基于双线性强化与幂强化的多辊矫直工艺计算模型

朱晓宇 ,  成子兴 ,  王效岗 ,  韩培胜

工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (03) : 310 -318.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (03) : 310 -318. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202400809
材料科学与工程

基于双线性强化与幂强化的多辊矫直工艺计算模型

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Calculation Model of Multi-roll Straightening Process Based on Bilinear Hardening and Power Hardening

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摘要

本文基于理想弹塑性、双线性强化和幂强化材料模型,推导3种材料模型在矫直弯曲过程中的曲率‒弯矩关系,并通过曲率积分法构建多辊矫直的求解模型,并以Q690材料的拉伸及矫直实验为例,结合ABAQUS有限元仿真进行验证。结果表明:随着双线性强化系数η和幂强化系数m的增大,材料的弹复量显著增大,且弹复量与η呈线性关系,而与m呈非线性关系;在相同压下量条件下,双线性强化模型和幂强化模型的实际塑性变形率低于理想弹塑性模型,且随着强化系数的增大,计算误差逐渐增大;幂强化模型的理论计算和单向总矫直力实验结果误差为4.65%,验证了理论模型的准确性。研究结果可为新材料矫直设备的设计和工艺制定提供理论支持。

Abstract

Objective With the development of new materials, increasing complexity in material properties has made it more difficult to define accurate straightening processes. The discrepancy between the assumptions of traditional ideal material models and actual material behavior has made accurate modeling a core issue in straightening process calculations. To more precisely describe the elastic-plastic behavior of different materials, a multi-roll straightening process model was established based on the curvature integral method, and the effects of bilinear and power hardening coefficients on the process were analyzed. The goal is to support the development of straightening techniques for new materials and provide a theoretical basis for intelligent straightening and optimal design of straightening machines. Methods Three material models—ideal elastic-plastic, bilinear hardening, and power hardening—were selected, and the curvature-moment (M‒K) relationships for these materials during bending were derived. Using these relationships and curvature integration, a mathematical model for the multi-roll straightening process was developed. A least squares algorithm was employed to solve the nonlinear equations iteratively, enabling accurate straightening calculations. To evaluate the applicability of different material models, five straightening schemes were designed, corresponding to plasticity rates of 33.4%, 50.0%, 66.7%, 75.0%, and 80.0%. The influence of various hardening coefficients on curvature and plasticity during straightening was investigated. High-strength steel Q690 was used for experimental validation, with all three material models being imported into the multi-roll straightening model. The results were compared with both experimental data and finite element simulations to assess model accuracy. Results and Discussions Residual curvature was calculated under five straightening schemes and for hardening coefficients (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5). The results show that as the bilinear and power hardening coefficients increase, the residual curvature error relative to the ideal elastic-plastic model also increases. Specifically, for bilinear hardening, the residual curvature errors were 0.253, 0.506, 0.759, 1.013, and 1.266; for power hardening, they were 0.145, 0.308, 0.489, 0.692, and 0.919. The bilinear model shows a linear increase in error, while the power model displays a nonlinear pattern. The magnitude of the hardening coefficient affects only the degree of curvature error, not the underlying behavior or material applicability. When the coefficient is fixed at 0.1, curvature changes across the five straightening schemes were analyzed. The results show that with increasing reduction, the error between hardened and ideal models increases. Particularly in schemes four and five, commonly used in practice, the residual curvature error for the ideal model is 6.06%, whereas for the power model it is 13.57%. As both the strengthening coefficient and reduction increase, differences in plasticity between hardened and ideal models become more pronounced. For example, with a coefficient of 0.5, the plasticity deviation is 14.26% for the bilinear model and 12.61% for the power model. If the target plasticity is 80% based on the ideal model, the actual plasticity of the hardened model is closer to 70%, potentially leading to insufficient bending and reduced product quality. In terms of straightening force, the ideal model yields a unidirectional force of 434.4 kN, the bilinear model 512.7 kN, and the power model 478.3 kN. The experimental result is 462.2 kN, and the theoretical value for the power model is 483.7 kN. The 4.65% error for the power model highlights the importance of selecting an accurate material model. Conclusions The study shows that as the bilinear and power hardening coefficients η and m increase, material elastic recovery becomes more significant. Recovery has a linear relationship with the bilinear coefficient and a nonlinear one with the power coefficient. Both hardening models show reduced plastic deformation under equal pressure, leading to a weaker straightening effect. For example, the power model—more consistent with the tensile stress-strain curve—shows a 4.65% error between theory, experiment, and simulation for total straightening force. Selecting an appropriate material model based on specific material characteristics is crucial to ensure accuracy and efficiency in the straightening process. This research provides theoretical support for the development of straightening technology for new materials.

