1.School of Resources and Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
2.Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Early Warning and Governance of Ecological Environment Changes in Small Watersheds, Xianning 437100, China
3.School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
Objective Grouted sleeve connections currently represent a mainstream method for splicing longitudinal steel rebars in precast concrete structures. With the increasing promotion and application of precast concrete structures, the risk of grouted sleeve connections being exposed to fire or earthquakes increases. However, there is currently limited information regarding damage investigation of grouted sleeve connections subjected to the coupled effects of fire and earthquake. This study develops a damage evaluation method for grouted sleeve connections under the coupled action of fire and earthquake using both experimental and theoretical approaches to identify the damage state. Methods First, a large-strain cyclic loading experiment was conducted on post-fire grouted sleeve connections by considering the effects of five target temperatures, including ambient temperature (approximately 20 ℃), 200, 400, 600, and 800 ℃. Then, by taking the bond-bearing capacity between the grout and steel rebar into account, an expression was developed to calculate the damage index of post-fire grouted sleeve connections under large-strain cyclic loading. In addition, a damage evaluation standard was established by combining the experimental phenomena and failure patterns of post-fire grouted sleeve connections under loading. The proposed damage index expression and damage evaluation standard were utilized to construct a damage evaluation method for grouted sleeve connections under the coupled effects of fire and earthquake. Finally, the proposed method was applied to evaluate the damage states of grouted sleeve connections under different temperatures and loading conditions, and the obtained results were compared to the experimental results to verify its feasibility and accuracy. Results and Discussions After the loading tests, two failure patterns were observed in the post-fire grouted sleeve connections under large-strain cyclic loading, namely steel rebar fracture outside the sleeve and bond failure between the grout and steel rebar. The failure pattern transitioned from steel rebar fracture outside the sleeve to bond failure between the grout and steel rebar after the specimens were exposed to elevated temperatures above 400 ℃. The load‒displacement curve shapes of the connection specimens were similar to those of single steel rebars and consisted of four stages, including the initial ascending stage, yield plateau stage, strengthened ascending stage, and descending stage. Compared to the specimen at ambient temperature, the loads of post-fire connection specimens decreased by only 5.2% when the elevated temperature remained below 600 ℃, indicating that the load development remained stable. However, the load reduction reached 21.9% after the connection specimens were exposed to 800 ℃. Therefore, a bilinear model was proposed to calculate the loads of post-fire grouted sleeve connections after exposure to elevated temperatures up to 800 ℃. The loads of post-fire grouted sleeve connections remained equal to those of the connection at ambient temperature when the temperature remained below 600 ℃. However, when the temperature exceeded 600 ℃, the load ratios of post-fire grouted sleeve connections to the grouted sleeve connection at ambient temperature varied linearly with temperature. In addition, the displacement ductility of the connection specimens exceeded 6.0, indicating that the grouted sleeve connection specimens possessed good nonlinear deformation capacity. The grouted sleeve connection was treated as equivalent to a steel rebar, and an elastic-perfectly plastic model was proposed to represent the constitutive relationship of post-fire grouted sleeve connections by considering the development characteristics of the load-displacement curves and loads. The displacement measured by the extensometer was utilized to calculate the equivalent elastic modulus of the grouted sleeve connections, and the results showed the following trends: as the temperature increased, the equivalent elastic modulus of post-fire grouted sleeve connections decreased linearly; compared to the specimen at ambient temperature, the reduction in the equivalent elastic modulus reached 28.8% after the grouted sleeve connection was exposed to 800 ℃; and the equivalent elastic modulus of post-fire grouted sleeve connections remained higher than that of a single steel rebar until the temperature reached 400 ℃, indicating that 400 ℃ represented a critical temperature for the mechanical behavior of grouted sleeve connections. Based on the temperature variable, a linear expression was established to represent the calculation method for the equivalent elastic modulus of post-fire grouted sleeve connections. In addition, the results indicated that the bond-bearing capacity between the grout and steel rebar played an important role in determining the failure pattern type of grouted sleeve connections. Based on the bond-bearing capacity between the grout and steel rebar, an expression was developed to calculate the damage index of post-fire grouted sleeve connections under large-strain cyclic loading. The critical damage index was proposed as 0.300 0 by considering the failure pattern types of the grouted sleeve connection specimens. Combined with the experimental phenomena and failure patterns, a damage evaluation standard for grouted sleeve connections was established to describe the relationship between the damage state and damage index. Then, a damage evaluation method for grouted sleeve connections under the coupled effects of fire and earthquake was established based on the proposed damage index expression and damage evaluation standard. In addition, the new damage evaluation method was applied to assess the damage states and distinguish the failure patterns of grouted sleeve connections with different sleeve types and steel rebar strengths. The results demonstrated that the evaluated results agreed well with the experimental results, indicating that the proposed damage evaluation method for grouted sleeve connections under the coupled effects of fire and earthquake was feasible and accurate. Conclusions The experimental results showed that the mechanical behavior of post-fire grouted sleeve connections was superior to that of a single steel rebar when the temperature was below 400 ℃. Expressions were developed to describe the relationships among loads, equivalent elastic modulus, and temperature for post-fire grouted sleeve connections. In addition, an elastic-perfectly plastic model was proposed as the constitutive relationship for grouted sleeve connections under the coupled action of fire and earthquake. In addition, a damage evaluation method was developed to assess the damage state of grouted sleeve connections under the coupled action of fire and earthquake, and the critical damage index was proposed as 0.300 0, corresponding to the critical state between integrity and failure of the grouted sleeve connection.
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