高温与地震耦合作用套筒灌浆连接损伤评价方法

周显鹏 ,  刘良林 ,  李伟华

工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (04) : 242 -252.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (04) : 242 -252. DOI: 10.12454/j.jsuese.202500400
水利与土木工程

高温与地震耦合作用套筒灌浆连接损伤评价方法

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Damage Evaluation Method for Grouted Sleeve Connections Under the Coupled Action of Fire and Earthquake

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摘要

套筒灌浆连接是当前预制混凝土结构节点纵向钢筋连接的主流方式之一。火灾后引发的地震作用,会造成材料性能退化,是对套筒灌浆连接性能充分发挥的重要挑战。为研究连接接头在火灾与地震耦合作用下的性能演变特征,开展15组试件的套筒灌浆连接高温后加载试验。结果表明:试件失效模式包括套筒外钢筋断裂、套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移。试件荷载‒位移曲线轮廓与钢筋单独受拉曲线形状相近,由弹性上升段、屈服平台段、强化上升段、下降段4部分组成。套筒灌浆连接整体本构关系建议为理想弹塑性模型。升温至600 ℃以前,试件屈服荷载、峰值荷载基本保持稳定;超过600 ℃后,荷载显著下降,最大降幅达21.9%,并采用双折线模型进行拟合;套筒灌浆连接等效弹性模量随着温度升高呈线性下降,并采用线性表达式进行拟合;建议套筒灌浆连接位移延性系数取值不低于6.0。本文基于套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面的黏结承载力建立损伤指数计算表达式,并结合高温后套筒灌浆连接反复拉压作用试验现象,建立了高温与地震耦合作用的套筒灌浆连接损伤评价方法。

