全装配混凝土模块结构水平缝螺栓连接节点受拉性能试验

冉明明 ,  寇广贇 ,  熊峰 ,  张懂懂 ,  李薇

工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (05) : 38 -51.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (05) : 38 -51. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202401046
装配式乡村住宅

全装配混凝土模块结构水平缝螺栓连接节点受拉性能试验

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Experimental Study on Tensile Performance of Horizontal Joint Bolted Connections in Fully Assembled Modular Construction Reinforced Concrete

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摘要

混凝土模块建筑具有整体性能好、居住舒适度高、建造与维护成本低等优点,且作为装配率最高的一类建筑形式,是建筑工业化发展的重要趋势,逐渐受到广泛关注。本文以全装配混凝土模块结构(FAMC‒RC)的连接节点为研究对象,对由高强螺栓、钢垫片和螺纹套筒组成的新型水平螺栓连接节点进行试验研究,以获得节点的承载力和变形能力。对13组不同变量的试件进行拉伸试验,结果表明:1)在拉伸荷载作用下,水平缝连接节点可能出现螺杆滑丝、混凝土冲切破坏、混凝土先被压溃后发生冲切破坏、净截面受拉破坏等破坏模式,破坏过程主要经历了预应力损失、弹性加载、带裂缝工作、脆性破坏4个阶段;2)节点的力学性能与边距宽度B、暗梁高度H、螺孔直径D和螺孔形状等因素有关,在一定范围内增大BH可以有效提高峰值承载力和初始刚度,超过范围后继续增加BH对承载力和刚度提升效果不明显;3)较大的螺栓孔直径和较小的垫片尺寸会导致垫片与混凝土之间的接触面积减小,从而降低峰值承载力和初始刚度;4)圆柱形螺栓孔峰值承载力和初始刚度最大,其次是圆柱‒圆台形和圆台形螺栓孔。基于上述试验结果,工程建议:边距B不少于300 mm,暗梁高度H不低于250 mm,螺栓孔直径D不大于32 mm,当承载力要求不高于180 kN时,可采用圆柱‒圆台形螺孔,以降低安装难度。本文基于冲切破坏模式提出节点受冲切破坏承载力计算公式,公式安全储备高,计算方法基本合理。

