1.Institute of Subsurface Energy Systems, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678, Germany
2.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
3.State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
4.Sino-German Research Institute of Carbon Neutralization and Green Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
5.Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
Objective Cross-border green electricity trading through Yunnan Province, China, was investigated because existing assessments often relied on aggregate generation, electricity demand, or renewable-resource endowments, without clearly distinguishing physically accessible demand, complete transmission capability, and executable institutional conditions. An integrated "domestic power sources-Yunnan hub-overseas recipient markets" framework was therefore developed. Yunnan Province was positioned as an organization and delivery hub, through which domestic renewable electricity could be aggregated, physically delivered, settled, and matched with uniquely verifiable environmental attributes. Conditional trading pathways and scale boundaries for 2025—2060 were evaluated. Methods Cross-border green electricity trading through Yunnan Province refers to the physical delivery of electrical power via the Yunnan power grid and cross-border transmission facilities, accompanied by uniquely verified, transferred, tracked, and canceled environmental attributes. Deliverable supply was defined to include renewable electricity generated within Yunnan Province, electricity obtained from other provinces in southern China, and electricity conditionally obtained from more distant domestic clean-energy bases. Recipient markets were classified based on existing interconnections, third-country transit requirements, regional grid development, and market-access conditions. A transaction fulfillment mechanism was designed with six linked stages: contract registration, capacity verification, transaction clearing, dispatch execution, metering and settlement, and green-attribute processing. A unified transaction identifier was used to connect contract positions, transmission capacity use, dispatch schedules, boundary metering, financial settlement, and green attribute records. A multiscenario constrained simulation model was then developed to evaluate these pathways. The maximum physical delivery was determined by the minimum organized green electricity supply, annual effective transmission capability, and effective recipient demand. Equivalent transmission capacity was defined as the minimum effective capacity among domestic transmission into Yunnan Province, critical internal transmission sections within Yunnan, and cross-border delivery facilities. Physical deliverability was converted into a realized trading volume using an institutional and market implementation coefficient derived from transaction organization, green-attribute coordination, dispatch coordination, settlement credibility, and market openness. Equal weights were used in the baseline simulation because long-term cross-border samples were insufficient for econometric estimation. Three scenarios were simulated: existing-corridor continuation, regional collaborative expansion, and deep regional interconnection. A separate 2060 upper-bound configuration was specified to identify the system boundary. Marginal emission reductions were estimated using scenario-based marginal displacement emission factors, and trading revenues were calculated at constant 2025 prices. Constraint-switching tests, engineering-scale comparisons, system-total benchmarking, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results and Discussions In 2060, equivalent transmission capacities of 80, 400, and 700 GW were obtained under the three regular scenarios, whereas the corresponding institutional and market implementation coefficients were 0.60, 0.90, and 0.95, respectively. Annual trading volumes were 198.72, 2 052.00, and 4 149.60 TW·h, respectively. The corresponding marginal emission reductions were estimated to be 68, 591, and 1 014 million t CO2, and the trading revenues were 81.48, 943.92, and 2 074.80 billion yuan, respectively. Under supply, demand, and institutional tightening scenarios, the respective trading volumes were reduced to 156.88, 130.74, and 149.04 TW·h under existing-corridor continuation; 1 620.00, 1 350.00, and 1 710.00 TW·h under regional collaborative expansion; and 3 276.00, 2 730.00, and 3 494.40 TW·h under deep regional interconnection. Based on an engineering-scale comparison, the three regular scenarios corresponded to approximately 7, 33, and 58 equivalent transmission corridors of 12 GW each. Relative to the assumed national electricity generation benchmark of 30 trillion kW·h in 2060, their trading volumes accounted for 0.66%, 6.84%, and 13.83%, respectively. This benchmark was used only to indicate the order of magnitude of the results. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the realized trading volume increased with the institutional and market implementation coefficient until the physical delivery limit was reached. Under regional collaborative expansion, the physical upper limit of 2 280.00 TW·h was reached when the coefficient increased by 15%, whereas under deep regional interconnection, the upper limit of 4 368.00 TW·h was reached with a 10% increase. When the composite marginal displacement emission factors were set at 80%, 100%, and 120% of their baseline values, the respective estimated emission reductions were 55, 68, and 82 million t CO2 under existing-corridor continuation; 473, 591, and 709 million t CO2 under regional collaborative expansion; and 811, 1 014, and 1 217 million t CO2 under deep regional interconnection. For the 2060 long-term configuration upper bound, the equivalent transmission capacity was set at 1 000-1 120 GW, the equivalent utilization hours at 6 800-7 000 h, the composite availability coefficient at 0.96-0.97, and the institutional and market implementation coefficient at 0.95-0.99. Annual trading volumes of 6 201.60-7 528.75 TW·h were obtained, together with marginal emission reductions of 1.52-1.84 billion t CO2 and annual trading revenues of 3 100.80-3 764.38 billion yuan. The corresponding trading volumes were equivalent to 20.67%-25.10% of the assumed national generation benchmark. This range was interpreted as a system boundary under simultaneous high domestic supply, terawatt-scale complete transmission capability, extensive overseas demand, and mature multilateral institutions, rather than as a routine forecast, near-term engineering target, or policy commitment. Conclusions Yunnan Province could evolve from a local green electricity exporting province into an organization and delivery hub, linking domestic renewable resources with neighboring markets. The achievable trading scale was jointly constrained by deliverable supply, the complete transmission chain, accessible recipient demand, and executable institutional arrangements. Existing routes to northern Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar were identified as the most promising near-term priorities. Expanding toward third-country transit markets and wider regional interconnection would require advances in capacity rights, coordinated dispatch, credit arrangements, regional settlement, and green-attribute recognition. Because an annual, scenario-based model was used, the results were interpreted as conditional development pathways and system boundaries rather than statistical forecasts. Further verification was considered necessary, including hourly production simulation, network-security analysis, cross-border capacity-allocation modeling, and recipient-market dispatch data.
表6中,其他烟煤、天然气、柴油和残余燃料油的燃料排放因子分别取94.6、56.1、74.1和77.4 t CO2/TJ,数据来源于《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》[34]。燃煤、燃气和燃油机组的代表性净发电效率分别取40%、50%和38%,其中,燃油机组效率与已有国际比较研究给出的加权平均值一致,燃煤和燃气机组效率则位于该研究所识别的平均效率与高效机组水平之间[38]。
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