Abstract

Objective Grouted sleeve connections currently represent a mainstream method for splicing longitudinal steel rebars in precast concrete structures. With the increasing promotion and application of precast concrete structures, the risk of grouted sleeve connections being exposed to fire or earthquakes increases. However, there is currently limited information regarding damage investigation of grouted sleeve connections subjected to the coupled effects of fire and earthquake. This study develops a damage evaluation method for grouted sleeve connections under the coupled action of fire and earthquake using both experimental and theoretical approaches to identify the damage state. Methods First, a large-strain cyclic loading experiment was conducted on post-fire grouted sleeve connections by considering the effects of five target temperatures, including ambient temperature (approximately 20 ℃), 200, 400, 600, and 800 ℃. Then, by taking the bond-bearing capacity between the grout and steel rebar into account, an expression was developed to calculate the damage index of post-fire grouted sleeve connections under large-strain cyclic loading. In addition, a damage evaluation standard was established by combining the experimental phenomena and failure patterns of post-fire grouted sleeve connections under loading. The proposed damage index expression and damage evaluation standard were utilized to construct a damage evaluation method for grouted sleeve connections under the coupled effects of fire and earthquake. Finally, the proposed method was applied to evaluate the damage states of grouted sleeve connections under different temperatures and loading conditions, and the obtained results were compared to the experimental results to verify its feasibility and accuracy. Results and Discussions After the loading tests, two failure patterns were observed in the post-fire grouted sleeve connections under large-strain cyclic loading, namely steel rebar fracture outside the sleeve and bond failure between the grout and steel rebar. The failure pattern transitioned from steel rebar fracture outside the sleeve to bond failure between the grout and steel rebar after the specimens were exposed to elevated temperatures above 400 ℃. The load‒displacement curve shapes of the connection specimens were similar to those of single steel rebars and consisted of four stages, including the initial ascending stage, yield plateau stage, strengthened ascending stage, and descending stage. Compared to the specimen at ambient temperature, the loads of post-fire connection specimens decreased by only 5.2% when the elevated temperature remained below 600 ℃, indicating that the load development remained stable. However, the load reduction reached 21.9% after the connection specimens were exposed to 800 ℃. Therefore, a bilinear model was proposed to calculate the loads of post-fire grouted sleeve connections after exposure to elevated temperatures up to 800 ℃. The loads of post-fire grouted sleeve connections remained equal to those of the connection at ambient temperature when the temperature remained below 600 ℃. However, when the temperature exceeded 600 ℃, the load ratios of post-fire grouted sleeve connections to the grouted sleeve connection at ambient temperature varied linearly with temperature. In addition, the displacement ductility of the connection specimens exceeded 6.0, indicating that the grouted sleeve connection specimens possessed good nonlinear deformation capacity. The grouted sleeve connection was treated as equivalent to a steel rebar, and an elastic-perfectly plastic model was proposed to represent the constitutive relationship of post-fire grouted sleeve connections by considering the development characteristics of the load-displacement curves and loads. The displacement measured by the extensometer was utilized to calculate the equivalent elastic modulus of the grouted sleeve connections, and the results showed the following trends: as the temperature increased, the equivalent elastic modulus of post-fire grouted sleeve connections decreased linearly; compared to the specimen at ambient temperature, the reduction in the equivalent elastic modulus reached 28.8% after the grouted sleeve connection was exposed to 800 ℃; and the equivalent elastic modulus of post-fire grouted sleeve connections remained higher than that of a single steel rebar until the temperature reached 400 ℃, indicating that 400 ℃ represented a critical temperature for the mechanical behavior of grouted sleeve connections. Based on the temperature variable, a linear expression was established to represent the calculation method for the equivalent elastic modulus of post-fire grouted sleeve connections. In addition, the results indicated that the bond-bearing capacity between the grout and steel rebar played an important role in determining the failure pattern type of grouted sleeve connections. Based on the bond-bearing capacity between the grout and steel rebar, an expression was developed to calculate the damage index of post-fire grouted sleeve connections under large-strain cyclic loading. The critical damage index was proposed as 0.300 0 by considering the failure pattern types of the grouted sleeve connection specimens. Combined with the experimental phenomena and failure patterns, a damage evaluation standard for grouted sleeve connections was established to describe the relationship between the damage state and damage index. Then, a damage evaluation method for grouted sleeve connections under the coupled effects of fire and earthquake was established based on the proposed damage index expression and damage evaluation standard. In addition, the new damage evaluation method was applied to assess the damage states and distinguish the failure patterns of grouted sleeve connections with different sleeve types and steel rebar strengths. The results demonstrated that the evaluated results agreed well with the experimental results, indicating that the proposed damage evaluation method for grouted sleeve connections under the coupled effects of fire and earthquake was feasible and accurate. Conclusions The experimental results showed that the mechanical behavior of post-fire grouted sleeve connections was superior to that of a single steel rebar when the temperature was below 400 ℃. Expressions were developed to describe the relationships among loads, equivalent elastic modulus, and temperature for post-fire grouted sleeve connections. In addition, an elastic-perfectly plastic model was proposed as the constitutive relationship for grouted sleeve connections under the coupled action of fire and earthquake. In addition, a damage evaluation method was developed to assess the damage state of grouted sleeve connections under the coupled action of fire and earthquake, and the critical damage index was proposed as 0.300 0, corresponding to the critical state between integrity and failure of the grouted sleeve connection.

Graphical abstract

关键词

套筒灌浆连接 / 高温作用 / 反复拉压作用 / 失效模式 / 损伤评价

Key words

elevated temperature action / reverse cyclic loading / cyclic loadings / failure pattern / damage evaluation

引用本文

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周显鹏,刘良林,李伟华. 高温与地震耦合作用套筒灌浆连接损伤评价方法[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2026, 58(04): 242-252 DOI:10.12454/j.jsuese.202500400