Abstract

Objective Concrete modular buildings provide advantages such as strong structural integrity, high living comfort, and reduced construction and maintenance costs. In modular concrete structures, the connections between modules play a decisive role in the overall structural performance. The fully assembled modular construction reinforced concrete (FAMC‒RC) system is composed of prefabricated concrete modules joined through bolted connections, in which horizontal joints are primarily formed using high-strength bolts, steel spacers, and threaded sleeves. Current investigations on the performance of horizontal connections in this system remain limited, particularly concerning load-transfer mechanisms, joint configurations, and mechanical behavior. This study conducts tensile tests on 13 FAMC‒RC horizontal bolted connection specimens with different parameters to evaluate their tensile load-bearing capacity and deformation characteristics. Methods Thirteen horizontal connection joint specimens were designed with key parameters that included concealed beam height, edge distance width, bolt-hole diameter, and bolt-hole geometry. Each specimen contained a pre-embedded hand-hole bolted joint. Monotonic tensile loading and forward cyclic loading tests were conducted on the specimens using a vertical actuator. A rectangular steel plate was pre-embedded at the base of each specimen and anchored to a rigid ground surface through foundation bolts to provide vertical constraints to better simulate real engineering conditions. A box-section loading beam was attached to the vertical actuator and connected to the specimen using high-strength bolts for vertical load application. Monotonic tensile loading was controlled through a force-displacement hybrid method, whereas forward cyclic loading was displacement-controlled. The tests were terminated when the tensile load-bearing capacity of the specimens declined to 85% of the peak load or when significant failure phenomena were recorded. Results and Discussions Five distinct failure modes were identified in the thirteen horizontal connection joint specimens under tensile loading: Mode Ⅰ, thread stripping or fracture of Grade 8.8 bolts; Mode Ⅱ, conical punching shear failure of the concrete above the operating hand-hole; Mode Ⅲ, concrete crushing followed by conical punching shear failure above the operating hand-hole; Mode Ⅳ, net-section tensile failure at the cross-section above the operating hand-hole; and Mode Ⅴ, anchorage failure between embedded steel plates and vertical reinforcement. In ModeⅠ, when the load reached 180 kN, the growth rate of the tensile load-bearing capacity significantly decreased, accompanied by a distinct plateau segment in the load-displacement curve, which indicated the yielding-strengthening behavior of Grade 8.8 bolts. The thread stripping failure occurred at 200 kN. Modes Ⅱ and Ⅲ were both categorized as punching shear failures, differentiated by the presence of a 100 mm concrete crushing zone prior to punching shear in Mode Ⅲ. Mode Ⅱ was characterized by the sudden widening of progressively extending diagonal cracks above the operating hand-hole that developed into dominant failure cracks, corresponding to the maximum peak load-bearing capacity. Mode Ⅲ displayed pronounced concrete crushing and spalling above the operating hand-hole before punching shear failure occurred. Under sustained loading, diagonal cracks rapidly propagated along both edges of the crushing zone, ultimately producing punching shear failure with a relatively lower peak load-bearing capacity. Based on the calculation theory of punching shear capacity, the reduced peak load-bearing capacity in Mode Ⅲ compared to Mode Ⅱ was attributed to the reduction in the effective height of the punching shear cone caused by the crushing zone, which resulted in diminished anti-punching shear capacity. In Mode Ⅳ, when the load increased to 134.2 kN, abrupt fracture failure of the concrete at the cross-section above the operating hand-hole of the specimen was recorded, with minimal cracking. This failure mechanism was attributed to the reduced edge distance width of the specimen, which lowered the net-section bearing capacity. Mode Ⅴ, caused by poor welding quality between vertical steel bars and embedded steel plates, was regarded as non-representative of actual structural performance. Load-displacement curves revealed four consistent stages across all failure modes: prestress loss, elastic loading, crack development, and brittle failure. No alteration in failure modes was recorded in specimens subjected to forward cyclic loading, and identical mechanical behavior was demonstrated relative to specimens tested under monotonic loading. The experimental results indicated that the tensile mechanical performance of the horizontal connection joints was governed by several parameters, including edge distance width (B), concealed beam height (H), bolt-hole diameter (D), and bolt-hole geometry. When H equaled 250 mm, increasing B from 160 mm to 325 mm enhanced the peak load-bearing capacity by 117% and the initial stiffness by 61%, whereas for H = 200 mm, the same variation in B improved the capacity by 20% and the stiffness by 72%. Both parameters reached stable states with negligible increments when B exceeded 325 mm. This phenomenon indicated that an edge distance width greater than 325 mm was sufficient to ensure full utilization of the joint’s tensile performance. For H increments from 200 mm to 250 mm in 25 mm intervals, the peak load-bearing capacity exhibited quasi-linear increases of 23% and 24%, while the initial stiffness demonstrated limited improvements of only 7% and 4%. This disparity confirmed the significantly higher sensitivity of load-bearing capacity to H compared to stiffness, making H augmentation an inefficient approach for stiffness enhancement. Increasing D from 25 mm to 32 mm and then to 40 mm resulted in peak load-bearing capacity reductions of approximately 3% and 22%, respectively, with stiffness variations confined to ±5%, demonstrating that D 32 mm preserved optimal joint performance. Specimens with cylindrical bolt-holes demonstrated the highest peak load-bearing capacity and initial stiffness. In contrast, relative to cylindrical configurations, tapered bolt-holes reduced capacity and stiffness by 14% and 17%, while cylindrical-tapered hybrid bolt-holes caused reductions of 7% and 6%, respectively. Punching shear failure was identified as the most desirable failure mode for this joint system. A punching shear capacity calculation formula was proposed, and discrepancies between calculated and experimental values were maintained within 15%, demonstrating the rationality of the calculation method. Conclusions The results show that the horizontal bolted connection joint under tensile loading can develop failure modes including bolt thread stripping, concrete punching shear failure, combined concrete crushing-punching shear failure, and net-section tensile failure. The tensile performance of the joint is governed by edge distance width (B), concealed beam height (H), bolt-hole diameter (D), and bolt-hole geometry. Within defined thresholds, increasing B and H effectively enhances peak load-bearing capacity and initial stiffness, while exceeding these thresholds yields negligible improvements. Larger bolt-hole diameters and smaller steel washer dimensions reduce the contact area between the washer and the concrete, decreasing both peak load-carrying capacity and initial stiffness. Specimens with cylindrical bolt-holes exhibit the highest peak capacity and stiffness, followed by cylindrical-tapered hybrid and tapered configurations. The engineering recommendations established are B 300 mm, H 250 mm, D 32 mm, and cylindrical-tapered bolt-holes for load demands 180 kN to reduce installation complexity. The proposed punching shear capacity calculation formula for the joint was validated as possessing sufficient safety margins, and its computational methodology was confirmed as rationally justified.

