Objective Polyurethane (PU) grouting materials are widely applied in underground engineering, such as subgrade reinforcement, void treatment in tunnel floors, railway uplift, and trenchless pipeline rehabilitation. Consequently, these materials are frequently subjected to groundwater disturbance. The adsorption or infiltration of water significantly alters their dielectric properties. When employing non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques to evaluate grouting effectiveness, it is crucial to account for the effects of electromagnetic wave frequency and water content on the dielectric behavior of PU grouting materials. This study aims to develop a dielectric model for PU grouting materials that incorporates the effects of frequency and water content, thereby providing a reliable theoretical tool for the detection and evaluation of grouting performance. Methods Dielectric property tests of PU grouting material specimens in dry and wet states were carried out using a vector network analyzer equipped with a coaxial probe within the frequency band of 0.5 to 6.0 GHz. First, specimens were cast using primary raw materials including polyether polyol and isocyanate. Before casting, detachable casting molds were fabricated. To facilitate demolding, a thin film of lubricant was brushed onto the inner walls of the molds prior to casting. At room temperature, the raw materials were mixed and stirred evenly at a 1 ∶ 1 ratio, then rapidly injected into the molds via a grouting gun. Specimens of different densities were produced by controlling the grouting volume. After casting, the mixtures were left to stand for 1.5 to 2.0 h. Once the materials fully reacted and cooled, the molds were disassembled, and a cutting machine was used to remove the uneven parts at both ends of the specimens. The final specimens were cylinders with a diameter of 70.6 mm and a height of 100 mm, where the dimensional error was controlled within ±0.1 mm. After specimen preparation, dielectric tests were performed on the dry specimens to construct a frequency-dependent dielectric model for the PU grouting material. Afterwards, the specimens were soaked in a water environment for 72 h. They were then taken out, surface water was wiped off with filter paper, and they were weighed to calculate the water content. Subsequently, dielectric tests were conducted on the wet specimens to analyze the variation pattern between the water content and the dielectric constant of the PU grouting material. Finally, a comprehensive dielectric model considering both frequency and moisture effects was established. Results and Discussions Regarding the dielectric test results of the dry specimens, a strong correlation is observed between the dielectric constant and density. The quadratic polynomial fitting yields a coefficient of determination () > 0.96, indicating an excellent fit. Based on this fitting relationship, the calculated dielectric constant of the cell gas ( = 0) is approximately 1, which closely aligns with the known dielectric constant of gases. Furthermore, the dielectric constant decreases logarithmically with increasing frequency (> 0.86). This frequency dependence can be attributed to the polarization response: at lower frequencies, the material can sufficiently respond to the alternating electric field, resulting in a higher dielectric constant; conversely, as the frequency increases, the lag in the material's polarization response leads to a gradual decline in the dielectric constant. For the wet specimens, the dielectric constant of the PU grouting material increases gradually with higher water content, demonstrating a strong positive correlation (> 0.90). This behavior is consistent with the dielectric characteristics of most composite materials. The significant increase in the dielectric constant is primarily driven by water molecules, which act as highly polar molecules; they exhibit an intense response to the applied electric field, thereby remarkably enhancing the overall dielectric constant of the material. Conclusions Based on the frequency-dependent variation of the dielectric constant in dry PU grouting materials, the Maxwell‒Garnett multiphase mixing model was introduced to develop and validate a frequency-dependent dielectric model. The proposed dry model demonstrates high accuracy, yielding a mean relative error (MRE) of less than 0.6%. Furthermore, by incorporating the relationship between dielectric constant and water content into the aforementioned dry model, a comprehensive dielectric model accounting for both frequency and moisture effects was constructed and validated. This coupled model exhibits an MRE within 8%.
为建立湿润聚氨酯注浆材料介电模型,本文在实验室制备了不同密度的试件。采用矢量网路分析仪搭载同轴探头法,首先,对干燥试件进行介电特性试验,分析频率与密度对介电常数的影响,建立介电常数与密度的拟合关系,预测聚氨酯基质的介电常数。其次,引入Maxwell‒Garnett多相混合模型,结合介电常数与频率的对数关系,构建考虑频率影响的干燥聚氨酯注浆材料介电模型。再次,将干燥试件浸入纯水中进行吸水试验,结合微观图像分析吸水机理,探讨含水率与湿密度之间的关系。最后,对湿润试件进行介电特性试验,探讨含水率对介电常数的影响,建立综合考虑频率与水分效应的介电模型。考虑频率和水分影响的介电模型构建技术路线如图2所示。图2中,为含水率,为介电常数,、、分别为泡孔、基质和复合材料的介电常数,为试件密度,ρw为湿密度,F(·)为关于密度、频率、湿密度和含水率的表达式,f为频率,F(w, f )为关于频率和含水率的表达式,编号1~4代表水分侵入聚氨酯试件的顺序。
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