超材料赋能土木基础设施监测：原理、分类与工程应用综述

Metamaterials for Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure: Principles, Classification, and Engineering Applications—A Review

摘要

土木基础设施长期服役条件下的微弱损伤信号、低频响应和持续供能问题，对结构健康监测系统的灵敏度、工作频带和维护能力提出了更高要求。超材料可通过人工构型调节应变分布、弹性波传播及机电转换过程，为改善监测前端性能提供新的设计手段。本文在系统检索相关研究的基础上，将现有工作归纳为变形场调制、波场调控和多物理场换能3个相互衔接的层面，进而讨论其在信号增强、频谱特征提取、波场引导和自供电监测中的作用。已有研究表明，超材料在局部应变放大、导波能量聚集和低频采能方面已显示出应用潜力，但多数结果仍来自实验室样件或受控场景，实际土木环境中的尺度效应、温度漂移、循环耐久和长期维护问题尚缺乏充分验证。基于此，本文认为，超材料在当前阶段更宜定位为传统传感系统的可设计前端或换能界面，其迈向工程化应用的关键路径，在于推进构件化集成、完善环境影响补偿机制，并建立分层次的现场验证体系。本文旨在为面向智能基础设施的超材料监测系统提供兼具理论深度与实践指向的系统性参考。

Abstract

Significance Civil infrastructure deteriorates over service lives measured in decades due to fatigue accumulation, local stiffness degradation, and interface damage. However, the mechanical signatures of early-stage damage are often weaker than the intrinsic noise floor of conventional transducers. Service excitations generated by traffic, wind, and pedestrian loading are concentrated at low frequencies, typically below several tens of hertz, where piezoelectric and electromagnetic devices that rely on resonant transduction operate with reduced efficiency. In addition, dense sensor arrays deployed on long-span bridges and extended tunnels require extensive cabling and periodic battery replacement, which limits long-term autonomous operation. Therefore, sensitivity, operating bandwidth, and energy autonomy remain constrained simultaneously, and improvements limited to transducer materials alone cannot eliminate all three constraints.Progress Metamaterials offer a different route. Because their macroscopic behavior is governed by architected unit cells and spatial topology rather than by chemical composition, strain distributions can be redistributed, elastic waves can be filtered and steered, and electromechanical coupling can be reshaped before the mechanical input reaches the sensitive element, inserting a designable mechanical front end into conventional sensing chains. Self-powered sensing in civil infrastructure, piezoelectric energy harvesting by mechanical metamaterials, and vibration mitigation by elastic metamaterials were previously reviewed as separate subjects. However, the correspondence between the physical quantity that the architecture modulated, the monitoring observable that each modulation generated, and the validation scale at which the reported behavior was established had not been organized within a single framework. Establishing this correspondence was the primary purpose of the present review. Existing studies were classified based on the physical quantity directly modulated by the architecture, which produced three interconnected levels: deformation-field modulation, wavefield manipulation, and electromechanical transduction interfaces. Four monitoring pathways were then derived along the transfer chain extending from mechanical input through wave information to electrical readout, namely weak-response enhancement, bandgap-based spectral diagnosis, component-scale guided-wave interrogation, and self-powered monitoring. The reported studies were further categorized by validation scale into model analysis, laboratory specimens, component tests, and field measurements so that performance claims were compared together with the conditions under which they were obtained. Deformation-field modulation was found to operate through three mechanisms. Auxetic and chiral architectures redistributed the applied load along kinematic constraints, concentrated strain at hinges and slender ligaments, and converted axial input into rotational or in-plane opening responses. Their value lay less in the negative Poisson ratio itself than in the altered transmission path toward the sensitive region, which brought deformation that a single sensitive direction would otherwise miss into a readable orientation. Quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) architectures combined positive-stiffness support with a negative-stiffness branch, retained static load capacity while reducing dynamic stiffness near equilibrium, and enabled weak low-frequency disturbances to produce larger relative motion. Multistable architectures stored strain energy within a potential landscape containing several minima and released it through rapid snap-through, providing a discrete threshold-crossing indication instead of a continuous time history and making them suitable for passive, unpowered warning tasks. Wavefield manipulation was organized based on the origin of the spectral change. Bragg scattering formed bandgaps through destructive interference at periodic interfaces. Because the gap frequency scaled inversely with the lattice period, this mechanism was found to be applicable to medium- and high-frequency guided waves in plates, beams, and pipes rather than to site-scale ground motion, for which meter-scale periodicity was required. Local resonance formed subwavelength bandgaps whose positions were governed by the resonator mass ratio and natural frequency. The same parameter sensitivity that determined attenuation also caused bandgap edges, resonance peaks, and transmission spectra to respond to changes in host stiffness, added mass, and connection condition. Therefore, a device originally intended for protection became a carrier of diagnostic variables. Gradient-index, topological, and spatially coded architectures did not require a complete bandgap. Instead, they concentrated energy within a target region, maintained transmission along bent paths, or made inputs from different positions distinguishable using a small number of sensors, supporting source location with sparse sensor arrays. Piezoelectric, triboelectric, piezoresistive, and capacitive units were treated as monitoring interfaces rather than as a separate mechanism because each could be combined with either class of modulation. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) suited stiff components that required strong output, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) conformed to curved and large-deformation surfaces, triboelectric units matched the low-frequency, large-displacement input produced by traffic and deck vibration, and piezoresistive and capacitive units suited quasi-static to low-frequency continuous measurement. Across all combinations, local gain, encapsulation stiffness, and interface transfer were shown to require simultaneous design because adhesive thickness and packaging could prevent a theoretical strain gain from being converted into stable electrical output. Across the four pathways, the available evidence was found to be strongly graded by validation scale. Clear gains at the unit and laboratory-specimen levels were reported for local strain amplification and guided-wave enhancement. Controlled component tests were conducted for pavement-integrated units and pipe-mounted lenses, whereas field measurements were limited to short-duration tests on bridge cables and areas near expansion joints. Bandgap-based spectral diagnosis remained confined to models and scaled specimens, and no long-term field deployment on bridges, metro structures, or tall buildings was reported. Environmental and interface effects were also shown to be quantified primarily for conventional piezoelectric interfaces, where temperature-induced baseline drift was frequency dependent and adhesive debonding altered both signal amplitude and phase. Conclusions and Prospects The quantity that architecture modifies is the mechanical input received by the sensitive element rather than the intrinsic conversion limit of the transducer material. Accordingly, metamaterials are currently positioned as designable mechanical front ends or transduction interfaces for conventional sensing systems rather than as substitutes for established transducer materials. Whether this position provides engineering value was found to depend on two conditions: whether the architectural gain is retained under component boundaries, temperature drift, humidity, freeze-thaw action, construction tolerances, and repeated loading; and whether the resulting modules can be installed, calibrated, inspected, and replaced within existing infrastructure management practices. Geometry-sensitive units are particularly susceptible to the former condition because environmental disturbances can be amplified by the same sensitivity that provides diagnostic capability. Three directions emerge from these findings. Component-level integration should begin at accessible, replaceable, and non-critical load-bearing locations, where strain transfer and wave coupling can be established through component testing and where a failed unit can be exchanged and recalibrated. Data-driven screening can narrow the parameter space, but candidate designs still require component testing to reveal the governing mechanisms and failure modes. Whole-life design should treat inspection, replacement, and upgrading as early design constraints and should incorporate environmental compensation together with independent references and long-term baselines, since a module with moderate performance that can be maintained is more aligned with engineering needs than a high-performance embedded specimen that cannot. Hierarchical field validation should accumulate evidence progressively from models and specimens to components and instrumented structures so that results obtained at different scales and frequency bands have explicit applicability boundaries and can support long-term monitoring and energy management in intelligent infrastructure.