Graphical abstract

关键词

混凝土模块结构 / 螺栓连接 / 水平连接节点 / 受拉性能 / 试验研究

Key words

concrete modular structure / bolt connection / horizontal connection joint / tensile performance / experimental study

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
冉明明,寇广贇,熊峰,张懂懂,李薇. 全装配混凝土模块结构水平缝螺栓连接节点受拉性能试验[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2025, 57(05): 38-51 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202401046

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模块化建筑是指将具有不同建筑功能的立体模块单元通过可靠的连接方式组装为一体形成的建筑,模块单元在工厂完成预制,再运输至施工现场进行拼装[12]。模块单元通常是3维“盒子”,在工厂利用机械进行规模化生产,受气候条件和劳动力短缺的影响小,并且能够保证生产效率与质量[3]。在施工现场,模块单元能够实现快速组装与连接,建造速度快,对环境污染小[45]。模块化建筑按照建筑材料可以分为混凝土模块建筑、钢模块建筑和木模块建筑等[67]。其中,混凝土模块建筑因整体性能好、耐久性好、居住舒适度高、建造与维护成本低等优点,逐渐受到各方认可与关注。
在混凝土模块结构中,模块之间的连接决定着整个建筑结构的整体性能,应确保连接节点传力可靠、安装便捷[2,8]。混凝土模块连接方式主要有湿式连接和干式连接。湿式连接包含后浇带连接、套筒灌浆连接等,其整体性强,技术成熟,但是在现场需要二次浇筑混凝土,施工周期长,建造效率较低[1]。干式连接包含预应力连接、螺栓连接等,其施工速度快、无污染、成本低、连接可靠,尤其是螺栓连接,由于其操作便利性目前已被广泛应用于装配式混凝土结构中。本研究团队[912]和国内外其他学者[1317]对钢板螺栓拼接式(图1(a)~(b))装配式混凝土墙板结构进行了广泛深入的研究,认为该连接形式的力学性能可靠。但是,由于操作空间受限,钢板螺栓拼接连接方法仅适用于预制墙板之间的连接,难以实现模块单元的连接。预埋钢连接件形式(图1(c))的节点采用高强螺栓将带有钢预埋件的上下层预制墙板连接起来,形成有效的抗侧力体系,试验证明该体系具有良好的抗震性能[1820]。Wu等[21]已成功将“H”形钢连接节点用于混凝土模块建筑中,但构造复杂、用钢量大、对预制构件的加工精度要求高、安装过程较为烦琐。针对预埋钢连接盒形式(图1(d))的研究结果显示该连接具有刚度大、承载力高的特点,但整体呈脆性破坏,耗能与变形能力差,节点性能与钢连接盒与竖向钢筋间焊缝质量有很大关系[2224],但是焊接质量受环境、工人技术影响较大,连接质量难以保证。本研究团队[25]对预留手孔螺栓连接(图1(e))的预制剪力墙板进行了拟静力试验,发现其操作简便,传力性能可靠,但是未开展预留手孔式螺栓连接节点的研究。
现有研究表明,设计合理的螺栓连接节点可用于预制混凝土结构构件的连接。针对混凝土模块单元,由于操作空间受限,混凝土上下层模块间的连接最好采用图1(e)所示的预留手孔式。目前针对该形式的节点性能研究较少,并且集中在节点连接墙板的受力性能上,缺乏对节点自身传力机制及力学性能的研究。因此,本文设计了适用于混凝土模块水平连接节点的13个螺栓连接节点拉伸试件,探讨操作手孔边距、暗梁高度、螺孔直径和螺孔形状等参数对节点失效模式、承载能力和变形能力的影响;建立水平缝螺栓连接节点在拉力荷载下的承载力计算公式,为推广全装配式混凝土模块建筑应用提供了试验和理论依据。

