1.State Administration for Market Regulation (Key Laboratory of Intelligent Pressure Sensor Metrology), Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology Co. , Ltd. , Shanghai 201203, China
2.Zhengzhou Institute of Metrology, Zhengzhou 450066, China
Objective Obtaining the pitch angle calibration coefficient (F1) and dynamic pressure calibration coefficient (F2) of a three-dimensional Pitot tube is a prerequisite for accurately measuring the gas flow velocity of a stationary pollution source. The traditional offline real-flow calibration method based on low-speed wind tunnel equipment has problems such as high resource consumption, difficulty in calibrating tubes that cannot be taken offline, and significant differences between calibration conditions and actual operating conditions. This study proposes a technical solution for non-real-flow nulling calibration of three-dimensional Pitot tubes based on the finite element numerical calculation method. The proposed method aims to reduce the resource consumption and workload of the traditional method and can serve as an effective supplement to the traditional real-flow calibration method. Methods First, the principle of velocity measurement using a three-dimensional Pitot tube was analyzed. On this basis, the method, process, and equipment conditions of traditional real-flow calibration for the three-dimensional Pitot tube were introduced. Second, with reference to the real-flow calibration method and in combination with the finite element calculation concept, a numerical non-real-flow calibration method for the three-dimensional Pitot tube was proposed. In this process, the following steps were completed sequentially: a) a simplified typical wind tunnel model was established to provide an approximately equivalent flow field compared to that in a real wind tunnel; b) a basic model combining a three-dimensional Pitot tube with a pitch angle of 0° and a typical simplified wind tunnel was established; c) mesh generation and a mesh independence check were conducted; d) boundary conditions were set, and the k-e two-equation turbulence model was selected; e) grid calculation was performed; and f) the pitch angle calibration coefficient F1(0) and the dynamic pressure calibration coefficient F2(0) were obtained under the basic model, and the flow field in the wind tunnel model was visualized. Third, a method for changing the pitch angle of the Pitot tube in the basic model was proposed, and numerical calculation models combining the three-dimensional Pitot tube with pitch angles of ±15°, ±30°, and ±45° were obtained. The variable pitch angle models were numerically calculated, and the F1 and F2 calibration coefficients, velocity vector streamlines, static pressure contours of the probe shell, dynamic pressure-position curves on the central axis, F1‒pitch angle calibration coefficient curves after fourth-order fitting, and F2‒dynamic pressure calibration coefficient curves of the three-dimensional Pitot tube under different pitch angles were obtained. Based on the numerical results, the overall flow field of the wind tunnel, including the three-dimensional Pitot tube and the spherical shell, was analyzed. Finally, the real-flow calibration test for comparison was conducted at a flow velocity of 15 m/s and pitch angles of 0°, ±15°, ±30°, and ±45°. Results and Discussions The flow field during the nulling calibration process of the three-dimensional Pitot tube was analyzed. 1) The flow conformed to the Bernoulli principle, followed by this type of Pitot tube instrument. 2) Because of the complex changes in the flow field in the area above the top of the spherical shell, the flow velocity standard device, namely the standard L-type Pitot tube, was not suitable for placement in this area during the real-flow calibration test. 3) If multiple Pitot tubes were calibrated at one time, the spacing between tubes with relatively small pitch angles needed to be increased. The calibration curves mentioned in the Methods section were also analyzed. 1) At a relatively small pitch angle, the velocity of the gas flow decreased continuously without fluctuation before reaching the spherical shell of the tube, before flow stagnation. However, when the pitch angle increased to a certain extent, a spike-shaped rebound in flow velocity and dynamic pressure occurred before stagnation. The flow velocity and dynamic pressure on the central axis recovered quickly after stagnation. When the pitch angle was small, the dynamic pressure and flow velocity returned to the high values recorded before stagnation, but the degree of this recovery decreased as the pitch angle increased, and the poorest recovery occurred at a pitch angle of ‒45°. The results also indicated that the placement position of the standard L-type Pitot tube used in real-flow calibration needed to be selected before the flow velocity and dynamic pressure began to decrease. 2) The slope of the F2‒pitch angle curve was very small when the absolute value of the pitch angle was lower than 15°. Then, the absolute value of the slope increased continuously as the pitch angle increased, whereas the steepest part of the curve appeared when the absolute value of the pitch angle was between 30° and 45°. The comparison results of the calibration coefficient curves between the real-flow calibration test and the numerical calculation were as follows: 1) The F1 and F2 curves obtained through numerical calculation were generally consistent with the shapes of the curves obtained through the real-flow calibration test. 2) In the ranges of and , the differences between the calibration results obtained by the two methods were ,. However, in the range of , the differences rapidly increased to ,. Conclusions The two calibration methods showed good consistency in terms of the shapes of the F1 and F2 curves and the calibration coefficient results, indicating the feasibility of the numerical method and the correctness of grid generation and model parameter settings. The non-real-flow calibration method can serve as an important complement to the real-flow calibration method. When the pitch angle exceeds ±15°, the sensitivity of the three-dimensional Pitot tube calibration coefficient to the pitch angle increases, and the number of pitch angle calibration points should be increased to ensure fine and accurate characterization of the F1‒pitch angle and F2‒pitch angle curves. In real-flow calibration, attention should be paid to the control accuracy of the pitch angle of the three-dimensional Pitot tube automatic positioning mechanism to reduce the uncertainty component introduced by pitch angle positioning accuracy into the calibration results.
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