Graphical abstract

关键词

辊式矫直 / 材料模型 / 曲率积分 / ABAQUS

Key words

roller straightening / material model / curvature integral / ABAQUS

引用本文

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朱晓宇,成子兴,王效岗,韩培胜. 基于双线性强化与幂强化的多辊矫直工艺计算模型[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2025, 57(03): 310-318 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400809

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辊式矫直作为板材生产过程的重要环节,直接决定产品的质量。近年来,随着材料的多样性的增加,不同新材料应力应变曲线与理想材料模型假设偏差过大将导致新材料的开发、矫直工艺设定愈发困难,故材料模型的准确性在矫直计算模型中至关重要,是矫直技术领域发展不可或缺的一部分。
近年来,国内外学者在矫直技术和理论上进行了大量研究。崔甫[1]基于悬臂梁弯曲理论和弹塑性理论,推导弯曲‒弹复过程的曲率‒弯矩方程,奠定了国内矫直理论的基础。Brauneis[23]、Liu[4]等针对冷厚板矫直机,提出了一种基于Euler‒Bemoulli梁理论的挠度数学模型,将设备参数、板材的力‒挠度与非线性板材模型相结合,解决了矫直过程中工作辊未知位移的求解问题,并通过工业应用验证了该模型的有效性。张立杰[5]、张焕军[6]、Zhang[7]等通过数值模拟,对比各种矫直方案的矫直效果,得出大倾角整体倾斜方案最适合中厚板预矫直,并通过参数优化建立了矫直力能参数的预测模型,有效提升了板材品质。晏佳伟[8]、张璐[9]、刘垒[10]等都采用NSK Swift、Chaboche和Y‒U这3种模型,利用LS‒DYNA软件对板材成型过程中的变形与回弹进行了分析,帮助优化模具设计,减少修模次数和成本。Guan[11]、Yin[12]、Song[13]等以H和T型钢为例,基于弹塑性变形理论推导了弯矩‒曲率计算公式,建立了型钢连续弯曲过程的数值解析模型,为型钢的连续弯曲提供了理论依据。Gao等[14]针对EQ56高强度钢板,通过大量循环加载实验,发现其弯曲变形过程中表现出包辛格效应、应力硬化/软化和应变历史记忆等复杂行为。Wei[15]、Huang[16]、Freudenberger[17]、Bhat[18]等通过纳米压痕测试、有限元模拟与反向分析,探讨激光淬火U71Mn钢轨硬化层与基体金属的弹塑性变形、硬度及断裂行为,建立了改进的Irwin模型,揭示了材料的塑性各向异性对硬度的影响。孙登月[19]、Huang[20]等针对压平机提出了一种多点柔性压力矫直方案,基于弹塑性变形理论推导了压下量计算公式,并通过仿真模拟对公式进行了修正。Gribkov[21]、李继新[22]等针对超高强板材建立矫直机工艺模型算法,发现随着屈服强度和板宽的减小,矫直力的变化规律更加显著。Mróz[23]基于有限元法,建立了矫直工艺参数模型,结合3D激光检测装置实现了板形反馈,极大提升了矫直工艺的计算精度,并开发了相关设计软件,显著提高了矫直机设计和工艺确定的效率。Ataka等[24]通过实验得出,当塑性变形率超过70%时,矫直效果显著提升;提出针对形状不良的钢板,最有效的矫直方法是采用两道较大的弯曲曲率进行平行压下,随后用倾斜矫直使残余曲率趋于0。Peršak[25]、Kong[26]、Liu[27]等通过神经网络方法,优化了矫直工艺,提供了板材矫直质量的预测模型。该方法的成功应用为数字化和智能化矫直提供了新的思路,推动了矫直工艺向自动化方向的发展。
综上所述,选择理想弹塑性、双线性强化和幂强化3种常用材料模型是基于其在工程中的广泛应用和对不同工艺条件下材料弹塑性行为的有效描述。这些模型从简单到复杂,涵盖了不同的材料本构行为,能够满足基本弹塑性分析到强化行为模拟的需求。理想弹塑性模型提供基准,双线性强化模型考虑了硬化效应,而幂强化模型适用于大塑性变形下的非线性强化行为。
为此,本文基于曲率积分法建立了多辊矫直工艺的计算模型,分析了双线性和幂强化系数对矫直过程的影响,并通过与有限元仿真结果验证了模型的有效性。该模型可实现矫直力的高效预测,为矫直工艺的智能化与矫直机的优化设计提供理论支持。