1 全装配混凝土模块结构和水平缝螺栓连接节点构造

本研究团队提出的全装配式钢筋混凝土模块结构体系(fully assembled modular construction-reinforced concrete,FAMC‒RC),是由预制混凝土模块通过螺栓连接组装而成的一种结构体系,如图2所示。预制混凝土模块在工厂整体浇筑,为了降低模块自重,墙板采用变截面构造,包含厚墙板和薄墙板,所有的连接均设置在厚墙板上。为最大限度地提高施工速度,水平连接和竖向连接均采用螺栓连接[26]。如图3所示,水平螺栓连接节点由螺纹套筒、螺杆、钢垫片和螺母组成,螺纹套筒预埋于下层模块的厚墙板或基础的顶部(锚固侧),操作手孔和螺栓孔设置在上模块的厚墙板底部(手孔侧),通过拧入螺杆实现上下层模块的连接。图3中,b为墙板厚度,B为边距宽度,H为暗梁高度,D为螺孔直径。

2 试验概况

2.1 试件设计

由水平缝螺栓连接节点的构造可知,以下几个参数可能影响节点的力学性能:暗梁高度、边距宽度(操作手孔距侧边距离)、螺孔直径、螺孔形状。因此,本研究以上述几个参数为变量,共设计13组试件,见表1。其中,暗梁高度和边距宽度的参数选择来自于前期有限元分析的结果。螺孔形状有圆柱形、圆台形和圆柱‒圆台形3种,后两种螺栓孔构造比圆柱形更便于现场安装。所有试件的墙板厚度为140 mm,高度为1 000 mm。

图4为试件配筋与构造详图,墙板按暗柱构造配筋,竖向钢筋采用双排C10钢筋,水平箍筋采用C8@200。暗梁区域按照梁的构造配筋,配置C12钢筋的水平箍筋等效为暗梁的纵向钢筋,在暗梁中部配置2个C6@100箍筋。在远离操作手孔侧的试件端部预埋1块沿长边方向开多个螺栓孔的矩形钢板,钢板与竖向钢筋焊接。

2.2 材料参数

混凝土采用C35细骨料混凝土,根据《普通混凝土力学性能试验方法标准》[27],对6个在标准养护条件下养护28 d的立方体混凝土标准试件(150 mm×150 mm×150 mm)进行压力试验,得到混凝土的平均立方体抗压强度为35.26 MPa。钢材方面,选用HRB400钢筋,使用8.8级和12.9级的M20高强螺栓,钢垫片材料采用Q235B,根据《金属材料室温拉伸试验方法》[28]对所使用的钢构件进行材料试验,结果如表2所示。

2.3 测量与加载方案

加载装置如图5所示,箱型加载钢梁固定在竖向作动器上,通过高强螺栓将其与试件连接,传递竖向荷载。试件底部的预埋钢板通过地锚螺栓与实验室刚性地面连接,为试件提供约束。

图5所示,竖向荷载由竖向作动器内置的力传感器测得,节点中混凝土自身的竖向位移由位移传感器LVDT-2(0.001 mm精度)测得,整个节点(包含混凝土、垫片和螺杆)区域的竖向位移由竖向作动器内置的位移传感器和LVDT-1测得。

本次试验采用单调拉伸加载和正向往复加载两种方式。在正式加载前,对试件进行预加载,以消除加载装置与试件之间的间隙。通过使用扭矩扳手,对所有试件的高强螺栓施加30 kN的预紧力。单调拉伸试件前期采用力控制加载,后期采用位移控制加载,如图6(a)所示。加载方式转变控制点ab点的选取,是基于有限元模拟的结果,针对TSS试件,a点和b点对应的荷载分别是36和45 kN;针对TSM和TSL试件,a点和b点对应的荷载分别是48和60 kN。a点之前以3.0 kN/min加载,ab点之间以1.5 kN/min加载,b点之后以0.5 mm/min速率加载。值得注意的是,试件TSM2和试件TSL3使用8.8级高强螺栓加载时出现螺杆屈服的现象,为获得节点破坏时的承载力,将螺杆换成12.9级后重新进行了加载,其他试件直接采用12.9级M20高强螺栓进行加载。正向往复加载全程采用位移控制,加载和卸载速率均以1 mm/min进行,加载幅值按照6、9、12、15 mm等逐级加载,每级循环3次,如图6(b)所示。当试件的抗拉承载力下降至峰值荷载的85%或者出现明显破坏现象时,认为试件发生破坏,停止试验。

