后续划分静力加载级别、优选传感器型号提供依据和对比。

3.1.1 静态分析

试件模型为工字型截面,如图10所示,翼缘宽度142 mm、厚度20 mm,腹板高度360 mm、厚度10.5 mm,总长度10 m。

在钢梁三等分点处分6级同步施加1.13、2.26、3.39、4.52、5.65、6.78 kN的竖向面荷载作用,如图10所示,得到每级作用下试件的跨中挠度和应变如表2所示。

3.1.2 动态分析

对试件进行模态分析,提取前3阶振型及固有频率,前3阶固有频率分别为1.94、4.05和7.56 Hz,试件的前3阶振型如图11所示。

3.2 多参监测试验

由于缩尺模型尺寸较小,无法满足分布式光纤传感的空间分辨率要求,此外,作为对比而设立的传统传感器自重不可忽略,易干扰测试结果。故选取长12 m、重811 kg的工字钢梁为试件,对其进行静力分级加载和自由衰减振动试验,分别验证复刻FBG型七芯传感光纤的静态和动态感知性能。与Feng等[20]的试验研究相比,本文采用的动态FBG技术可精准测量预定点位的振动频率;引入BOTDA分布式应变传感,满足实际工程中大尺寸、长距离的分布式应变监测需求。

3.2.1 静力分级加载试验

采用黏结剂将传感光纤粘贴于试件底部中间位置,确保光纤具备一定的预张力,FBG位于试件的跨中位置,在两侧三等分点处同时加载,加载等级划分为6级,每级加载单侧配重113 kg,加载完成并稳定后,同步监测试件的跨中挠度、应变和温度,加载试验装置如图12所示。静力分级加载试验的试验视频如附件1所示。

3.2.2 自由衰减振动试验

利用图12中的试验装置,在试件跨中位置悬挂配重块提供初始挠度变形15 mm,快速剪断吊绳,试件做上下自由衰减振动。采用FBG和加速度计同步采集试件自振频率,同时,利用FBG、ROTDR和数显温度计监测试件温度。自由衰减振动试验的试验视频如附件2所示。

试验过程中,采用的主要设备包括:SM130型FBG解调仪,扫描频率1 kHz,应变测量精度±1×10-6,温度测量精度±0.05 ℃;OZ Optics型布里渊光时域分析仪,空间分辨率1 m,应变测量精度±2×10-6;数显温度计,测温精度±0.01 ℃;拉曼光时域反射仪,测温精度±0.5 ℃;DH3822动态采集仪及采集加速度计等。

3.3 试验结果及分析

3.3.1 温度

在静力分级加载试验过程中,FBG和ROTDR监测到的温度值均有较高的准确性,如表3图13所示。由表3图13可见:与数显温度计测量值相比,ROTDR的测温误差均值为0.36 ℃;FBG温度传感器的测温误差均值为-0.04 ℃。

自由衰减振动试验过程中,数显温度计、ROTDR和FBG的测温结果分别为22.5、22.6、22.6 ℃,温差约为0.1 ℃,进一步说明同步采集过程中ROTDR和FBG的工作状态良好。

3.3.2 应变

利用FBG和ROTDR测温的同时,采用纤芯7上的另一段FBG和纤芯1、纤芯4的BOTDA进行点式应变和分布式应变采集,结果如表4图14(a)所示。由于BOTDA空间分辨率为1 m,试件三等分点之间的距离仅3 m,故两种手段均测得试件跨中应变进行对比分析。并利用式(5)和(6)修正BOTDA和FBG的应变监测值,得到修正前、后的试件跨中应变分别如图14(a)、(b)所示。

