冻融作用下煤基固废改良黄土路基模型试验研究
武立波 , 刘惠阳 , 林战举 , 杨嘉伟 , 陈宏信
工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (06) : 163 -177.
冻融作用下煤基固废改良黄土路基模型试验研究
Experimental Assessment of Coal-based Solid Waste Improved Loess Model Test Under Freeze-Thaw Action
受周期性冻融循环作用的影响,中国西北黄土区路基工程极易发生冻融病害,常用的解决方法是将改良黄土作为路基填料。鉴于西北地区煤基固废的堆存量巨大且资源化利用率低,为给季节冻土区黄土路基病害防治提供新的解决思路,尝试用煤矸石和煤气化渣对黄土进行改良。基于室内模型试验,以兰州黄土(简称素黄土)与石灰改良黄土作为对比试验组,探究冻融作用下煤基固废改良黄土路基的水热状态与变形特征。结果表明:1)与素黄土及石灰改良黄土路基相比,适当掺量的煤气化粗渣或煤矸石能显著增强路基土体的保温性能,如路基深度为0.3 m时,15%煤气化粗渣与50%煤矸石改良黄土路基内部温度最低值分别提高了46%与19%;2)掺入煤矸石与煤气化粗渣降低了改良黄土的最优含水率,3组改良路基在最优含水率条件下经历冻融作用后路基的含水率变化均小于3%,显著低于对比试验组的含水率变化,说明煤矸石与煤气化粗渣的掺入减少了路基土体内部的水分迁移;3)相比于素黄土路基,15%煤气化粗渣、30%与50%煤矸石改良黄土路基在最优含水率条件下经历冻融作用后的最大冻胀量分别降低了67%、59%与64%,最大融沉量分别降低了62%、57%与63%,并且这3组改良路基控制冻胀变形的效果接近于石灰改良的效果,而控制融沉变形的效果优于石灰改良;4)微观结构分析表明,与素黄土填料相比,掺入一定量的煤矸石与煤气化粗渣能有效地降低导热系数。微观结构观测表明路基改良机理为:掺入煤矸石能够降低改良黄土的孔隙率,进而降低了冻融作用下路基土体内部的水分迁移量;掺入煤气化粗渣能够降低改良土体内部自由水含量,进而降低改良黄土的冰点。两种材料都降低了土体内部的热量传播效率,进而降低了路基的冻胀融沉变形量。同时导热系数测定结果表明,15%煤气化粗渣或30%、50%煤矸石改良黄土填料的导热系数明显小于素黄土,因而煤基固废改良黄土路基的保温性能更好。总的来说,黄土中掺入煤气化粗渣或煤矸石能改善黄土路基填料的寒区服役性。
Objective The influence of cyclic freeze-thaw cycles is identified as a primary factor contributing to the susceptibility of subgrades in loess areas of Northwest China to freeze-thaw deterioration. Frost heave and thaw subsidence are recognized as significant engineering challenges in road construction within cold regions. The quality of the soil composing the subgrade is a crucial factor in determining its vulnerability to freeze-thaw damage. However, the current civil engineering industry in cold regions and road construction projects faces a scarcity of sand, gravel, and other raw materials. Therefore, in loess areas, improved loess as a filler is often the preferred material for road construction. The use of cement, lime, and other inorganic binding materials to improve loess can lead to environmental degradation, while employing microorganisms and other innovative materials for enhancement is more costly. Therefore, the present study aims to address the critical issues of the resourceful use of coal gangue and coal gasification coarse slag, as well as ecological environmental protection in Ningxia and surrounding regions, by exploring the potential of their combined utilization. The study focuses on applying coal gangue and coal gasification coarse slag in enhancing loess subgrades, particularly under freezing-thawing and moisture variation conditions, as well as analyzing displacement and the underlying mechanisms governing these processes. The objective is to mitigate freeze-thaw damage affecting loess subgrades in seasonal permafrost areas, expand the utilization of coal-based solid waste, and provide an innovative approach for reference. Methods The research findings on the mechanical properties of gangue and coal gasification coarse slag-improved loess, along with the pre-test and previous research results, were considered. The study examined three coal-based solid waste improved loess conditions, incorporating 30% or 50% gangue mixing and 15% coal gasification coarse slag mixing. At the same time, vegetal loess and lime-improved loess were established as control groups. Taking the Lanqin Expressway in Gaolan County, Lanzhou as a prototype, an indoor half-span scaled subgrade model was constructed in the cryogenic test chamber, and three control sections were set within each model. Temperature and moisture sensors were arranged in each control section, and a percentage meter was installed on the top surface of the subgrade to monitor displacement changes. The low-tem-perature test hall simulated the seasonal temperature variations in the study area. The study illustrated the improvement effect and mechanism of gangue and gasification slag-improved loess subgrade filler at both macroscopic and microscopic levels by monitoring temperature, moisture, and displacement variations inside the subgrade under different working conditions during freeze-thaw cycles, and combining the results of SEM electron microscope scanning and CT scanning tests. Results and Discussions The main research content and results were as follows: 1) Analysis of the internal temperature variation of the subgrade model indicated that, compared to the plain loess subgrade, the 30% and 50% coal gangue-improved loess subgrades and the 15% coal gasification coarse slag-improved loess subgrade exhibited a 15% increase in temperature at a depth of 0.1 m. At a depth of 3 m, the minimum recorded internal subgrade temperature increased by more than 16%, and at a depth of 0.5 m, the 15% coal gasification coarse slag-improved loess subgrade and the 50% coal gangue-improved loess subgrade did not experience a completely frozen moment. This result indicated that the 15% gasification slag-improved loess subgrade and the 50% coal gangue-improved loess subgrade demonstrated good thermal insulation performance and temperature stability. 