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套筒灌浆连接是纵向钢筋连接的主流方式,广泛应用于预制混凝土结构[1‒3]。然而,火灾高温作用引发材料性能劣化,导致套筒灌浆连接力学性能显著下降,从常温下可靠的套筒外钢筋断裂转变成高温作用后的材料界面黏结滑移失效[4‒6]。除火灾外,地震也是预制混凝土结构在服役寿命期间可能遭遇的重大灾害。考虑小震、强震作用的影响,套筒灌浆连接分别对应采用高应力、大变形反复拉压作用的加载模式[7]。Zheng等[8]研究表明,考虑地震作用影响的套筒灌浆连接钢筋黏结长度在高于单向拉伸下的值时,才能发生套筒外钢筋断裂失效。
实际工程中,存在以下两种情形:地震持时短,火灾为地震发生后的主要次生灾害之一,火灾作用后的建筑结构可能遭遇余震作用,影响人员逃生及消防抢险救灾安全;遭遇火灾事故后经过加固、修复的建筑结构,在后续的服役寿命期间可能遭遇地震,导致构件失效甚至结构倒塌[9]。可见,火灾后建筑结构的抗震性能成为前述两种情形的关键。Xiao等[10]通过高应力、大变形反复拉压作用试验,研究高温后(≤600 ℃)Ⅲ级接头套筒灌浆连接抗震性能,发现高应力反复拉压、大变形反复拉压作用对套筒灌浆连接力学性能影响的区别不明显,且试件的荷载‒位移曲线轮廓与单根钢筋受拉曲线相似,同时构建了高温后套筒灌浆连接反复拉压作用承载力计算方法。此外,Liu等[11]通过高温后套筒灌浆连接先承受高应力反复拉压作用再承受大变形反复拉压作用的连续加载试验,提出了高温后考虑侧向约束的套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结强度计算表达式。然而,高温后套筒灌浆连接在反复拉压作用下的残余力学性能发展特征尚未见深入分析。
高温作用引发的套筒灌浆连接损伤研究,主要从微观角度分析套筒灌浆料随着温度升高的成分分解,微观结构劣化引起其抗压、抗弯强度及黏结强度下降导致高温后套筒灌浆连接承载力下降[5,12]。进一步地,通过开展高温后套筒灌浆连接受拉试验,Li等[12‒13]对试件进行纵向剖切,发现套筒端部的套筒灌浆料损伤情况比中部严重,套筒外钢筋断裂试件的套筒端部钢筋与套筒灌浆料相互分离,且楔形套筒试件比螺纹套筒试件的套筒灌浆料损伤更严重。Liu等[14]利用常温下套筒灌浆连接受拉试验与数值仿真,发现套筒外钢筋断裂试件的损伤区域集中于套筒端部,套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效试件的损伤区域围绕钢筋分布且随滑移增大而快速发展。Chen等[15]使用游标卡尺测量了常温下套筒灌浆连接受拉时套筒端部的损伤深度,发现该深度值随着钢筋直径增大而增大,最大可达14.29 mm,相当于钢筋黏结长度的8.9%。许成顺等[16]研究发现,高应力反复拉压作用下,套筒灌浆连接试件套筒端部损伤深度也随着钢筋直径增大而增大,最大可达24.37 mm,相当于钢筋黏结长度的10.9%。然而,高温后套筒灌浆连接大变形反复拉压作用的损伤程度分析、评价尚未见开展。
基于上述分析,并考虑Ⅰ级接头对钢筋强度、延性要求高于Ⅲ级接头[7],首先,开展高温后Ⅰ级接头套筒灌浆连接大变形反复拉压加载试验,探讨高温后连接接头残余力学性能演变特征;然后,通过分析关键参数建立损伤指数计算表达式,提出损伤评价准则,形成损伤评价方法;最后,开展高温后套筒灌浆连接损伤评价,保障高温与地震耦合作用套筒灌浆连接安全应用。

1 试验方案

1.1 材料制备

采购商用套筒灌浆料干料,根据产品说明书制备套筒灌浆料,浇筑5组强度测试试块,并测试加载当天的套筒灌浆料抗压强度及高温作用后残余抗压强度,取平均值列于表1。钢筋采用HRB400级,直径为25 mm,实测力学性能平均值见表2。套筒材料为球墨铸铁,尺寸与钢筋直径配套,其中,内径为50 mm,厚度为4 mm,长度为450 mm,套筒的屈服强度、弹性模量、屈服应变分别为483 MPa、210 GPa、2 300×10-6。