3 试验结果分析

3.1 破坏模式

从试验结果来看,13个试件共出现了5种破坏模式:模式Ⅰ,8.8级螺杆滑丝或螺杆拉断破坏;模式Ⅱ,操作手孔上方混凝土的锥形冲切破坏;模式Ⅲ,操作手孔上方混凝土先被压溃而后发生锥形冲切破坏;模式Ⅳ,操作手孔上方所在横截面混凝土的净截面受拉破坏;模式Ⅴ,试件底部预埋钢板和内部竖向钢筋锚固失效。破坏模式汇总见表3,典型试件的破坏模式及最终的裂缝分布情况如图7所示。以典型试件为例分析各破坏模式的发展过程。

破坏模式Ⅰ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ产生的原因是明显的。在破坏模式Ⅰ中,试件TSM2最初采用8.8级M20高强度螺栓,其设计承载力为203 kN;试验过程中,当加载至180 kN后,试件的抗拉承载力增长缓慢,但作动器位移逐渐增大(从7.5 mm逐渐增大到25.0 mm),表明螺栓达到屈服并进入强化阶段;加载至200 kN时螺杆发生滑丝,试件发生破坏。在破坏模式Ⅳ中,试件TSS2的暗梁区域只有少量细小裂缝,当加载至134.2 kN时,在操作手孔上方横截面处发生断裂破坏,这是因为试件TSS2边距较小,导致其净截面承载能力较低。对于破坏模式Ⅴ,试件TSM1在操作手孔上方出现裂纹,裂纹随着载荷的增加而斜向上发展;在加载至200.9 kN时,竖向钢筋与预埋钢板之间的焊接接头断开,导致承载能力骤降;该破坏由焊接质量不佳造成。

破坏模式Ⅱ和Ⅲ均发生冲切破坏,两者区别在于破坏模式Ⅲ在发生冲切破坏前存在压溃区。在破坏模式Ⅱ中,试件TSM2在螺杆滑丝后重新装上了更高等级的螺栓(从8.8级换到12.9级),当加载至198.2 kN时,操作手孔上方的斜裂缝突然扩大形成破坏裂缝,发生冲切破坏。在破坏模式Ⅲ中,试件 TSL5 加载至202.3 kN时,操作手孔上方已经出现明显的混凝土破碎和剥落,随后斜裂缝沿着压溃区两侧边缘迅速延展扩大,最终发生冲切破坏。值得注意的是,试件TSL5在加载过程中,钢垫片出现明显的平面外变形,嵌入混凝土约8 mm。

3.2 荷载-位移曲线

图8展示了在单调拉伸和正向往复载荷作用下破坏模式Ⅱ的试件的荷载‒位移曲线(F曲线),以试件TSL1和TSM3为例。LVDT-1和Disp-A的读数非常接近,表明偏心载荷较小,预加载时间隙消除效率高。

图8(a)所示,整个加载过程包括4个阶段:1)预应力损失阶段;2)弹性阶段;3)带裂缝工作阶段;4)破坏阶段。最初,对螺杆施加约30 kN预紧力,以模拟模块水平连接时螺杆的实际受力情况;荷载低于预紧力时,拉力主要由螺杆吸收,其刚度接近M20螺杆刚度(OA段);超过预紧力后开始进入弹性阶段,拉伸载荷线性上升到弹性极限(AB段);开裂荷载(Fcr)与第一条裂缝(B点)的出现相对应,占峰值荷载(Fu)的30%~40%;荷载继续上升至试件的极限承载力(237.65 kN,C点);在弹塑性加载阶段(BC段),F‒曲线的上升速度逐渐减小,表示试件刚度逐渐下降。随后,载荷急剧下降,试件发生脆性破坏。图8(b)显示了往复加载试件的典型F‒曲线,并附有包络曲线。包络线趋势与单调拉伸试件结果基本一致。