Graphical abstract

关键词

结构健康监测 / 力学超材料 / 声子晶体 / 能量采集 / 自供电传感 / 智能基础设施

Key words

structural health monitoring / mechanical metamaterials / phononic crystals / energy harvesting / self-powered sensing / smart infrastructure

本刊网刊

中国拥有世界上规模最大的土木基础设施。交通运输部发布的《2025年交通运输行业发展统计公报》显示，截至2025年末，全国公路桥梁约114.41万座、总长度为108 729.3 km，公路隧道共30 502处、总长度为35 765.9 km^[1]。统计结果表明，中国公路桥隧和铁路网络仍处于较大规模并持续增长的状态，监测对象的数量和空间分布范围随之扩大。以南京长江大桥为例，该桥运营50余年，虽经多次维修，但疲劳损伤累积与局部构件性能退化仍难以通过常规巡检全面掌握^[2]。与此同时，城市路面结构层脱空、基层松散等病害每年导致大量道路提前进入大修期，造成直接经济损失^[3]。这些真实案例与统计数据表明，仅依赖周期性人工检测已无法满足中国大规模基础设施的安全运维需求，迫切需要发展能够连续、在线、早期识别微弱损伤的结构健康监测技术^[4‒5]。

结构健康监测（SHM）通过实时或准实时感知结构的力学响应、环境作用与损伤状态，为建筑、桥梁、路面、隧道等设施的运维决策提供数据基础^[6]。其工程价值集中体现在3个方面：一是通过早期损伤识别避免灾难性失效，将被动事后修复转变为主动预警维护；二是基于长期监测数据优化养护策略，延长结构服役寿命并降低全生命周期成本；三是对极端事件（地震、台风、超载等）后的结构安全状态进行快速评估，支撑应急响应与恢复决策^[7]。然而，要实现这些价值，监测系统必须具备对微弱损伤信号、低频结构响应的高灵敏捕获能力，并在无外部供电条件下长期稳定运行，这是当前技术体系面临的关键挑战。

现有SHM系统主要依赖外置式传感器（如压电片、应变计、光纤光栅等）与后端信号处理单元的组合，这种架构在工程应用中暴露出3个显著瓶颈^[8]：其一，微弱损伤信号（如微裂纹萌生、早期局部脱粘）所产生的应变或振动幅值常低于传感器本征噪声底限，导致信噪比不足，难以实现早期预警；其二，土木结构的服役振动与环境激励（交通荷载、风振、人行激励等）普遍处于低频范围（0.1～30.0 Hz），许多基于动态换能或共振机制的压电、电磁采集与采能装置，在超低频、小幅激励下输出可能下降^[7‒9]；其三，大量传感器节点的布线供电问题在大跨度桥梁、长距离隧道等场景中尤为突出，电池更换与线缆维护成本高昂，严重制约了监测系统的长期自持运行能力^[6,9]。

换能材料的灵敏度和工作频带仍是监测系统性能的重要基础，但传感器接收到的机械输入同样可以通过结构设计进行调节。人工微结构能够在敏感元件之前重新分配应变，筛选传播频率或改变波能量的空间分布，使局部响应与传感器的有效工作区间更好匹配^[4,10]。这种做法为传统传感器增加了可设计的力学前端，也为采能与感知协同提供了新的结构条件^[11]。

依据人工构型直接调制的物理量，相关研究可以归纳为变形场调制和波场调控。前者通过应变重分配、低动态刚度和稳态转换改变局部变形^[4,12]，后者通过带隙、局部共振、梯度和拓扑结构改变弹性波的频谱与传播路径^[10‒11]。压电、摩擦电、压阻和电容单元承担机械响应向电信号或电能的转换，其作用贯穿上述两类过程。

图1为面向土木结构健康监测的超材料关键研究节点及功能演进^[9,12‒23]，以代表性理论、实验和综述文献的发表年份为节点，展示相关研究由力学超材料、周期弹性带结构和局部共振理论，逐步延伸至振动传感、波场聚焦与编码、土木构件集成，以及桥梁和场地原位试验的过程。与分别讨论自供电传感、压电采能或动力防护的既有综述相比^[9,12‒23]，本文的重点在于说明不同机制改变了何种物理量，这些变化能够形成何种监测指标，并依据模型、室内样件、构件试验和现场测试辨析相关结论的适用范围。本文期望为超材料在土木结构健康监测领域的研究提供清晰的理论参照和技术路线，推动该领域从面向理想边界的机理验证向面向真实基础设施的功能化集成迈进。

为提高文献覆盖的系统性和研究结论的可追溯性，本文检索Web of Science、Scopus、中国知网和万方数据库，检索时间范围为各数据库建库至2026‒07‒30。英文检索词主要包括“mechanical metamaterial”“elastic me-tamaterial”“acoustic metamaterial”“phononic crystal”“metastructure”“structural health monitoring”“damage detection”“guided wave”“energy harvesting”和“self-po-wered sensing”等，中文检索词主要包括“力学超材料”“弹性超材料”“声学超材料”“声子晶体”“超结构”“结构健康监测”“损伤检测”“导波”“能量采集”和“自供电传感”等，并结合“土木基础设施”“桥梁”“隧道”和“道路”等应用场景词进行AND/OR组合检索。纳入文献以同行评议期刊论文为主，要求研究内容与超材料的变形场调制、波场调控、机电换能或土木基础设施监测应用直接相关，并能够提供理论、数值、试验或工程证据。排除重复文献、与本文主题无实质关联的研究、关键方法或全文信息无法获取的资料，以及仅作概念或产品介绍而缺乏可核查证据的文献。