1.2 连接接头设计

根据《钢筋机械连接技术规程》(JGJ 107—2016)[7]的要求,设计套筒灌浆连接试件的尺寸构造,如图1所示。图1中,L为引伸计长度。在套筒端部各1倍钢筋直径处固定引伸计,测量套筒及其邻近区域的变形发展。从图1(a)可以看出,套筒灌浆连接试件的长度为950 mm。被连接钢筋与套筒利用木条与模板定位、固定情况,见图1(b)。套筒灌浆连接试件有5组,每组3个,共15个试件,套筒灌浆连接试件信息见表3。表3中,编号GS‒XXX‒LS‒25的含义:GS为套筒灌浆连接;XXX为温度作用,包括AT、200、400、600、800 ℃等;LS指加载制度为大变形反复拉压;25为被连接钢筋的直径,mm。

1.3 升温方案

采用同济大学抗火实验室的封闭电炉(炉膛尺寸为650 mm×650 mm×1 050 mm,功率为36 kW,最高温度为1 000 ℃)开展高温试验。为了防止高强水泥基胶凝材料常见的爆裂现象引发的损伤[10,17‒18],设置升温速率为5 ℃/min,目标温度为200、400、600、800 ℃,达到目标温度后,保持恒温60 min并确保试件内外温度一致[19‒20],具体升温方案见图2。图2中,T为温度,t为时间。然后,断开电源,试件随炉膛冷却至室温后被取出执行加载试验。

1.4 加载方案

加载方案如图3所示。

图3中,F为荷载,F1、F2分别为反复加载前4次循环、后4次循环的拉力,Fy、Fu分别为被连接钢筋屈服强度标准值对应的屈服荷载、套筒灌浆连接试件的峰值荷载。对于Ⅰ级接头的大变形反复拉压,其加载制度见图3(a)[7],加载设备见图3(b)。在钢筋屈服之前,按照应力控制加载,加载速率为10 MPa/s[7];钢筋屈服后,按照位移控制加载,取钢筋材性试验时的加载速率,即4 mm/min。以钢筋断裂、附着套筒灌浆料的钢筋被拔出套筒等两种情况中的任一情况出现,作为加载试验结束的依据。记录设备输出的力与位移,作为试件的荷载与位移,并收集、整理图1中引伸计的位移。

2 试验结果分析

2.1 高温后试件失效特征

在升温过程中,没有听到任何异响,表明高强度的套筒灌浆料未发生爆裂现象。高温后套筒灌浆连接试件失效特征如图4所示。随着温度的升高,套筒灌浆连接试件的套筒表面颜色变化显著:常温为青灰色,具有金属光泽,见图3(b);当温度达到400 ℃,试件套筒表面呈现红褐色,见图4(a)、(c);当温度达到800 ℃,试件套筒表面呈现暗红色,见图4(b)、(d)。

从加载过程来看,所有试件的失效特征包括两种类型:一类是被连接钢筋经历屈服、颈缩、断裂等过程,且断裂位置在套筒长度外,即套筒外钢筋断裂与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效,视为失效模式SF(图4(a));另外一类是套筒灌浆料附着在钢筋表面(图4(b)),并随钢筋缓缓拔出套筒,但是钢筋不断裂,表明套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面的黏结性能遭到破坏导致套筒灌浆料与钢筋之间形成滑移,发生套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效,视为失效模式BF,高温后套筒灌浆连接试件的力学性能见表4。从图4(c)可以看出,失效模式SF中的钢筋断裂位置随机出现,应该与高温作用引起材料的非均匀性变化有关。≤400 ℃、800 ℃高温后试件组中3个试件的失效模式均一致(图4(c)、(d)),且分别为失效模式SF、BF(表4),表明相应试件组的失效模式也为SF、BF。600 ℃高温后,试件组3个试件中1个为失效模式SF、两个为失效模式BF,认为该试件组的失效模式为BF。因此,大变形反复拉压作用下套筒灌浆连接的失效模式转变的关键温度为400 ℃,而受拉时套筒灌浆连接失效模式转变关键温度为619 ℃[21],表明大变形反复拉压作用加剧了套筒灌浆连接的损伤,导致失效模式转变的临界温度下降。因此,有必要进一步分析高温与地震耦合作用下套筒灌浆连接的损伤状态,并进行评价。