1 基于曲率积分的辊式矫直数学模型

1.1 不同材料模型的应力应变曲线

在辊式矫直过程中,不同材料模型的屈服特性和强化行为决定了板材在弯曲和矫直过程中的应力分布和变形轨迹。目前,理想弹塑性、双线性强化材料和幂强化材料模型是3种被广泛应用的材料模型。材料发生塑性变形到弹复过程中不同模型的应力‒应变曲线如图1所示。

图1中,a点为材料发生塑性变形的屈服点,εk为弯曲应变,εf为弹复应变,εt为屈服应变,σt为屈服应力,oa段表示弹性变形的应力‒应变关系,而ab段则代表材料在塑性变形阶段的应力‒应变关系。理想弹塑性、双线性强化和幂强化材料模型的解析表达式分别如式(1)~(3)所示:

σ=E0ε,ε<εt;σt,εεt
σ=E0ε,ε<εt;σt+E1(ε-εt),εεt
σ=E0ε,ε<εt;(ε/εt)m,εεt

式(1)~(3)中:σ为应力;ε为应变;E0为弹性阶段杨氏模量;E1为强化模量;m为幂强化系数,0<m<1

1.2 矩形板材弯曲过程的弯矩曲率关系

不同材料模型的弯曲应力与应变分布如图2所示。图2中,z为位置,H为板厚,Ht为弹性变形区域厚度。由图2可知,矩形板材弯曲过程中,3种材料模型发生弹性变形区域的厚度无差别,但发生塑性变形区域,不同模型对应应力处于不同状态。

根据积分原理,发生弹塑性变形时,矩形板材材料截面弯矩为:

M=20Ht/2Bσzdz+2Ht/2H/2Bσzdz

式中:σ=kzk为弯曲曲率;B为板宽。

将式(1)~(3)分别代入式(4),可以得出各模型弯矩比与曲率比之间的关系,如式(5)~(7)所示:

