重构工业用户生产流程支撑电力系统低碳转型
Reconfiguring Industrial Users' Production Processes to Support the Low-carbon Transition of Power Systems
在“双碳”目标持续推进的背景下,高比例可再生能源接入带来的随机性、波动性和间歇性使电力系统供需平衡的压力显著提升,亟需能对系统供需平衡进行有效调节的各类灵活性资源。然而,以火电为主的电源侧资源在碳减排和技术发展等方面受到限制,有必要进一步挖掘需求侧资源参与电力系统灵活性调节的潜力。工业用户具有耗电量大、碳减排潜力高、可调节容量可观和自动化控制体系成熟的特点,可以通过在技术层面上改进工艺路线,在运行层面上进行生产批次调度和设备功率调整,以形成能够支撑电力系统供需平衡和低碳运行的能力,成为面向碳减排的需求侧灵活性开发的重点方向。同时,工业用户正逐步重构为兼具电源、负荷和储能等多重属性的综合主体,其参与电力系统灵活性调节不仅有助于可再生能源消纳,降低工业产品碳足迹,更是促进工业与电力系统协同低碳转型的重要手段。因此,本研究围绕工业用户生产流程重构支撑电力系统低碳转型开展综述。首先,从工业用户由消费者向产消者重构的视角出发,概括其基本内涵和主要资源分类。其次,选择钢铁、电解铝和水泥作为代表性工业场景,分析相关工业用户的工艺特征及灵活性调节机理。重点讨论了钢铁行业的高炉-转炉长流程、废钢短流程及氢基直接还原铁短流程工艺的灵活性差异,电解铝行业依托铝电解槽热惯性形成的不同层次灵活性调节能力,以及水泥行业的生产调度和功率调整。然后,面向基于工业用户生产流程重构的灵活性潜力评估,提出应从物理、经济和碳效益3个维度进行综合考虑。其中,物理维度主要关注多种物质与能量的耦合约束,经济维度主要考虑用户侧调节意愿,碳效益维度则进一步关注碳减排效益对调节边界的影响。随后,围绕基于工业用户生产流程重构的灵活性调控策略,进一步指出需要在短时、中时和长时等不同时间尺度上进行调控策略的协调匹配,并考虑电力市场与碳市场等多种市场机制联动的影响。最后,综合当前研究和产业发展方向,总结工业用户生产流程重构支撑电力系统低碳转型所面临的挑战,并展望未来。
Significance Driven by carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, power systems are integrating an increasing share of renewable energy, which is characterized by uncertainty, variability, and intermittency. Maintaining the supply-demand balance in power systems is thus difficult. Therefore, power systems urgently require flexible resources that can provide effective balancing support. Supply-side flexibility still relies heavily on thermal power units, which are increasingly constrained by carbon-reduction requirements and technical limits. It is therefore necessary to further unlock the flexibility potential of demand-side resources. Industrial users are characterized by substantial electricity consumption, large carbon-reduction potential, considerable adjustable capacity, and mature automation and control systems. At the technical level, they can improve their process routes, while at the operational level, they can reschedule production batches and adjust equipment power. These measures create flexibility that supports power-system balancing and low-carbon operation, making industrial users a major focus for developing demand-side flexibility for carbon reduction. Industrial users are evolving from conventional loads into integrated resources that can function as generation, load, and energy storage. This transition gives industrial users three main resource attributes. Distributed energy, self-owned power plants, and waste-heat generation provide on-site power. Adjustable production loads can coordinate production with system dispatch. Electrical, thermal, hydrogen, and intermediate-product storage enable energy transfer across time. This paper reviews the process reconfiguration of industrial users in supporting the low-carbon transition of power systems. Progress First, the transition of industrial users from consumers to prosumers was summarized, outlining their basic characteristics and primary resource classifications. Second, representative industrial scenarios were examined, including iron and steel, electrolytic aluminum, and cement. For each process, the characteristics and flexibility mechanisms were analyzed. For the steel industry, special attention was given to the flexibility differences among three process routes: the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace long-process route, the scrap-based short-process route, and the hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (H‒DRI) short-process route. The multilevel regulation capability of electrolytic aluminum, which mainly originates from the thermal inertia of aluminum reduction cells, was examined. The flexibility of the cement industry was considered in terms of start-stop scheduling and smooth power adjustment. The industries were found to differ in their dominant flexibility mechanisms. Long-process steelmaking mainly relies on self-generation fueled by byproduct gases. Scrap-based electric-arc-furnace (EAF) production can shift loads through batch scheduling. In H‒DRI processes, electrolyzers, hydrogen storage, and intermediate-product storage can be coordinated to provide flexibility. Electrolytic aluminum provides a fast frequency response and multilevel load adjustment under thermal constraints. Cement plants mainly adjust crushing, raw-material preparation, and grinding, with clinker kilns generally operating continuously. A three-dimensional modeling framework was proposed for industrial users, covering physical characteristics, economic incentives, and carbon benefits to assess flexibility potential based on the process reconfiguration of industrial users. The physical dimension focused on the coupling constraints among material and energy flows. The economic dimension considered the willingness of users to provide flexibility. The carbon benefits dimension captured how carbon-reduction benefits affect feasible regulation boundaries. The assessment enabled theoretical potential to be distinguished from actual available potential. Physical modeling could be applied to identify the feasible regulation region under equipment, production, material-balance, and energy-coupling constraints. Economic modeling accounted for energy costs, production adjustment losses, operational risks, and management costs. Carbon benefit modeling was needed to further incorporate marginal carbon emissions, green electricity consumption, carbon market compliance, and product carbon footprint accounting. For flexibility control strategies enabled by the reconfiguration of industrial processes, coordination should be designed across short-, medium-, and long-term time scales. At short timescales, electrolytic aluminum is a representative resource for a rapid frequency response. At medium timescales, batch processes, such as EAF steelmaking, can enable intraday load shifting. At long timescales, electrolysis combined with hydrogen storage can support cross-seasonal balancing. These decisions must also account for multiple uncertainties, including renewable energy output, market prices, product demand, equipment states, and material supply. The interactions among multiple market mechanisms, including electricity and carbon markets, should also be considered. Conclusions and Prospects By participating in power system flexibility regulation, industrial users can promote renewable energy integration, reduce the carbon footprint of industrial products, and support the coordinated low-carbon transitions in the industrial and power sectors. Future research should develop a unified model that captures material flows, energy flows, and industrial production constraints. Furthermore, it is essential to promote the deep integration of artificial intelligence with industrial production and power system control. Additionally, credible accounting frameworks for industrial carbon emissions and product carbon footprints must be established, alongside the improvement of multimarket benefit allocation mechanisms. Ultimately, these developments will enable the large-scale, normalized, and market-driven participation of industrial users in power-system flexibility regulation.
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国家自然科学基金项目(52407075)
澳门特别行政区科学技术发展基金项目(0089/2026/RIB1)
澳门特别行政区科学技术发展基金项目(0050/2025/AIJ)
澳门大学讲座教授研究项目(CPG2026-00026-IOTSC)
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