2.2 荷载‒位移曲线

根据图3(b)中加载设备输出的荷载与位移,绘制不同温度作用后套筒灌浆连接试件的荷载‒位移曲线,如图5所示。图5中,Δ为位移。

从图5中可以看出:荷载‒位移曲线包括4部分,即初始上升段、屈服平台段、强化上升段、下降段;大变形反复拉压作用下试件的荷载‒位移曲线轮廓与典型的单根钢筋受拉曲线形状非常相似;荷载‒位移曲线包括两种类型,主要的区别在于达到峰值荷载后的下降段,一种为直线跌落式(试件失效模式SF),一种为快速下降后的上下波动式(试件失效模式BF)。

值得关注的是,荷载‒位移曲线下降段中出现的上下波动,是套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面发生滑移后,脱落的套筒灌浆料碎块在钢筋横肋前堆积压实,造成摩擦力增大,导致荷载增大,引起曲线上升,随着滑移增大进一步压碎套筒灌浆料碎块,荷载减小导致曲线下降,如此往复形成了波动式曲线。但随着钢筋的缓缓拔出,钢筋与套筒灌浆料接触界面面积变小导致承载力下降,因此,波动式曲线形状呈下行趋势,如图5(d)、(e)所示。

取峰值荷载最大值作为每组试件代表,考虑加载制度中(图3(a))反复拉压加载部分的形状特征,进一步绘制该部分的荷载‒位移曲线形状如图5(f)所示。从图5(f)发现,常温时荷载‒位移曲线通过横轴时几乎是直线平滑穿过,但随着温度的提升,右边滞回曲线逐渐呈“S”形通过横轴,具有明显的捏缩效应,表明高温作用加剧了试件的滑移,降低了其耗能能力[22]。

3 力学性能分析

3.1 荷载

在试件的荷载‒位移曲线中,将屈服平台段最低点(图5(f))的纵、横坐标作为试件的屈服荷载FysT 与屈服位移Δy,强化上升段最高点的纵、横坐标作为试件的峰值荷载FpsT 与峰值位移Δp,具体数据见表4。基于表4的屈服荷载、峰值荷载,绘制高温后套筒灌浆连接试件荷载发展,如图6所示。

从图6(a)发现:随着温度的提升,试件的屈服荷载、峰值荷载发展特征相似,即:在温度未达到600 ℃时几乎保持不变,在温度超过600 ℃后明显下降;同组试件间荷载值分布稳定,屈服荷载、峰值荷载的离散系数分别不超过0.047、0.052。

取同组试件的平均值作为试件组代表值,与常温值相除实施归一化处理,得到其在不同高温作用后的分布(图6(b)),可以看出,高温作用后,套筒灌浆连接试件的峰值荷载FpsT 、屈服荷载FysT 与相应常温值的比y在600 ℃以下时基本保持不变,在超过600 ℃后明显下降。y的计算式为:

y=1,20 ℃≤T<600 ℃;-0.001 1T+1.66,600 ℃≤T≤800 ℃

3.2 位移延性系数

根据套筒灌浆连接等钢筋连接方式的预制混凝土剪力墙结构试验,Soudki等[23]认为当结构具有非线性大变形的能力时,其位移弹性系数取值范围为4.0~6.0。基于连接接头性能不低于结构构件的基本原则,套筒灌浆连接位移延性系数应不低于6.0。定义屈服位移Δy与峰值位移Δp的比为位移弹性系数δu,见式(2):