2) Analyzing the internal moisture variation of the subgrade model exhibited that, compared to the plain loess subgrade fill, the optimal moisture content of the 30% and 50% gangue-improved loess subgrade fill and the 15% coal gasification coarse slag-improved loess decreased. The moisture content of the three improved loess subgrades indicated that the presence of gangue and gasification slag within the soil of the improved loess subgrade significantly hindered water migration. 3) After the freezing and thawing of the three improved subgrade groups under optimal moisture conditions, the maximum frost heave of the 15% coal gasification coarse slag-improved loess subgrade and the 30% and 50% coal gangue-improved loess subgrades decreased by 67% and 59%, respectively. In addition, the maximum thaw settlement decreased by 62%, 57%, and 63%, respectively, indicating that the incorporation of 15% coal gasification coarse slag or 30% or more coal gangue significantly reduced the frost heave and thaw settlement deformation of loess subgrades. The findings showed that the inclusion of 15% coal gasification coarse slag or more than 30% coal gangue effectively mitigated the freeze-thaw deformation of loess subgrades. In addition, the efficiency in controlling frost heave deformation in these three improved subgrade groups was comparable to that of 4% lime, while their effectiveness in controlling thaw settlement was even superior to that of 4% lime. 4) Microstructural analysis revealed that the addition of coal gangue reduced the porosity of the improved loess, decreasing water migration within the subgrade soil during freeze-thaw periods. Similarly, the incorporation of coal gasification coarse slag decreased the free water content within the improved soil, thus lowering the freezing point of the improved loess. The reduction in heat transfer efficiency within the soil was achieved through different mechanisms, reducing the freeze-thaw deformation of the subgrade. In addition, thermal conductivity measurements indicated that the thermal conductivity of the 15% coal gasification coarse slag or 30% and 50% coal gangue-improved loess filler was significantly lower than that of plain loess, thus enhancing the thermal insulation performance of coal-based solid waste-improved loess subgrades. Conclusions Based on the results of this research, the use of coal gangue and coal gasification coarse slag to improve loess as a subgrade filler demonstrates significant advantages. Compared to plain loess filler, mixing 50% coal gangue or 15% coal gasification slag in loess can effectively enhance the thermal insulation performance of the subgrade, reduce variations in water content, and decrease the deformation of the subgrade's top surface. In addition, the large quantities of locally available coal gangue and coal gasification slag can compensate for the serious shortage of sand, gravel, and other road construction materials. However, to fully realize these benefits, construction quality must be strictly controlled. Before construction, the proposed coal gangue, coal gasification coarse slag, and loess should undergo comprehensive testing of fundamental physical properties such as grain size, density, and moisture content to ensure that the materials meet design requirements. During construction, the water content and compaction of the mixed fill must be rigorously controlled to guarantee the overall quality and stability of the subgrade.
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国家自然科学基金项目(41961011)
宁夏自然科学基金项目(2024AAC03068)
2023年度宁夏回族自治区留学回国人员创新项目
同济大学岩土及地下工程教育部重点实验室开放基金项目(KLE‒TJGE‒B2302)
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