M¯=3k¯2-22k¯2
M¯=2ηk¯3+(3-3η)k¯2+η-12k¯2
M¯=m+3k¯2-1(m+2)k¯2

式(5)~(7)中:弯矩比M¯=M/Mt,弹性极限弯矩Mt=BσtH2/6;总曲率变化比k¯=k/ktkt为弹性极限曲率;双线性强化系数η=E1/E0

1.3 矩形板材与矫直辊的数学解析模型

根据材料力学[28],矩形板材的中性层曲率k(x)i与弯曲挠度z(x)i满足:

k(x)i=d2zdx2=M(x)iEI

式中:E为杨氏模量;I为钢板的惯性矩,I=BH3/12

图3为首辊分别为上辊和下辊时矫直辊与板材的曲率积分矫直区间示意图。

图3中,板材与矫直辊的接触点位置为AB,与第i辊和第i+1辊的接触角为θiθi+1R为矫直辊半径,Ti为设备固定辊距,Ti'为真实矫直区间距离,zi为设定压下量,zi'为真实压下量。

若第i辊和第i+1辊之间曲线函数为k(x)i,根据图3中的几何关系可知,Ti'zi'分别为:

Ti'=Ti±Rsin θi±Rsin θi+1,zi'=zi±R (2-cos θi-cos θi+1)

式中,“±”取“+”为下辊起点,取“‒”为上辊起点。

根据数学关系可知,对曲线函数k(x)i的1次积分和2次积分分别为角度改变量θ(x)i和纵坐标改变量z(x)i,计算如下:

θ(x)i=0xk(x)idx+C1,z(x)i=0xθ(x)idx+C2

该曲线函数k(x)i经过点A(0,0)和点B(Ti',zi+1),且点AB处接触角度分别为θiθi+1,求得参数C1C2为:

C1=θi,C2=0

根据式(8)~(11)获得矫直区间的曲线函数为:

θi+1=0Tik(x)idx+θi,zi=0Ti0Tik(x)idxdx±θiR(2-cos θi-cos θi+1)

根据矫直机辊数的不同,通过式(1)~(12),构建了相应辊数的非线性方程组矫直机。并利用最小二乘法算法对非线性方程组进行迭代求解,可以获得整个矫直过程中的关键参数,包括曲率、弯矩、接触角以及矫直力等。该方法可加快矫直过程的计算速度,为优化矫直过程提供了理论基础和实用工具。

2 结果与讨论

为了分析不同材料模型的适用性,设计了5种不同的矫直方案,涵盖了塑性率为33.4%、50.0%、66.7%、75.0%和80.0%的情况,基于理想弹塑性模型,制定出5种对应的压下量方案,见表1。从残余曲率、矫直过程中的曲率变化及塑性率等方面进行对比分析。

2.1 强化系数对残余曲率的影响

采用不同强化系数,在5种矫直弯曲情况下进行计算,弹复后残余曲率比如图4所示。

图4(a)、(b)的变化趋势可以看出,随着双线性强化系数η和幂强化系数m的增加,在相同反弯量条件下,强化材料模型与理想弹塑性模型的残余曲率误差逐渐增大。

以4倍弯曲率比(图4(c))为例,双线性强化材料模型的残余曲率误差呈线性增加,而幂强化材料模型则呈现出非线性差异。强化系数的大小只影响残余曲率误差的大小,不影响其变化规律,可适用的材料具有普遍性。

2.2 不同材料模型下矫直过程曲率对比分析

为了研究同种矫直工艺情况下,材料模型对矫直过程曲率的影响,以双线性强化系数和幂强化系数均为0.1为例,方案1~5矫直过程的曲率比计算结果如表2~6所示。

从表2~6结果可以看出,随着压下量的增加,板材依次进入矫直辊,整个矫直过程中各辊下的曲率误差逐渐增大。尤其高塑性率矫直方案(表6)中,理想弹塑性模型的残余曲率与实际模型的误差为6.06%,而幂强化材料模型与理想弹塑性模型的残余曲率误差为13.57%。这造成了实际生产中以理想材料模型计算矫直工艺,强化材料矫直难的问题。

2.3 强化系数对矫直过程塑性率的影响

Ataka等[24]研究表明,塑性率是体验矫直品质的重要指标,而第2.1与2.2节结果表明,矫直过程中,随着强化系数的不同,对曲率的影响不同,故以方案5为例,通过不同的强化系数计算矫直过程的塑性率,结果如图5所示。