1 超材料的概念与物理机制分类

1.1 超材料的定义

超材料这一概念最早发源于电磁学，Shelby等^[24]于2001年在实验中验证了负折射率电磁超材料的存在，迅速引发了全球范围内对人工微结构材料的研究热潮。超材料（metamaterials）是一类通过人工设计的微观/介观结构而非材料本身的化学组分来获取超常物理特性的工程材料^[19,25‒30]。传统钢材、混凝土或木材的性能主要由化学组成、相结构与工艺决定，调控空间相对有限^[4,31]。超材料是通过人工单元、空间拓扑和层级排布获得非常规等效性能的工程材料，其关键不在于基体材料是否新颖，而在于几何结构能否主导宏观响应^[32‒37]。超材料的概念从电磁学领域逐步拓展至力学、声学和多物理场耦合等方向^[38‒43]，在土木基础设施的结构监测中展现出独特的应用潜力^[4,12,44]。

1.2 面向结构健康监测的分类框架依据

人工构型对监测信息的作用首先体现在机械响应的调制。拉胀、准零刚度和多稳态结构主要改变应变、位移及状态转换，带隙、局部共振、梯度和拓扑结构主要改变弹性波的频谱、幅值与传播路径^[45‒52]。压电、摩擦电、压阻和电容单元随后把这些响应转换为电压、电荷、电阻、电容或可用功率。由于换能方式可以与两类物理机制组合，本文将其作为监测接口处理。表1为物理机制、可观测量与结构健康监测功能路径的对应关系，表2为面向结构健康监测的物理调制机制与机电换能方式。

1.3 变形场调制机制

变形场调制通过几何构型改变外部载荷向局部区域的传递，使分散、幅值较低或方向不利的机械输入在特定位置和方向形成可测响应。力学超材料的设计原理、分类体系及其在传感监测中的核心特性见图2^[53‒66]。

1.3.1 拉胀结构应变重分配

负泊松比结构通常由内凹蜂窝^[67]、旋转多边形^[68]、星形结构^[69]、手性格栅^[70]或折叠构型^[71]的运动学约束所诱发。当外部载荷作用于结构时，单元肋杆和塑性铰点会发生转动，使局部铰链区和薄弱韧带处产生高于宏观名义应变的局部响应。与传统均质基底相比，负泊松比结构的价值不仅在于获得负值泊松比，更在于通过几何构型改变外部力学输入向敏感区域的传递路径^[72]，从而能够将外部载荷引起的微弱、分散或方向不利的力学输入，转化为局部集中、方向可控和更易读出的响应信号^[73‒76]。近期综述进一步比较了拉胀构型的多功能扩展和工程限制^[77]。

许多实际工程结构中的损伤或变形并不表现为理想的单轴拉压，而往往伴随剪切、转角和多向应变耦合。手性结构强化了对方向的调控能力，能够将轴向输入转化为旋转或面内开合响应，使原本难以被单一敏感方向捕捉的变形进入传感器的高响应方向^[78‒79]。文献[78‒79]指出，手性超材料已从二维平面单元拓展到三维扭转构型，提供压缩、扭转和拉伸、扭转耦合等可调各向异性响应。在机制层面，这意味着手性结构可同时改变信号幅值与方向分布，使其在多向受力构件中具有作为应变重分配单元的潜力^[80]。

1.3.2 准零刚度结构低频响应

负泊松比结构主要通过几何变形重构实现应变集中和方向转换，而准零刚度与负刚度结构则更关注低频微弱扰动下的响应放大。土木结构在实际服役过程中，由连接松动、服役振动和环境激励（交通荷载、风载、人行激励等）诱发的动力响应，通常具有低频、微弱幅度和背景噪声强的特征^[5,7]。若仅依赖常规压电或应变传感器对这些低频弱激励信号进行直接采集，其本征噪声底限与工作带宽限制往往导致信噪比不足，难以从背景扰动中稳定提取损伤特征。准零刚度结构为此提供了一种不同于提升敏感材料本征性能的结构调控思路。

准零刚度（QZS）结构通常由正刚度支承与负刚度分支耦合形成，使系统在平衡位置附近保持较高静承载能力的同时具有较低动态刚度^[81‒82]。值得指出的是，准零刚度结构的价值并不局限于振动隔离，已有研究表明，QZS平台在平衡位置附近具有极低的动态刚度，可将微小外部扰动转化为幅值较大的相对运动^[17]，并可与摩擦电等换能机制耦合，实现宽频响应^[83]。已有超低频隔振试验结果表明，可编程QZS结构的有效工作频带会随负载和构型参数的变化而改变^[84]。本节仅从变形场调制角度讨论QZS结构的低动态刚度与响应放大机制；QZS结构与压电或摩擦电单元耦合后的传感带宽及输出性能，将在第2节结合具体监测任务进行讨论。

1.3.3 多稳态结构阈值触发

多稳态超材料借助几何非线性在势能景观中形成两个或多个局部极小值，结构可在不同稳态之间切换而无需外部能量维持^[19]。当外部载荷超过临界势垒时，结构发生快速状态转换，并释放储存的应变能。折纸、剪纸和屈曲单元可通过几何参数调节转换阈值和状态间距^[85‒89]。Xu等^[86]在近期的系统综述中指出，多稳态机械超材料可实现能量吸收、软体驱动、机械存储与逻辑运算，以及波动调控等多类应用。这种非连续的动力学特征与传统连续信号采集的传感逻辑存在本质差异，传统传感器记录完整的物理量时程，而多稳态结构提供的是否超越阈值的离散二值编码，因而在被动式、无源阈值预警场景中具有独特的工程价值。Jiao等^[87]进一步指出，感知、能量采集与驱动正成为机械超材料超越经典力学功能的新兴方向，多稳态机制是贯通这三者的关键物理基础。值得强调的是，折纸超材料是实现多稳态机制的重要几何载体，其通过折痕角度与面板排布的参数化设计，可在构型空间中切换主导力学行为^[90‒91]，为开发兼具阈值预警与其他监测功能的多模式元件提供了结构基础。

1.4 波动传播调控机制

波场调控以弹性波的频谱、传播路径和空间能量分布为设计对象。布拉格散射和局部共振形成可调带隙，梯度结构改变折射与聚焦位置，拓扑界面和空间编码结构控制传输路径与空间响应差异。波动调控超材料的带隙形成、频谱敏感性与空间编码机制如图3所示^{[21,78,92‒97]}。图3中，ρ₁、E₁分别为散射体的密度和弹性模量，ρ₂、E₂分别为基体的密度和弹性模量，d为散射体直径或特征尺寸，h为总高度，hₘ为质量为m质量盘的厚度，d\mathrm{\text{'}}为连接杆直径，D为连接杆端点、安装位置或底盘上对应位置之间的特征距离，\overline{D}为几何修正后的特征距离，D_m 为质量为m质量盘的圆盘外径，θ_c为手性结构chiral的连接杆布置角，k_c为压缩等效刚度，m\mathrm{\text{'}}为上、下圆盘的等效集中质量，ξ为关联刚度，τ_c为扭转等效刚度，Xⁱ(x,y)为第i个空间(x,y)的编码掩模，Yⁱ为第i个空间单探测器的强度测量值，z₀、z_m、z_i分别表示目标面、掩模面和探测面的位置，H和D\mathrm{\text{'}}分别为相应传播距离。

