Objective Most domestic holographic plastic processing equipment still relies on embossed holography technology. However, this conventional technology cannot fabricate reflection volume holograms with three-dimensional (3D) effects visible to the naked eye and cannot meet the high-quality printing requirements of holographic optical elements (HOEs). To address the urgent demand for advanced processing equipment for holographic plastic manufacturing, a holographic wavefront printing system, termed HG-I, was designed and manufactured. The system demodulated and projected a computer-generated hologram (CGH) using a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) onto a photosensitive polymer material, where the object beam carrying the encoded information interfered with a reference beam to form the holographic recording. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of holographic plastic printing and to fabricate reflection volume holograms exhibiting 3D effects visible to the naked eye. Methods The investigation began with a theoretical and experimental analysis of the diffracted light field of the object beam. The adverse effects and structural characteristics introduced by the discrete pixel structure of the SLM in the object diffraction field were systematically evaluated. To suppress these discrete artifacts, two improvement methods were proposed based on a spatial band-pass filter and a digital blazed grating, respectively. Corresponding 4f optical filtering systems were subsequently constructed in the optical path. These experimental setups were used for quantitative testing and comparative analysis, focusing primarily on two key indicators: spatial spectral distribution and object beam energy utilization. Second, the system was optimized at the optical design level to balance the inherent trade-off between the size of individual holographic elements and the overall viewing angle. A set of interchangeable telecentric lens groups with magnification ratios of 1 and 1/7.5 was designed and manufactured to meet the printing requirements under different operating conditions. Furthermore, motion planning strategies were optimized and investigated. Theoretical analysis combined with experimental validation was used to examine the effects of different scanning paths on stitching gaps, with particular emphasis on comparing S-shaped and unidirectional scanning paths. Finally, the overall printing quality of large-scale volume holograms was improved by introducing an overlap splicing strategy for adjacent holographic elements in combination with a cyclic exposure process. Results and Discussions Experimental results indicated that both filtering schemes were effective when critical conditions were met. High-order repeated ghost images were effectively eliminated when the filter aperture reached the critical threshold. Quantitative measurements revealed that the aperture size influenced object beam energy utilization. Under identical aperture conditions, the band-pass filtering method increased object beam energy utilization by up to 199.4% compared with the digital blazed grating method. Additionally, the band-pass filtering method offered the advantage of simpler optical path alignment in practical applications, although it simultaneously resulted in the loss of low-frequency spectral information. Furthermore, the introduction of interchangeable telecentric lens groups enabled the equipment to adapt to different application scenarios. The lens system successfully balanced two operating modes: high-efficiency printing of large-scale two-dimensional (2D) holograms with a narrow viewing angle (8.15°) and 3D display with a wide viewing angle (64.47°). Regarding mechanical motion planning, the trajectories of the translation stage were evaluated and analyzed. The results demonstrated that a unidirectional printing path effectively avoided gap misalignment between odd and even rows. Finally, implementing a 50% overlap splicing strategy combined with a multi-cycle, low-dose exposure process effectively improved the quality of the boundary regions. The row gap width decreased from 355 μm to 231 μm, while the column gap width decreased from 420 μm to 300 μm. Moreover, data analysis showed that the average grayscale deviation decreased from 0.413 to 0.030 for row gaps and from 0.380 to 0.090 for column gaps. These quantitative results demonstrated that the microscopic stitching seams were significantly reduced and that the overall visual fragmentation of the large-scale holograms was markedly diminished. Conclusions The developed reflection volume holographic wavefront printing equipment (HG-I) integrated an independently developed optical system with a control software system, forming a complete hardware-software integrated platform. The equipment demonstrated stable, continuous operation over extended periods and successfully fabricated reflection volume holograms capable of reconstruction under white light illumination while preserving 3D depth and parallax information. The implementation of overlap splicing and cyclic exposure effectively improved the printing quality of large-scale holograms. This study established a verified hardware and software configuration and a corresponding processing method, providing a foundation for the development of advanced domestic processing equipment for holographic plastic manufacturing.
本文报道了中国首台全息打印机,实现了尺寸为15.31 mm × 8.98 mm的裸眼三维全息图的无缝打印。与国际全息波前打印装备相比,立陶宛Geola公司的White Phoenix 1000[51]采用RGB脉冲激光实现真彩色打印,最大幅面达100 cm × 150 cm,最小Hogel尺寸为0.8 mm × 0.8 mm;法国Ultimate Holography公司的CHIMERA[31]可实现120°全视场角真彩色打印,最大幅面达60 cm × 80 cm,最小Hogel尺寸为0.25 mm × 0.25 mm;瑞士HoloTech公司的H.1[52]可实现全视差真彩色打印,最大幅面达60 cm × 80 cm,最小Hogel尺寸为0.2 mm × 0.2 mm。本文开发的全息打印机实现了光学系统设计和配套控制软件系统的自主开发,形成了完备的软硬件一体装备,为国产全息波前打印装备的自主发展奠定了基础;然而,在视场角(64.47°)、输出幅面(10 cm × 10 cm)、彩色能力(单绿色)和最小Hogel尺寸(1.20 mm × 2.04 mm)等指标上尚存在差距,打印更大面积全息图时仍未完全解决基元全息图之间的拼缝问题,后续将进一步优化。
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