图9给出其他4种破坏模式下的F‒曲线。模式Ⅰ曲线因螺杆屈服而呈现出明显的平台段特征,而模式Ⅳ则以操作手孔上方净截面断裂破坏为特征,承载力较低。

3.3 试验结果讨论

表3总结了主要试验结果,其中初始刚度计算结果取自F曲线的弹性阶段(AB段)的线性拟合斜率。因为作动器位移(Disp-A)具有更平滑的特征,故在所有试件的荷载‒位移曲线对比中均选用Disp-A所测数据,不同加载方式下的F曲线对比如图10所示。由表3图10可知,正向往复加载方式对试件的峰值承载力和刚度影响较小,同时也没有改变破坏模式,与单调加载方式下的试件表现出了相同的力学性能。

3.3.1 边距宽度B的影响

图11(a)和(b)为暗梁高度分别为250 mm和200 mm时的边距宽度B不同情况下的荷载‒位移曲线(F曲线)。以试件TSS1和试件TSS2为基准对其他试件的抗拉峰值承载力Fu与初始刚度Kini进行归一化得到图11(c)所示曲线。结果表明,当B从160 mm提高至325 mm时,试件的抗拉峰值承载力增大明显,分别提升约117%和20%;当B超过325 mm时,Fu几乎保持不变。初始刚度Kini的变化有相似的规律,边距B从160 mm提高至325 mm时,试件的初始刚度增大明显,分别提升约61%和72%;当 B 超过325 mm时,Kini几乎保持不变。当B较小时(B=160 mm),试件发生净截面拉断破坏(模式Ⅳ),螺栓连接节点的强度无法充分发挥;随着B的增大(B=325或485 mm),边距宽度足以承受冲切锥破坏的最大范围,试件发生冲切破坏(模式Ⅱ或Ⅲ),保证节点力学性能充分发挥。工程应用中建议采用超过300 mm的边距。

3.3.2 暗梁高度H的影响

图12(a)和(b)分别为暗梁高度影响下各试件的F‒曲线和以试件TSL4为基准的归一化曲线。结果显示,暗梁高度对试件的峰值承载力影响明显,H从200 mm增加至250 mm的过程中,Fu分别增大23%和24%,Fu呈线性增长。对比的3个试件均发生冲切破坏(模式Ⅱ),暗梁高度越大,冲切锥的抗冲切斜截面面积更大,同时裂缝发展区域面积更大,可以更好地发挥竖向钢筋和暗梁的横向水平箍筋的抗拉和抗剪能力,提升试件的承载能力。在初始刚度方面,暗梁高度每增加25 mm,Kini分别增加约7%和4%,刚度的增加并不明显,说明Fu对暗梁高度的敏感性高于Kini,为了提高Kini而增大H的方法不可取。工程应用中建议采用250 mm的暗梁高度。

3.3.3 螺孔直径D的影响

图13(a)和(b)分别为不同螺孔直径影响下试件的F‒曲线和以试件TSL3为基准的归一化曲线。结果表明,螺杆直径为20 mm时,螺孔直径D从25 mm增大至32 mm再增加至40 mm的过程中,试件的峰值承载力Fu分别降低约3%和22%,试件初始刚度Kini的变化在±5%以内。试件TSL2(D=40 mm)的承载力明显降低的原因除了与螺孔直径相关外,还与其垫片尺寸仅为60 mm(其他试件垫片尺寸为80 mm)有关。整体上看,当螺孔直径D32 mm时,对FuKini的影响可以忽略,试件发生冲切破坏(模式Ⅱ);当D40 mm时,操作孔上方的混凝土会先被压碎,然后发生冲切破坏(模式Ⅲ),此时冲切锥面积变小,FuKini降低幅度大。值得注意的是,当垫片尺寸过小时,同样也会出现破坏模式Ⅲ或垫片面外破坏。工程应用建议采用不高于32 mm直径的螺孔以及边长不少于80 mm的垫片。

3.3.4 螺孔形状的影响

图14(a)和(b)分别为不同螺孔形状影响的F‒曲线以及以试件TSL1为基准的归一化曲线。结果显示,试件TSL1(圆柱形螺孔)的Fu值和Kini值最高,力学性能最好,试件TSL6(圆台形螺孔)的Fu值和Kini值比试件TSL1分别降低了14%和17%,试件TSL5(圆柱‒圆台形)的Fu值和Kini值比试件TSL1分别降低了7%和6%。圆柱形螺孔形状的试件发生冲切破坏(模式Ⅱ),其他两种孔型的试件先出现混凝土压碎,然后发生冲切破坏(模式Ⅲ),冲切锥面积变小,Fu值和Kini值降低。因此在螺孔形状选择上,可以适当选用圆柱‒圆台形螺孔,以降低安装难度。