1.4.1 布拉格散射与带隙

布拉格型声子晶体的理论基础由Kushwaha^[14]、Sigalas^[15]等在20世纪90年代奠定，随后逐渐发展为弹性超材料的核心理论框架之一。在近期对弹性与声学超材料科学进展的综述中，系统梳理了布拉格散射和局部共振两种机制的理论演化谱系及其工程分界，为本节的机制对比提供了基础的认识框架^[98]。

布拉格带隙的物理来源是周期界面散射波在特定频段内发生相消干涉，其中，心频率f在一维周期结构、波沿周期方向正入射的条件下近似满足f≈c/(2a\mathrm{\text{'}})（c为波速，a\mathrm{\text{'}}为结构周期），带隙宽度主要受散射体填充率和阻抗对比度控制。对于土木结构而言，布拉格机制在低频段存在根本性的尺度约束。地震Rayleigh面波及土木结构整体振动响应的主频通常处于0.1～10.0范围内，对应弹性波波长显然超出一般工程构件的可实现尺度^[99]。因此，布拉格机制在本文中主要对应板、梁和管道中的中高频导波筛选；涉及场地低频波动时，需要结合米级周期和施工条件单独评价。

1.4.2 局部共振亚波长带隙

Liu等^[16]在实验中展示了局域共振型声学材料。带隙位置主要由单元共振频率控制，可在周期长度小于工作波长时形成。卷曲声子晶体也可通过旋转锁定改变亚波长带隙^[100]。不过，目标频率较低并不意味着超材料单元可以任意缩小。已有场地波调控研究的目标频率范围包括0～33.0 Hz和0.5～5.0 Hz，实现此类低频调控通常需要较大的共振质量和单元尺寸^[99,101]。这类尺度可用于地基或屏障研究，却未必适合嵌入式传感。

尽管如此，上述约束并不否定局部共振机制在土木SHM中的工程价值，其参数敏感性可作为损伤诊断的物理指示器加以利用。这一路径利用局部共振单元的频谱特征对结构状态变化的敏感性。Xu等^[102]建立了针对局部共振超材料的模态灵敏度分析框架，结果表明在带隙边界频率附近，受损超材料的频响函数、特征值与振型均出现显著变化。当宿主结构发生刚度退化、质量变化或连接松动时，局部共振单元的动力学参数会随之漂移，产生可检测的频谱特征变化。这一机制不依赖传统连续信号采集路径，而是直接将结构状态变化映射为超材料频谱特征的可观测漂移。因此，对于以低频、微弱幅度为特征的土木结构SHM的核心需求，局部共振机制可以在频谱诊断和波场条件化层面提供实质贡献。

1.4.3 梯度与编码波场重构

波动调控研究正逐步突破以带隙为核心的逻辑框架，朝着更主动的波场重构方向发展。梯度超材料、拓扑波导和空间编码结构等设计并不必然依赖完整带隙，而是分别通过折射率梯度实现能量汇聚、通过拓扑保护实现抗缺陷传输、通过随机传输特性实现空间信息编码。

梯度弹性超材料通过等效折射率的空间变化控制波的传播方向，并使能量在预定区域汇聚^[103]。拓扑界面利用不同拓扑相之间的边界态维持弯折路径上的稳定传输^[20,44]。空间编码结构将局部共振参数以预设的随机或非周期形式进行排布，从而在不同入射激励位置获得可相互区分的频率响应^[21]。3种机制分别调节波幅、传播路径和空间响应差异，为构件导波增强和少阵列定位提供物理基础，为少传感器条件下的振源定位和复杂波场反演提供了新路径。

1.5 机电换能与监测接口

人工构型对变形场和波场的调制首先改变传感单元所接收的机械输入。压电、摩擦电、压阻和电容单元在此基础上产生电压、电荷、电阻或电容变化，并可进一步形成可用电能。换能材料决定机械响应能否稳定转化为监测系统可采集的输出，其作用可以贯穿变形场和波场调控过程，面向结构健康监测的多物理场信号转换的超材料体系如图4所示^[104‒112]。图4中，w为结构上部杆件的特征长度，c_w为立柱宽度，p_h、p_w分别为PZT的高度、宽度，t为热塑性聚氨酯的厚度，t_e为电极的厚度，t_p为PVDF的厚度，θ为斜杆的倾角，l为杆件、韧带或连接梁的长度，R为外接电阻。

1.5.1 压电复合体系

压电材料能够在机械应变与电荷之间形成直接耦合，PZT、PVDF及无铅压电材料已经广泛用于主动导波检测、被动冲击监测和振动能量采集等场景^[113]。Yu等^[114]系统梳理了压电换能器在SHM中的应用谱系及其在不同频段、不同结构类型下的技术成熟度。将压电材料与力学超材料构型结合的核心动机，在于通过几何拓扑调控材料内部的局部应变分布，突破其本征压电系数的限制。人工构型可以改变压电层的局部应变和受力方向，使有限的宏观变形更充分地传递至敏感区域^[115‒117]。PZT适合较高刚度和较强输出的构件，PVDF则便于与曲面和大变形结构保形集成。两类材料与拉胀、折纸或梯度结构结合时，需要同时考虑局部应变增益、封装刚度和界面传递。

1.5.2 摩擦电复合体系

TENG以接触起电与静电感应为基本机制，通过聚合物薄膜、橡胶、织物等材料的周期性接触分离产生脉冲式电信号^[118]。与压电体系相比，TENG的显著优势在于对材料种类的宽容性和对低频大位移运动的适配性：行人振动、车辆荷载和桥面颤动产生的激励频率通常处于0.1～30.0 Hz范围内。此类低频、大位移激励与许多接触‒分离式TENG的适用输入特征较为匹配。TENG通常具有高电压、低电流和较高内阻，实际应用需要通过整流、阻抗匹配和储能电路把脉冲输出转化为监测节点可用的能量或触发信号。此外，摩擦界面的磨损、环境湿度对表面电荷密度的影响，以及低温下材料弹性模量变化对接触特性的影响，均是工程部署需要面对但当前文献较少量化报道的长期稳定性问题。Rayegani等^[119]的综述指出，TENG用于智能交通基础设施的研究在感知原理验证方面已较为丰富，但系统级集成验证仍明显薄弱。

1.5.3 压阻与电容复合体系

压阻接口由导电网络变化形成电阻输出^[120‒121]，电容接口通过电极间距或面积变化形成电容输出^[36]。两者适合准静态至低频连续测量。聚合物敏感层与混凝土或钢材基体在弹性模量和热膨胀系数方面存在差异，这些差异会影响复合界面的长期稳定性^[6,122]。水泥基导电复合材料可减小外贴界面，但仍需处理温度、含水率和电极耐久^[123‒126]。Barri等^[127]将拉胀晶格嵌入导电水泥基体，构建了兼具力学可调性和纳米发电功能的系统，该研究的贡献在于概念层面的集成创新，但需要指出的是，目前仅有实验室尺度的样品，样品尺寸与真实混凝土构件之间存在数量级差异。