δu=ΔpΔy

根据式(2)计算试件的位移弹性系数,也列于表4。从表4可以看出,除GS‒800‒LS‒25试件组的第3个试件外(位移弹性系数值为5.4),高温后反复拉压作用下套筒灌浆连接试件的位移弹性系数均不低于6.0,表明套筒灌浆连接的位移弹性系数能够达到结构非线性变形要求。

3.3 等效弹性模量

常温下,Yang等[24]认为套筒灌浆连接可等效为钢筋,但其屈服强度与弹性模量均高于被连接钢筋。套筒灌浆连接等效弹性模量如图7所示。

图7中:Es,T 为高温T作用后套筒灌浆连接等效弹性模量,GPa,T取值范围为[20,800] ℃;δ为引伸计位移。定义套筒长度范围并外加一定长度的钢筋作为套筒灌浆连接的连接区域,Liu[18]、Ameli[25]等认为该长度分别为65、43 mm,本文取25 mm,即连接区域范围为引伸计的测量范围。基于图1中引伸计测量的位移与加载设备输出的荷载,以每组试件中峰值荷载最小值为代表,绘制图7(a)。分别计算套筒灌浆连接屈服强度fys与钢筋屈服强度标准值fy的比、钢筋弹性模量、高温后套筒灌浆连接等效弹性模量,见表5。

表5中:δy为连接区域的屈服位移,基于图7(a)按照Kim[26]推荐的等比例方法确定;高温作用后钢筋的屈服荷载标准值、弹性模量按照余志武等[27]提出的方法计算;基于Zhang等[28]提出的方法开展高温后套筒灌浆连接等效弹性模量的计算,见式(3)。

Es,T=4FysTπd2×Lδy

式中:FysT 的取值见表4;d为钢筋直径,本文取25 mm。

根据表5绘制套筒灌浆连接等效弹性模量随温度变化的分布见图7(b),发现随着温度的升高,等效弹性模量呈现线性递减(与Wang等[6]研究中高温后试件受拉的弹性模量发展特征一致),相对常温值下降幅度可达28.8%。因此,火灾高温对于套筒灌浆连接等效弹性模量具有显著退化作用。根据每种温度下Es, T的平均值(表5),通过线性拟合分析方法得到等效弹性模量与温度的关系,见式(4):

Es, TEs, 20=-0.000 3T+0.985 5,R2=0.956 6

式中:Es,20为常温下套筒灌浆连接等效弹性模量,GPa;R2为拟合相关系数。

从表2、5还发现:常温下套筒灌浆连接等效弹性模量高于钢筋,与Yang等[24]的发现相同;当温度作用不超过400 ℃时,套筒灌浆连接的等效弹性模量Es,T 仍然不低于被连接钢筋弹性模量E0;当温度作用超过400 ℃时,连接区域的等效弹性模量普遍低于钢筋的弹性模量,也证明400 ℃为套筒灌浆连接的关键温度。

3.4 本构关系

数值仿真是研究方法的重要手段,尤其适用于特殊环境如火灾、地震研究中。本构关系是数值仿真中的重要参数,成为结构构件力学性能分析的基础。从图5可知,大变形反复拉压作用下套筒灌浆连接的荷载‒位移曲线与单根钢筋受拉曲线轮廓基本一致,表明连接接头的力学性能与被连接钢筋性能接近。从表4发现,套筒灌浆连接峰值荷载与屈服荷载平均值之比达到1.35以上,与混凝土结构设计规范中HRB400钢筋的强度比1.35接近。同时,由于钢筋常采用理想弹塑性模型开展结构构件力学性能分析,因此建议套筒灌浆连接整体的本构关系为理想弹塑性模型,见图8。图8中:σ为强度;ε为应变;σys为套筒灌浆连接的屈服强度,高温后取值采用式(1)计算出套筒灌浆连接屈服荷载后除以钢筋横截面面积得到;σy、E0的平均值见表2;εys、εy分别为套筒灌浆连接、钢筋的屈服应变。