图14中,εFBG0εBOTDA0为修正前的应变,εFBG1εBOTDA1分别为用FBG温度值修正后的FBG和BOTDA测得的应变。由表4图14(a)可知:FBG和BOTDA的应变监测值与应变花实测值均呈稳步上升趋势;未经修正的应变监测值εFBG0εBOTDA0均低于实测值,主要原因是午后加载过程耗时较长,温度持续降低,温差和应变传递率共同导致应变测量误差;修正前FBG的应变测量误差均值为-25×10-6,修正前BOTDA的应变测量误差均值为-17×10-6。由图14(b)可见:修正后的应变值更加贴近实测值;修正后FBG的应变测量误差均值减小为0.4×10-6,准确度提升98%;修正后BOTDA的应变测量误差均值减小为-15×10-6,准确度提升12%。

图15给出利用ROTDR温度值修正后的FBG和BOTDA测得的应变结果。图15中,εFBG2εBOTDA2分别为采用ROTDR温度值修正后的FBG和BOTDA测得的应变。由图15可知,相比于图14,利用ROTDR温度值修正后的FBG测得的应变和BOTDA测得的应变的线性度较差,尤其是第4级加载时应变轨迹跳跃明显。由于ROTDR测温精度略低于FBG,且温度波动ΔΤROTDR本身离散性较大,由此得到的应变补偿值ΔεFBG2ΔεBOTDA2携带了温度波动特征。例如,第5级加载时ROTDR温度波动为-1.7 ℃,对应的应变补偿值ΔεFBG2ΔεBOTDA2分别达到-27.2×10-6、-39.1×10-6,相比于FBG温度波动-0.5 ℃时所对应的应变补偿值-8×10-6、-11.5×10-6,额外引起了-26.7×10-6、-27.6×10-6的过度温度补偿。温度补偿可以提高应变测量准确度,但前提是温度测量手段本身具有较高的准确度。

3.3.3 自振频率

对FBG和加速度计采集到的试验数据进行信号降噪和快速傅里叶变换处理,得到试件自由衰减振动的时域和频域结果,如图16所示。由图16可知:FBG测得的试件自振频率2.18 Hz和加速度计测量值2.19 Hz基本一致,均与数值模拟所得一阶固有频率1.94 Hz接近,表明FBG既可监测温度和应变,也可实现构件自振频率监测。在实际工程中,因波长曲线不光滑引入的低频振动分量可通过设置预警阈值避免误报。

4 结 论

通过研究复刻FBG型七芯光纤的空分复用机制和应变修正方法,以及应变传递率试验、灵敏度系数标定测试、足尺钢梁多参监测试验等探究试验,得出如下结论:

1)黏结固定传感光纤时,黏结固定段的两端存在无效边界区域,长度约13 mm,中间稳定应变传递率为89%,需进行应变传递率修正。

2)建立了应变修正公式,对应变传递率和温度波动进行有效修正,使得应变准确度有效提升,FBG测得的应变准确度提升了98%,BOTDA测得应变的准确度提升了12%。

3)在温度测量准确度较高的前提下,温度补偿有利于提高应变测量准确度;但环境温度波动大于ROTDR测温误差时,温度修正时反而会引入过度温度补偿。

4)复刻FBG型七芯光纤可以实现ROTDR、FBG和BOTDA等多种光纤传感技术的同步感知,不会降低单个传感技术的性能,实现了结构动静态应变、自振频率和工作温度等多种参量的同步解调。

在实际工程应用中,传感光纤和固定方式不同,其应变传递率修正系数K值也不同,需提前开展足够数量的测试得到本工程的K值;在同一传感光纤上刻制动态FBG的数量有限,仍存在监测盲点,需开发利用全覆盖分布式振动监测技术;ROTDR分布式测温结果直接用于应变修正时,可能存在过度温度补偿问题,需要优化ROTDR解调仪性能和数据处理算法,采用FBG局部精确测温数据修正ROTDR分布式温度值也是一种解决方案,但仍需进一步试验验证;需要优化升级适用于复刻FBG型七芯光纤多参量同步监测技术的配套一体化解调设备和集成算法。后续研究将围绕上述问题开展,进一步推进多芯光纤传感系统在结构健康监测中的应用。

附件见本刊网络版,扫描标题旁的二维码可阅读网络全文。

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