2 超材料结构监测路径

2.1 微弱响应增强与机电转换

面向土木结构健康监测的超材料传感前端与机电协同设计示意图见图5^{[77,83,91,128‒130]}。图5中，t\mathrm{\text{'}}为杆件厚度或壁厚，h\mathrm{\text{'}}为单元的横向宽度或特征高度，d″为星形单元内部的特征距离或对角尺寸，r为圆形节点或卷曲部分的半径，\theta \mathrm{\text{'}}为杆件倾角或单元转角，φ为上部杆件的局部夹角，ψ为下部杆件与水平方向的夹角，l₁～l₄分别为红外线1～4层的长度。

2.1.1 传感前端力学调制

多项综述均指出，力学超材料可在不更换敏感材料的条件下提高局部输入^[4,8]。面向结构健康监测的传感性能可由局部应变增益、输出灵敏度、检测分辨率和信噪比等指标表征。Fey等^[115]制备的PZT重入晶格厚度为530 μm，面内泊松比为-2.05，相对于实体PZT的应变放大达到30～70倍。Zhou等^[131]利用三维打印拉胀结构将弯曲转化为压电薄膜的面内拉伸，在3～11 mm弯曲位移范围内获得0.125～0.165 V/mm的输出灵敏度，拉胀辅助构型的弯曲输出电压可提高至对照构型的8.3倍。对于波动信号，Chen等^[132]在配置梯度负电容分流电路的梁式样件上，开展了中心频率为1 kHz的弱弯曲波激励试验，电压增益超过两个数量级，信噪比最高提高约100倍。Ozbey等^[133]研制的无线超材料钢筋的应变传感器在位移台试验中可分辨小于1 μm的位移变化，受测试环境及钢筋耦合作用影响，实际可辨识的最小应变增量约为100×10^‒6～200×10^‒6。由此可见，几何构型能够显著提高微弱力学信号的可读出程度，同时实际增益取决于结构调制、换能单元和安装界面的共同作用。因此，面向SHM的性能评价需要在统一的加载和读出条件下同时报告灵敏度、分辨率、信噪比和增益保持率，并记录温度与连接状态变化下的基线漂移^[134‒135]。

将力学超材料与机电换能层耦合后，混凝土、路面、桥面等大尺度构件有望演变为分布式传感节点，并已在原型器件层面展示了这一可能性，使监测系统从依赖外部供电的离散传感网络逐步向自驱动的多功能基础设施材料演进^[10,122]，其代表性形式如图5（a）～（d）所示。

2.1.2 机电耦合优化准则

超材料传感前端由宏观载荷输入、几何调制、敏感区局部响应和机电换能共同构成。局部增益过高可能使薄弱韧带提前进入非线性区，也可能因压电片、胶层或封装改变局部刚度而低于设计值。传感器位置、方向和界面厚度需要与单元构型同步确定，使外部输入与电学输出在目标工作区间内保持稳定映射^{[131,136‒137]}。图5（d）～（e）对这种由力学调制走向机电输出的协同关系给出了较直观的示意与试验支撑。

前端结构会同时调制损伤响应、环境变形和连接状态变化。Baptista等^[134]在25～102 ℃范围内测试PZT传感器，发现频率为5.91、20.95和197.80 kHz的3个共振峰向低频方向移动，移动量分别为134、450和4 300 Hz，表明温度引起的基线漂移具有明显的频率相关性。Liu等^[135]对压电驱动与传感界面的脱粘进行试验，在频率为50 kHz的激励下，驱动器脱粘面积达到35%时，归一化信号幅值由完整粘接状态的1.000 00降至0.356 79，界面变化同时影响幅值和相位。

不同拓扑类型在量化增益上提供了较为一致的实验证据。Eghbali等^[136,138]系统比较了多种拉胀booster结构，指出其面内拉伸再分配机制可在低频段提供量级一致的功率提升。剪纸构型则进一步将应变放大与方向调制结合。Hong等^[128]开发的剪纸压电超材料在200%拉伸应变下展现出稳定的双稳态机电响应，并在车辆轮胎鼓包监测中验证了其对面内‒面外耦合变形的同步识别能力。上述定量结果分别来源于不同的拓扑类型和工况，但其背后揭示的工程权衡是统一的，即在保证结构线弹性响应且不发生屈曲失稳的约束条件下，通过参数化扫描最大化敏感区的应变集中程度。这一原则可视为各类力学超材料‒传感器协同设计的共同准则。

敏感元件和封装会反过来改变单元刚度。胶层过厚或传力方向不当时，理论应变增益可能无法转化为稳定电学输出。因此，单元、敏感层和安装界面应同时设计。QZS传感器可利用平衡位置附近的低动态刚度提高低频相对位移^[17]。QZS结构与摩擦电单元组合后，已有样件对2.5～4 000.0 Hz频率范围内的振动激励均产生了可测输出响应^[83]。这类结果仍需结合负载变化和环境条件复核有效带宽。

2.1.3 构件试验与现场案例

在微小应变与早期损伤监测方面，传统直贴式压电传感器因信噪比受限，难以稳定捕获微小应变和早期损伤产生的弱响应信号，而引入超材料放大基底后，等效输入可被提升至数倍量级，损伤可检测阈值整体下移，相关土木场景验证见图5（f）。现有研究的工程证据呈现出由模型分析、室内构件试验向现场测试逐步发展的过程。Farhangdoust等^[139]提出的剪纸压电基底，在激励频率为10 Hz、峰峰值应变为150×10^‒6的有限元工况下，获得了165 μW的平均功率，为平直基底采能器的19.2倍。Chen等^[132]在梁式样件上完成了中心频率为1 kHz的弱弯曲波激励试验，Pang等^[130]在受控路面条件下利用水弹折纸摩擦电单元识别车辆速度、重量和类型。上述工作已经考虑构件边界或场景加载，其传感器布置和环境条件仍由试验系统控制。

桥梁现场试验进一步检验了真实结构振动下的测量能力。Huang等^[140]将质量约8 g的摩擦电加速度传感器安装于桥梁拉索，在振动加速度幅范围为0.1～70.0 m/s²时获得约4.2 nA/(m·s^‒2)的灵敏度，所识别固有频率与参考仪器的相对误差小于1.5%。Li等^[22]在桥梁伸缩缝附近布置10个采能单元和1个振动传感单元，现场峰值功率达到5.72 mW，车辆重量和车速识别准确率为97.5%。两项研究说明可附着或可更换的传感与采能模块已经具备进入桥梁现场的基础。