4 损伤评价分析

4.1 损伤指数

套筒灌浆连接接头由套筒灌浆料、套筒、被连接钢筋组成,并形成套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面、套筒灌浆料与套筒界面[28]。其中,套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结是套筒灌浆连接最重要的结构性能[29],套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结承载力的高低决定套筒灌浆连接受力后失效模式的类型[30‒31]。考虑高温作用、荷载类型影响,定义套筒灌浆连接损伤指数D计算表达式为:

D=1-F uTF u0

式中:FuT 为高温T作用后受拉时套筒灌浆连接的套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结承载力,kN;Fu0为常温下受拉时套筒灌浆连接的套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结承载力,kN。

在常温下受拉作用下,FuT =Fu0,式(5)的计算结果为0,表征连接接头无损伤。当遭遇高温作用时(如600 ℃[5]),研究发现套筒灌浆料基本失去承载力[5]。由于套筒灌浆料承载力是影响套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结承载力的重要因素[32‒34],其值的丧失大幅降低套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面的黏结承载力,并随着温度升高而趋近0,根据式(5)得到损伤指数为1.000 0,即损伤指数取值范围[0,1.000 0]。因此,将式(5)作为损伤指数的计算方法是可行的。

4.2 损伤评价准则

根据前述试验,发现套筒灌浆连接失效模式包括套筒外钢筋断裂、套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效。套筒灌浆连接发生套筒外钢筋断裂,理论上表明接头内部完好无损,其损伤指数应为0。实际上,由于材料性能随温度升高逐步下降,造成接头内部存在一定程度的损伤累积。当损伤积累到一定程度时,套筒灌浆连接的失效模式由套筒外钢筋断裂转变成套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效,表明连接接头整体性遭到破坏,其可靠性下降。因此,损伤程度与失效模式直接相关,同时该临界损伤指数有待进一步确认。

基于刘良林等[33]的研究成果,高温后受拉套筒灌浆连接试件的套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面的黏结强度、黏结承载力计算方法分别见式(6)~(8)[33]。

τuT=32.805klb-0.273d-0.415fcgT0.5RpsT/k1
RpsT=2fysTtw/Di
FuT=πdlbτuTk2

式(6)~(8)中:τuT为高温后套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面的黏结强度,MPa;fcgT 为高温后套筒灌浆料抗压强度,MPa,按照实测值确定,如无实测值则按照-0.000 5T+1.035 5计算比例系数后乘以常温值确定;k为考虑荷载类型影响的拟合系数,对于单向拉伸、反复拉压作用分别取0.203、0.158[33];k1为组合系数,取1.2[33];k2为整体系数,一般取1.2,>400 ℃高温作用后取1.0[33];RpsT 为高温后套筒灌浆料表面侧向约束应力,MPa;fysT为高温后套筒屈服强度,MPa,参照余志武等[26]提供的高温后钢筋屈服强度计算方法得到残余强度比例系数再乘以常温下套筒屈服强度来确定,其中,温度不超过400 ℃时,取1,500、600、700、800、900、1 000 ℃高温后的屈服强度与常温下的比值,分别为0.977 2、0.941 8、0.906 6、0.876 7、0.857 0、0.852 5;tw为套筒厚度,mm;Di为套筒内径,mm;lb为钢筋黏结长度,mm。

结合式(5)计算得到损伤指数分布情况见表6。

从表6发现:随着温度升高,损伤指数快速增大,表明温度作用对试件损伤有显著影响;相同温度时,大变形反复拉压作用试件的损伤指数高于单向拉伸,表明荷载作用类型对于试件损伤具有重要影响;特别是常温时,大变形反复拉压作用下,试件的损伤指数大于0,表明循环荷载作用(图5(f))对于套筒灌浆连接性能损伤的累积作用。根据文献[35],单向拉伸套筒灌浆连接试件的失效模式转变的关键温度为600 ℃。由表6还发现,单向拉伸、大变形反复拉压作用下,试件失效模式转变温度的损伤指数分别为0.294 8、0.306 0,因此,定义临界损伤指数为0.300 0,即超过该损伤指数试件失效模式发生转变,得到套筒灌浆连接高温损伤评价准则见表7。基于上述分析,形成了荷载与高温耦合作用的套筒灌浆连接损伤评价方法。