4 水平缝螺栓连接节点受冲切破坏承载力计算

4.1 计算公式

试验结果显示,破坏模式Ⅱ和Ⅲ对应试件的抗拉承载力最大,冲切破坏是连接节点最理想破坏模式,在进行节点设计时,应当以冲切破坏为控制点进行设计,因此,有必要提出节点的受冲切承载力(N)计算公式。根据GB 50010—2010标准[29],抗冲击能力由混凝土和钢筋提供。本文中,试件的竖向钢筋作为抗冲切钢筋,计算公式如下:

N=0.5ft0.4+1.2βsumh0+0.8fyvAsvu

式中:ft为混凝土的轴心抗拉强度设计值;fyv为钢筋的抗拉强度设计值;Asvu为与冲切锥体45°破坏斜截面相交的所有钢筋的截面面积;βs为局部荷载或集中反力作用面积为矩形时的长短边之比,当βs小于2时取2,且不宜大于4;um为计算截面的周长;h0为截面有效高度。

图15所示,对于出现破坏模式Ⅱ和Ⅲ的试件,有效高度的定义有所不同。对于破坏模式Ⅱ,试件直接发生冲切破坏,冲切破坏截面认为是从钢垫片边缘沿45°角向两侧延伸,h0根据截面受压区外边缘到底部受拉钢筋重心的距离来计算。对于破坏模式Ⅲ,首先发生局部挤压破坏,受力冲切面在向外扩展前先穿过压溃区,这使得冲切锥体与破坏模式Ⅱ相比整体向下偏移。试件的局部挤压高度约为100 mm。对于本文所研究的试件,冲切截面仅包括冲切锥体的左右斜截面。因此,um的值用式(2)计算:

um=2b

4.2 计算公式验证

破坏模式Ⅱ和Ⅲ的试件计算结果汇总于表4表4中设计值和真实值分别采用材料的名义强度和实测强度。误差Er计算公式为:

Er=N-FuFu×100%

表4可看出,除试件TSL4外,其余试件的试验承载力都高于理论设计值(幅度在27%以内),并且与采用实际材料强度得到的计算承载力接近(幅度在15%以内),冲切承载力计算方法基本合理,同时出于安全考虑,公式中并未考虑暗梁纵向钢筋的有利作用。

5 结 论

本文对新型全装配模块化混凝土结构(FAMC‒RC)的水平缝螺栓连接节点在拉伸荷载作用下进行试验研究,得出主要结论如下:

1) 在拉伸荷载作用下,水平缝连接节点表现出多种破坏模式,包括螺杆滑丝、混凝土冲切破坏、混凝土先被压溃后发生冲切破坏、净截面受拉破坏以及钢部件之间的锚固破坏。破坏过程主要经历了预应力损失、弹性加载、带裂缝工作、脆性破坏4个阶段。采用8.8级M20高强螺栓的试件具有良好的延性,而采用12.9级M20高强螺栓的试件则具有更高的承载力和刚度。

2) 在一定范围内增大边距宽度B和暗梁高度H可以有效提高峰值承载力和初始刚度,超过范围后继续增加BH对承载力和刚度提升效果不明显,工程建议边距B不少于300 mm,暗梁高度H不低于250 mm。

3) 较大的螺栓孔直径和较小的垫片尺寸会导致垫片与混凝土之间的接触面积减小,从而降低峰值承载力和初始刚度。实际应用中建议螺栓孔直径取32 mm。圆柱形螺栓孔峰值承载力和初始刚度最大,其次是圆柱‒圆台形和圆台形螺栓孔。当承载力要求不高于180 kN时,建议采用圆柱‒圆台形,以降低安装难度。

4) 锥形冲切破坏是水平缝连接节点最理想的失效模式,并由工程建议下的水平缝连接节点构造进行控制。

5) 本文基于冲切破坏模式提出节点受冲切破坏承载力计算公式,与试验值进行比较得出计算公式偏于保守,考虑到混凝土材料变异性较大,该公式安全储备高,计算方法基本合理。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(52208186)

国家自然科学基金项目(52278197)

四川省自然科学基金项目(2022NSFSC1016)

四川省自然科学基金项目(2023YFQ0046)

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