上述结果表明，超材料相关换能与传感构型已开始由室内原型向桥梁现场试验延伸，需要指出的是，现有现场试验的持续时间和环境覆盖仍较有限，长期服役能力需要通过跨季节基线、标定周期和维护记录继续评价。突跳（snap-through）触发阈值的精确设定及其长期漂移，以及多次循环后的阈值退化，仍需进一步研究。综合来看，几何变形调制传感的工程价值在于为既有换能材料提供了不依赖材料本征性能提升的额外优化维度，这些工作完成了机制验证和系统级原型构建。然而，从原型走向现场部署，仍需开展疲劳寿命评估和环境耐久性验证，并推进工程集成的标准化，这些方面仍是该方向的主要研究空缺。

2.2 带隙频谱诊断

局部共振超材料最初被引入土木工程，其工程价值在于通过亚波长带隙抑制特定频段振动能量的传播，这也是其作为防护构件的主要功能。然而，带隙中心频率、衰减深度与共振子的等效质量、刚度、阻尼及连接刚度直接相关，这一物理事实使局部共振超材料具备了从防护构件过渡为诊断变量载体的内在条件。局部共振超材料带隙频谱诊断的实现路径见图6^{[21,62,65,141‒144]}。图6中，m₁为等效质量，m₂为局部共振器的等效质量，k₂为连接主体质量与局部共振质量的弹簧刚度，k_e为局部共振单元的等效刚度，P为施加于结构的外部载荷或轴向力，L₁、L₂为结构不同杆段或曲线段的几何长度，L_eff为结构的有效长度，R₁、R₂为曲线段的曲率半径，t₁为结构单元的厚度，a₃为中央杆与参考位置之间的偏心距，w_z 、w_y 分别为绕z、y轴转动分量的传递率，u_x 为沿x轴平移分量的传递率。

2.2.1 从防护到诊断的转化

局部共振机制最初被推向工程应用时，研究目标主要是隔声、减振与地震防护。在这一定位下，研究关注的是共振子固有频率能否覆盖目标频段、带隙宽度能否容纳工程激励的频谱不确定性，以及在大尺度结构中能否仍保持有效衰减。场地试验为理解低频波动调控的工程尺度提供了直接参照。Brûlé等^[18]采用频率为50 Hz、波长为1.56 m的表面波进行激励，并在地层中布置直径为0.32 m、深为5.00 m的钻孔阵列。Casablanca等^[145]将带隙优化的共振单元集成到混凝土基础内部，使隔震功能由附加构件转化为基础结构本身的内在属性。Krödel^[146]与Palermo^[147]等则分别从宽带隙拓宽与工程化屏障设计两个角度，系统化了目标频段的覆盖策略。

然而，带隙的工程意义不局限于阻止特定频段的振动，更具学术价值的问题在于，带隙、共振峰与传输谱能否反过来作为结构状态的诊断变量。防护侧重能量衰减是否足够强，而诊断则关注频谱特征对损伤是否足够敏感、对环境扰动是否足够稳健，以及能否与具体损伤类型建立可反演关系。图6（a）～（c）概括了这一转化流程，即由局部共振单元及其等效动力学参数出发，经由带隙与频散特征表征，最终形成可用于诊断的频谱观测量。在理论层次，Sugino等^[148]给出的有限长局部共振结构解析关系表明，带隙位置和宽度与共振子质量比及固有频率直接相关。因此，材料刚度、局部质量或连接条件的变化会在带边和共振峰中留下可预测的变化。与整体模态频率相比，局部共振单元可以在预定频段内形成参数敏感区。

2.2.2 损伤的频谱映射

带隙用于诊断时，首先需要证明损伤引起的等效参数变化能够稳定映射到带边、共振峰或传输谱。El‒Borgi等^[149]通过多带隙局部共振梁的系统试验验证了这一映射在有限长实物结构中的准确性，证明带隙边界频率可被精确测量并与共振子参数定量关联。在实验/数值层次，Xu等^[102]针对局部共振超材料建立了模态灵敏度分析框架，数值结果表明，受损超材料在带隙边界频率附近的频响函数、特征值和振型均出现显著变化。上述映射关系揭示的是被动诊断路径，而超材料还可以被主动设计为信号调理前端。Miniaci等^[150]较早将带隙作为天然信号选择器，利用局部共振结构的滤波‒聚焦特性自然抑制线性基波、放大损伤诱发的高次谐波，并结合时间反演实现非线性损伤源的定位，在铝板上完成了从仿真到原型装置的实验验证。沿同一思路，Liu^[151‒152]等设计表贴滤波结构以降低非损伤非线性干扰。这一系列研究表明：超材料不仅提供被动观测特征，还充当了频域信号调理前端，其对噪声抑制与目标特征增强的作用可由图6（d）直观体现。

2.2.3 环境鲁棒性挑战

传统SHM在温度补偿和损伤特征鲁棒性方面已有较多积累^[153‒154]，但这些手段在超材料体系中并不会自动适用。由于局部共振结构本身具有更高的参数敏感性，环境扰动有时反而会被进一步放大。要在敏感性与选择性之间取得平衡，至少需要从主动可调机制、多特征联合判据，以及与传统SHM校准框架的结合3个方向推进。Chen等^[155]的可调弯曲刚度超材料代表了第一类思路，借助监测周期内对共振子参数的主动调整，可以剥离温度与荷载工况引起的信号扰动。Jiang等^[21]的多通道压缩感知框架则提示了从单一频率指标走向多维频谱特征空间的可行性。与传统温补和基线更新方法的结合，则要求把超材料结构视为既有SHM体系的一个嵌入式前端，而非孤立的具有自带诊断能力的传感单元。

需要明确的是，目前还没有任何超材料频谱诊断方法在桥梁、地铁或高层建筑等真实土木结构上完成长期现场部署的公开报道。Miniaci^[150]、Ozbey^[133]等代表性研究则限定在实验室金属板、钢筋构件或缩尺板结构。从实验室原型过渡到现场可部署的智能感知前端，仍有制造一致性、长期稳定性、与无线低功耗采集系统的集成，以及与既有SHM基础设施兼容等若干工程问题尚待回答。

2.3 构件尺度波场调控与局部感知

构件导波检测利用板、梁和管道中传播的弹性波识别局部缺陷。梯度、各向异性、拓扑和空间编码结构能够改变导波的幅值、传播路径与空间响应差异，使目标区域获得更高有效激励，或使少量传感器接收到可区分的编码信号。面向结构健康监测的弹性波场调控与信号增强代表性超材料设计如图7^{[92,156‒159]}所示。图7中，l′₃为中央质量块与外围质量块的中心距离，a_x 为单元沿x方向的周期长度，l\mathrm{\text{'}}为内部通道的有效长度，w\mathrm{\text{'}}为通道宽度，d₁为相邻通道之间的间距，t″为外框厚度，p_l为左侧声压，p_r为右侧声压，w″为螺旋通道的宽度，R\mathrm{\text{'}}为螺旋通道的单元特征半径，r\mathrm{\text{'}}为中心区域的半径，{\phi }_j为第j个方向的入射角，θ_q 为第q个单元的旋转角。