4.3 损伤评价分析方法应用

基于上述损伤评价方法,开展高温与荷载耦合作用下套筒灌浆连接损伤程度分析,各方法应用情况如表8所示。Zhang等[4]的试验结果表明,≤ 400 ℃、>400 ℃温度下的损伤指数分别为小于0.300 0、大于0.300 0,依据表7判断套筒灌浆连接接头完整、连接接头失效,对应发生的失效模式为套筒外钢筋断裂、套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效,与实测结果一致。Wang等[36]的试验结果表明,≤ 500 ℃、>500 ℃温度下的损伤指数分别为小于0.300 0、大于0.300 0,结合表7判断套筒灌浆连接接头完整、连接接头失效,对应的失效模式为套筒外钢筋断裂、套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效,与实测结果一致。

Xiao等[10]的试验结果表明:≤ 200 ℃温度下试件的损伤指数小于0.300 0,判断试件发生套筒外钢筋断裂,与试验结果一致;600 ℃高温后试件的损伤指数为0.503 0,判断为套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效,与试验结果一致;400 ℃高温后试件的损伤指数大于0.300 0,判断为套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效,试验结果为套筒外钢筋断裂,判断结果偏保守。Liu等[11]的试验结果表明:≤ 400 ℃温度下试件的损伤指数小于0.300 0,结合表7判断套筒灌浆连接对应的失效模式为套筒外钢筋断裂,与实测结果一致;但基于640 ℃温度下试件的损伤指数判断为套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效,试验结果为套筒外钢筋断裂,判断结果偏保守。基于上述损伤程度评价分析,发现高温与荷载耦合作用套筒灌浆连接损伤评价结果几乎与实测结果一致,验证了新建损伤评价方法的准确性。

5 结论与建议

考虑火灾与地震的耦合作用影响,设置常温、200、400、600、800 ℃的目标温度与大变形反复拉压作用加载,开展15个套筒灌浆连接试件(HRB400级钢筋、套筒灌浆料抗压强度72.2 MPa)的试验研究。通过试验现象与数据分析,发现火灾高温与地震耦合作用对于套筒灌浆连接屈服荷载、峰值荷载、等效弹性模量具有显著的退化作用,具体得到以下结论与建议。

1)套筒灌浆连接失效模式包括套筒外钢筋断裂(SF)、套筒灌浆料与钢筋界面黏结滑移失效(BF)两种类型,高温作用可以改变试件的失效模式,关键温度为400 ℃。

2)试件的荷载‒位移曲线形状包括弹性初始上升段、屈服平台段、强化上升段、下降段4部分,与单根钢筋受拉曲线轮廓相近,建议套筒灌浆连接整体采用理想弹塑性本构模型。

3)高温作用不超过600 ℃时,套筒灌浆连接屈服荷载、峰值荷载随着温度升高变化不明显;超过600 ℃后,呈显著的线性下降趋势,相对常温情况,下降幅度分别可达21.9%、20.1%,被拟合成基于温度变化的双折线模型(式(1))。

4)温度不超过400 ℃时,套筒灌浆连接等效弹性模量不低于被连接钢筋,但随着温度升高呈线性下降趋势,相对常温值最大下降幅度为28.8%,被拟合成基于温度变化的线性表达式(式(4))。

5)建议套筒灌浆连接的位移延性系数不低于6.0。

6)新建的损伤评价方法可用于高温与地震耦合作用后套筒灌浆连接损伤程度评价与失效模式类型识别,建议进一步开展反复拉压作用下套筒灌浆连接损伤评价准则的研究工作。

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基金资助

江西省自然科学基金面上项目(20242BAB25304)

教育部“春晖计划”合作科研项目(HZKY202203092)

井冈山大学博士科研启动项目(JZB2208)

江西中煤建设集团有限公司科研项目(2024JXZMKJ07)

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