1.College of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
2.State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
Objective Low operating efficiency, high energy consumption, and substantial carbon emissions are common problems in the operation of cascade pumping stations. To improve operational efficiency and support the "dual carbon" objective, an optimization scheduling model for cascade pumping stations is established with the goal of minimizing carbon emissions, and the Runge-Kutta algorithm (RUN) is introduced to solve the model. In addition, to address the lack of a quantitative sensitivity analysis in the optimal scheduling of cascade pumping stations, the Sobol global sensitivity method is employed to quantitatively evaluate the influence of key parameters on carbon emissions. To overcome the tendency of RUN falling into local optima due to insufficient initial population diversity and boundary stagnation, an improved Runge-Kutta (TRUN) algorithm based on a Tent chaotic map is proposed. Methods First, an optimal scheduling model for cascade pumping stations was developed with carbon emission minimization as the objective function. Second, the Sobol method was used to analyze the sensitivity of the head of each pumping station and the flow rate of each unit to carbon emissions, thereby quantifying the impact of decision variables on the objective function. Third, an optimized scheduling method based on TRUN was proposed. While retaining the exploration characteristics of the RUN algorithm, Tent chaos mapping was introduced to enhance the diversity of the initial population, accelerate convergence, and improve solution accuracy. Additionally, a Tent boundary mapping strategy was adopted to regenerate boundary values, further improving optimization efficiency. Six benchmark functions, including unimodal, multimodal, and fixed-dimension functions, were used to verify the performance of TRUN and the effectiveness of the improvement strategies. Finally, a three-stage pumping station was selected as a case study, in which the Sobol method was used to determine the sensitivity ranking of system parameters, and TRUN was applied to obtain the optimal scheduling scheme. Results and Discussions The mean values and standard deviations of six benchmark functions, including unimodal (Schwefel 2.21 (f1), Rosenbrock (f2)), multimodal (Schwefel (f3), Rastrigin (f4)), and fixed-dimension (Hartman (f5), Shekel (f6)), were calculated using the TRUN, RUN, TPSO, PSO, TGA, and GA algorithms. TRUN, RUN, TPSO, PSO, TGA, and GA achieved 4, 2, 0, 0, 1, and 0 optimal solutions, respectively, verifying the superiority of TRUN and the effectiveness of the proposed improvement strategies. Based on this, the Sobol global sensitivity analysis and TRUN-based optimization scheduling method were applied to a three-stage pumping station. The sensitivity ranking of system parameters, in descending order, was as follows: flow rate of each unit in the first-stage pumping station, flow rate of each unit in the second-stage pumping station, head of the first-stage pumping station, flow rate of each unit in the third-stage pumping station, head of the second-stage pumping station, and head of the third-stage pumping station. These results provide quantitative guidance for daily operational decision-making. In single-stage pumping station optimization, TRUN achieved 67, 56, and 46 optimal solutions out of 100 comparison runs, showing a clear advantage over the other algorithms. In cascade pumping station optimization, compared with the current operating scheme, the TRUN-based scheduling scheme reduced carbon emissions by 249 485 kg/a, outperforming RUN, TPSO, PSO, TGA, and GA, and confirming the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Conclusions The results demonstrate that the proposed TRUN algorithm exhibits excellent optimization performance. The TRUN-based optimal scheduling method for cascade pumping stations effectively improves system operational efficiency, and its optimization results are superior to those obtained using RUN, TPSO, PSO, TGA and GA. In addition, the Sobol global sensitivity analysis provides quantitative insights into the influence key parameters on carbon emissions, offering valuable references for operational decision-making of cascade pumping station systems.
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