图5可知,随着强化系数的增加,相同矫直方案下,双线性强化和幂强化模型的塑性率与理想弹塑性模型的误差逐渐增大。以强化系数0.5为例,双线性强化模型的塑性率与理想弹塑性模型的差值达到了14.26%,幂强化模型为12.61%。当以理想弹塑性模型计算塑性率为80%的矫直工艺,实际生产过程中,板材的塑性变形量仅为70%左右。结果表明,基于理想弹塑性模型推导的矫直工艺计算理论并不能准确描述强化材料模型的变形过程,从而影响板材质量。通过采用更符合材料特性的模型,矫直工艺的优化将更加精准,从而更好地适应现代生产需求,提升整体工艺水平。

3 有限元仿真及实验结果验证

仿真模拟和实验采用十一辊矫直机,矫直材料选用高强钢Q690,所得拉伸应力‒应变曲线如图6所示,通过对比3种材料模型拟合结果可知,幂强化材料模型与拉伸应力‒应变曲线更加贴合。

矫直工艺以理想弹塑性模型80%截面塑性率变形情况,设定矫直入口压下量为1.6 mm,出口压下量为0.02 mm。矫直机及材料详细参数如表7所示。

采用ABAQUS建立十一辊矫直机仿真模型如图7

所示,其中,矫直辊为解析型钢铁,板材为变形体,材料属性分别采用理想弹塑性材料模型、双线性强化材料模型、幂强化材料模型拟合的应力‒应变关系。单元类型为C3D8R实体单元,单元网格划分为400 mm×150 mm×5 mm(板材长度×宽度×厚度,共计300 000个网格,接触类型选罚基础,摩擦系数为0.15。

实验室矫直机通过上辊盒上的4个液压缸实现压下的精确控制,且矫直力是矫直过程的直接体现。通过仿真和实验可以获得各辊矫直力随时间变化的曲线,如图8所示。

图8(a)、(b)、(c)可知,双线性强化和幂强化模型的单辊最大矫直力相较于理想弹塑性模型分别高出25%和16%,大大增加了辊子的负载,降低了矫直机产品生产能力。

根据ABAQUS仿真模拟结果,不同材料模型对总矫直力的仿真结果如下:理想弹塑性为434.4 kN,双线性强化为512.7 kN,幂强化为478.3 kN。由幂强化材料模型和曲率积分的矫直工艺算法下矫直力为483.7 kN。由图8(d)实验结果可知,实验矫直力为462.2 kN,幂强化模型下的理论计算、实验和模拟结果比较接近,理论计算结果和实验结果的误差为4.65%。计算结果与仿真结果基本吻合,验证了不同材料模型在矫直力预测中的重要性,为矫直机的优化设计提供了可靠的理论依据。

4 结 论

1)针对理想弹塑性、双线性强化和幂强化3种材料模型,推导了弯曲过程曲率‒弯矩的关系,并基于曲率积分构建了多辊辊式矫直的求解模型。

2)通过分析3种材料模型的弯矩‒曲率关系发现,随着双线性强化系数η和幂强化系数m增加,材料在弹塑性变形后,弯曲弹复量显著增大,且与η呈线性关系,与m呈非线性关系。在相同压下条件下,双线性强化模型和幂强化模型的实际塑性变形率低于理想材料模型,且随着强化系数增大,计算误差逐渐增大。以强化系数0.5为例,双线性强化模型和幂强化模型与理想模型的塑性率差异分别为14.26%和12.61%,导致板材变形不足,无法达到理想矫直效果。

3)通过ABAQUS有限元模拟和实验验证,双线性强化和幂强化模型单辊最大矫直力,相较于理想弹塑性模型高出25%和16%,幂强化模型下的理论计算和实验结果误差为4.65%,验证了理论模型的准确性。

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFA0707304)

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