2.3.1 波场聚焦与弱信号增强

梯度折射率声子晶体通过空间变化的等效折射率把导波能量汇聚至目标区域，如图7（b）所示。图7（b）中，A～J为迷宫式声通道不同区段的编号，声波从右侧入口进入后，依次沿折叠通道传播。Tol团队在平板中将Lamb波聚焦至压电换能元件^[160‒161]。Danawe等^[162]进一步将梯度透镜贴附于钢管外表面，在20～50 kHz的导波激励频率范围内实现了纵向导波聚焦；当激励频率为30 kHz时，相对于未安装透镜的基准工况，纵波模态(0,2)和(0,1)（0为周向阶数，1和2为模态阶数）接收信号的幅值分别放大1.71和2.21倍。该试验的观测量为有无透镜时接收信号的幅值差异，适用对象为钢管超声导波检测前端；用于缺陷识别时，仍需结合管壁缺陷的散射特征及相应的基线判据。若将聚焦构型扩展到其他构件或频段，还需依据目标波长重新确定单元尺寸、材料参数和耦合方式。

2.3.2 波路引导与拓扑传输

板、梁和管道中的导波在焊缝、开孔、曲率变化和截面突变处会发生反射、散射与模态转换。各向异性晶格可通过色散曲面的方向性改变群速度，使能量沿预定方向传播^[163‒164]，相关波路操控思路在图7（d）中给出了较直观的示例。Zhu等^[165]利用周期声学黑洞构造板内嵌透镜，通过数值分析与全场试验验证了聚焦、准直和负折射等波场功能。该研究提供了薄板导波路径调节的试验依据，形成完整的检测方法还需进一步结合损伤散射模型和识别算法。

拓扑界面通过体边对应关系在带隙内形成边界态，为弯折路径中的导波传输提供了另一种实现方式。Miniaci等^[20]在带图案弹性板上首次实验观测到拓扑保护的螺旋边界态，证实即使在缺陷与弯折存在的情况下边界态仍可保持近无反射的传输。Dorin等^[166]构建的三维拓扑超材料在激励频率6.0 kHz以下形成了多个低频拓扑界面态频带，并分别以1.3、3.6和4.9 kHz作为输入激励频率，验证了混合扭转、面内扭转和面内平移模态的拓扑波导传输。

2.3.3 空间编码与少阵列感知

空间编码的目标是辨识构件中振动源或冲击源的位置，其观测量是不同激励位置在传感器处形成的传递响应。不同于波场聚焦和波路引导，空间编码并不以改变目标信号的频率尺度为主要目的，而是通过人为引入可设计的空间差异，使来自不同位置的振动或冲击在少量传感器处形成差异显著且可区分的响应特征。传统损伤源定位通常借助多传感器阵列，依据到达时间、幅值衰减或波速模型重构振源位置。但在大尺度土木结构上，传感节点数量、布线成本与维护难度往往构成阵列密度的实际上限。随机化和编码型超材料为此提供了一种思路，即在波传播过程中人为引入可设计的空间差异，使来自不同位置的振动或冲击在少量传感器处即可产生显著不同的响应，图7（c）展示了其代表性结构形式。

Jiang等^[21]利用局部共振频率随机分布的3D打印结构构造低相关传递函数，并在试验前标定不同激励位置到单个加速度传感器之间的测量矩阵。样件的面外局部共振带隙频率范围为304.0～493.7 Hz，代表性波场是在激励频率为695.3 Hz下测得；多源振动识别率为96.7%，加入0 dB高斯噪声后仍达到95.0%。后续薄板散射和单传感器研究进一步说明了少阵列感知的可行性^[167‒168]。现有结果主要支持少传感器构件检测的可行性，大尺度结构整体监测仍需在实际边界和长期环境下进行独立验证。

2.4 自供电监测系统

长期稳定的电力供应是结构健康的监测传感网络大规模工程化部署的核心瓶颈之一。通过在自供电超材料监测系统中将力学超材料结构与能量转换机制深度集成，赋予监测系统“自感知、自供电”的双重属性，为上述难题提供了一条系统性解决路径。图8为基于超材料的自供电系统示意图^{[108,117,129‒130,169]}。图8中：E为压电层内部的电场强度；σ为摩擦界面上的表面电荷密度；w_e为两个电极之间的间距；R″为外接负载电阻；w₁(x)为结构处于稳定状态1时的挠度函数；‒w₀(x)为结构处于稳定状态2时的反向挠度函数；x为结构长度方向的位置坐标；x(t₂)为质量块m在时刻t₂的响应位移；y(t₂)为支承端在时刻t₂的输入位移，也称基础激励；1、2和3分别表示PZT的两个面内材料坐标方向和厚度（极化）方向。

2.4.1 能量与信息流程

土木结构在服役过程中始终承受由交通荷载、风荷载、人行激励等引起的周期性力学激励，这些激励中蕴含着可观的机械能。超材料构型的核心价值在于，其换能单元通过应变集中或频率匹配，把局部响应转化为电信号。随后还需整流、阻抗匹配、储能和保护，才能驱动采集与无线传输。评价时应比较平均采集功率与平均耗电功率，并考虑低激励时段的储能需求^[170‒171]，其闭环链路如图8（a）所示。

2.4.2 低频宽带适配机制

车辆过桥、列车通过、人行激励、风致振动及水流冲击所构成的土木结构典型激励普遍具有低频、宽带、随机和间歇的特征。传统压电悬臂梁采能器以单一固有频率响应为基础，对频率偏移极为敏感。围绕这一供需错配，学界发展出多种基于超材料的适配机制，其共同特点是利用结构层面的设计将不利的输入转换为换能元件友好的局部高幅响应，如图8（b）所示。

最直接的策略是利用局部共振或缺陷模将弹性波能局域于压电元件附近。Chen等^[172]在压电局部共振板模型基础上耦合自供能同步电荷提取电路，研究了单元参数、低频带隙和有效输入应变之间的关系。QZS和多稳态结构则可提高低频小幅激励下的局部运动。Cai等^[169]提出具有三段负刚度的准零刚度采能隔振器，针对桥梁低频激励，在保持隔振性能的同时提高了压电采能输出，证明了刚度负向区与多级负刚度组合可以兼顾隔振与采能两类目标。Patrick等^[173]比较了局域共振、惯性放大和普通压电声子晶体的可采能量，表明在相同阻尼水平下，局部共振与惯性放大可使可采集机械能的内禀份额相对普通声子晶体显著提升，为理解超材料如何在物理层面拓宽低频采能的性能边界提供了理论基础。

2.4.3 土木场景的典型架构

自供电系统进入土木场景时，需要明确安装位置和维护方式。现有形式包括桥梁上的贴附式模块、路面嵌入单元和承载材料中的复合单元^[174‒176]。3类形式的更换难度、受力影响和耐久要求不同，其典型架构场景如图8（c）所示。

