Objective As basin water resources management systems become increasingly strict and the penetration rate of new energy rapidly increases, the contradictions between water regulation and power generation in the basin become more prominent under the new conditions. This study proposes a cascaded hydro‒photovoltaic (PV) complementary scheduling method that accounts for the needs of both regulation and power generation. It systematically assesses the risks and benefits associated with cascaded hydro‒PV complementary scheduling. This method aims to achieve adaptive scheduling that satisfies the requirements of water regulation and power generation and provides a decision-making basis for power dispatchers. Methods Firstly, a day-ahead and real-time nested scheduling model for the cascaded hydro‒PV complementary system, which considered both water regulation and generation requirements, was constructed. The accumulated deviation in water consumption was quantified to evaluate the execution of water regulation tasks and was embedded in real-time scheduling to achieve task prioritization and flexible adjustment. Secondly, based on the risk transfer mechanism, a comprehensive risk evaluation index was developed for the dispatch of hybrid generation systems, encompassing cascaded hydropower, photovoltaic, and hydro‒PV complementary systems. In addition, by leveraging the complementary characteristics of these systems, a comprehensive benefit evaluation index was established for complementary dispatch, covering various categories of power generation and efficiency. This framework provided a solid foundation for analyzing the impacts of hybrid generation system dispatch. Finally, the scheduling and impact analysis methods were validated using the Longyangxia‒Laxiwa‒Qialong photovoltaic complementary system in the upper reaches of the Yellow River as a case study. Results and Discussions The operation of the cascaded hydro‒PV system from Cases 1 to 4 was simulated to evaluate the system’s year-round dispatch effectiveness. The results indicated that, compared to pure hydropower dispatch, Case 2 enhanced power generation by 1.350 billion kW·h and increased power generation revenue by 312 million Yuan. This improvement stemmed from the ability of hydropower to better meet load demand and transmission channel constraints by aligning hydropower output with that of photovoltaic energy, optimizing resource utilization. In comparison to Case 3, Cases 4 and 2 achieved increases in power generation of 119 million kW·h and 810 million kW·h, respectively, while power generation revenue rose by 390 million Yuan and 180 million Yuan. This occurs because the actual water consumption of the power stations decreased sequentially across Cases 3, 2, and 4. The water saved through the day-ahead real-time nested scheduling method gradually raised reservoir levels, enhancing system power generation. However, the increase in power generation attributable to reduced water consumption was only 6% of the increase resulting from PV interconnections. Therefore, coordinating the outputs of water and photovoltaic sources to prevent channel competition is critical for enhancing the system’s generation benefits during day-ahead planning. In terms of efficiency benefits, the water consumption rates at the Longyangxia Power Station for Cases 2 and 4 were reduced by 0.04 m3/(kW·h) and 0.07 m3/(kW·h), respectively, compared to Case 3. In addition, the percentage of the efficient operating area increased by 6.50% and 12.15%, respectively. These improvements are attributed to the complementary scheduling between Longyangxia and photovoltaic (PV) sources. In light of the actual discrepancies in PV output, Case 4 maximized economic efficiency, while Case 3 ensured that the water transfer needs were fully met. Case 2 effectively curbed the downward trend of water discharge from Longyangxia. Regarding the risk of comprehensive utilization destruction, the number of instances for Cases 2, 3, and 4 was 2, 0, and 26, respectively, with the maximum destruction rate reaching 4.18%. In addition, the maximum depth of comprehensive utilization destruction for Case 4 could be reduced from 6.63 million m3 to 3.25 million m3 through the implementation of Case 2. In terms of gate operation risk, Case 3 showed that the Longyangxia Power Station enabled the gate to compensate for the significant reduction in actual PV water generation to the downstream. This resulted in up to 34 gate operations and a water discharge of 0.06 billion m3, whereas the other cases reported no water discharge. In addition, the highest water rejection from the Laxiwa power station was 0.17 billion m3. This situation arose because, during high water level operations, the Laxiwa power station experienced water abandonment triggered by the consumption of incremental water due to the actual bias hours of upstream PV generation. Compared to Case 4, the average daily number of unit startups and shutdowns for the system in Cases 1 through 3 was reduced by 0, 3.07, and 0.10, respectively. In addition, the average daily number of unit traversals through the vibration zone decreased to 4.6, 0.5, and 1.0, respectively. The annual abandoned photovoltaic rate for the complementary system from Case 2 to Case 4, excluding April, reached a maximum of only 1.13%, reflecting a strong capacity for new energy consumption on an annual scale. Overall, the complementary system demonstrated good load tracking ability, with no load loss in Longyangxia, effectively complementing photovoltaic (PV) generation. However, the downstream Laxiwa experienced a load loss rate as high as 0.07% in Case 4. This situation arose because Longyangxia was a multi-year regulation reservoir with minimal daily water level variation, which allowed it to effectively respond to deviations in PV output. In contrast, Laxiwa operated as a day-regulated reservoir, which made it challenging to compensate for significant outflow shortfalls from Longyangxia when deviations in PV predictions occurred, particularly at low water levels, which led to insufficient power generation at Laxiwa.Conclusions The proposed scheduling method demonstrates strong adaptability to the requirements of water and power regulation, effectively addressing the adjustment needs of both the power side and grid side. It achieves a balance between the operational benefits and risks of the complementary system. 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