贴附式器件已用于桥梁现场试验。Li等^[22]提出了负阻尼诱导摩擦电纳米发电机（NDI-TENG），针对桥梁自身随机、低频和低幅振动，开展了振幅放大与共振抑制的协同设计，该单元的峰值功率达到5.72 mW。由10个采能单元和1个振动传感单元组成的阵列，对车辆轴重和车速的识别准确率达到97.5%，将自供电桥梁监测推向更接近工程可用的0功耗长周期运行模式。Xia等^[129]在折纸超材料TENG阵列中构建了从能量采集到无线传输的完整链路，Huang等^[140]则建立了TENG输出与拉索加速度响应的定量映射关系，使TENG传感从演示级感知迈向定量级测量。

针对路面嵌入式器件，现有研究主要在受控条件下开展车辆加载试验。Birgin等^[177]将压电采能器与压阻铺面结合，构建自供电动态称重系统。Zhang^[178]和Pang^[130]等利用折纸构型放大路面变形，并同步获取采能与交通信息。此类研究已经进入构件和场景验证阶段，实际道路应用仍需考察器件封装性能、器件与铺装层之间的力学协调性，以及长期车辆荷载作用下的输出稳定性。

承载材料复合把换能单元置于构件内部。Barri等^[12]将拉胀聚合物晶格与导电水泥基体复合，制备了可压缩比约为15%、单元峰值功率约为330 μW的纳米发电机集成超材料混凝土，并通过混凝土构件试验验证了其分布式损伤自感知能力。Zhang等^[9]提出的TENG使能结构构件概念则将摩擦电机制内置于复合钢筋之中，使构件级力流、信号流与能量流在材料层面统一。现有结果主要来自材料样件和构件原型，其工程意义在于验证承载、感知和采能协同的可能性，进一步放大尺度时需要同步评价主体承载性能、界面耐久和失效后的可维护性。

2.5 综合对比分析

超材料监测前端的性能需要结合监测对象、工作频率和验证尺度进行评价。准静态应变研究主要关注局部应变能否得到有效放大，波动检测关注目标频带内的幅值和信噪比，自供电监测还需要同时考察能量输出、状态识别和循环稳定性。代表性研究的性能指标、验证尺度与结论边界如表3所示^{[22,115,130,132,140,162]}。表3表明，较大的局部增益主要来自于单元或构件在特定工况下的响应调制。

3 工程化挑战与展望

综合既有研究可以看出，超材料对于土木工程的意义并不在于替代某一类传统材料，而在于通过人工微结构设计重新组织力学响应、波动传播与信号转换之间的关系。然而，土木工程结构服役周期通常以数十年计，且面临环境暴露复杂、施工容差较大、安全责任重大等约束，这意味着任何新材料体系都必须经过从单元到构件、再到工程系统的逐级验证。基于这一现实，未来研究的重心不应停留于实验室尺度的极限性能展示，而应转向面向工程边界条件的系统性转化。

3.1 构件化集成与智能设计

从现有证据看，超材料监测前端宜优先布置在便于安装、校准和更换的位置。桥梁拉索可采用轻量贴附式振动传感器，桥面伸缩缝附近可布置采能与感知阵列，钢筋和管道构型则可先在构件试验中确定应变传递和导波耦合关系^{[22,133,139,162]}。这些位置能够在较少改变主体受力的条件下检验构型增益，并为传感器失效后的更换和重新标定保留条件。由单元、构件、短期现场到长期运行的连续验证，可以使实验室获得的局部增益逐步转化为能够重复测量和维护的工程性能。

Barri等^[12]把具有跳变特征的拉胀聚合物点阵嵌入导电水泥基体，展示了分布式感知和振动采能的组合。贴附式TENG和路面嵌入单元也采用局部功能模块，这类构件化设计便于试验、标定和更换。这些工作表明，超材料的工程价值可能通过支座、耗能阻尼器或者装配式连接节点等局部部位释放出来^[10,179]。构件化思路的另一个优势在于显著降低工程不确定性。当超材料以可识别、可拆装的构件形态进入工程，其性能验证与维护流程便可以与既有基础设施管理体系自然对接，无需依赖大规模的整体改造。因此，面向土木工程的超材料设计应优先关注功能部件的工作区间、可更换性与失效后果。

超材料参数包括单元拓扑、尺度、材料和排布方式。土木应用还需同时满足承载、灵敏度、耐久和成本要求^[180]。数据驱动方法可用于缩小参数搜索范围。Hong等^[181]在QZS超结构设计中同时考虑安全与隔振性能。现有数据多来自理想边界下的单元计算，施工误差和疲劳资料不足。较稳妥的做法是先用模型筛选候选方案，再用构件试验检查关键机制和失效方式^[182]。

3.2 全寿命可维护设计

土木基础设施的服役周期通常长达数十年，任何嵌入式功能材料都不可避免地面对老化、疲劳、冻融与腐蚀等问题。Daniel等^[183]指出，几何尖角等局部应力集中部位及热疲劳，是此类结构发生早期失效的主要诱因，这一结论说明几何最优解与长期可靠性之间常常存在显著张力。Kappe等^[184]采用激光粉末床熔融技术制备的Ti6Al4V双稳态金属超材料展示了另一种材料选择：其阻尼性能与聚合物泡沫处于相近量级，但环境耐受性明显优于聚合物，因而能够在严苛环境下提供可重复使用的耗能能力。两类研究的对比清晰地表明，土木超材料设计需要从一次性嵌入转向全生命周期适配，将检查、替换与升级作为早期约束而非事后补救。

耐久性约束决定了超材料在服役期内能否持续工作，而可持续性约束则决定了超材料在全生命周期中能否被工程体系所接纳。两者共同构成全寿命设计的双重边界。在可持续性层面，土木工程的材料用量极为庞大，新型功能构件若忽略制造能耗与废弃处置，便难以在大规模应用中获得正当性^[10]。与第3.1节构件化思路一致，模块化和可更换设计是兼顾性能与可持续性的务实路径：一个性能略低却可检查、可标定、可替换的超材料模块，往往比性能突出却无法维护的嵌入式样件更接近工程应用的本质需求。

3.3 现场验证与可靠性评价

超材料在实验室研究通常以带隙宽度、应变放大倍数、输出电压或波聚焦增益等指标衡量性能^[173]，但工程中更具决定性的问题是功能能否在长期服役、复杂环境与不确定边界条件下保持可预测、可校准与可恢复^[185]。因此，未来研究需要将评价对象从短时性能展示扩展至长期可靠性，将理想边界下的样件测试推进到构件级、现场级与多环境耦合验证。

长期服役评价应同时覆盖力学性能与功能性能两个层面。对于具有监测功能的超材料单元，需要重点关注信号漂移、环境敏感性、标定稳定性与功能衰减。温度、湿度、冻融、腐蚀、施工误差和边界松动都可能改变输出。超材料对几何和边界较敏感，更需要独立的环境参考和长期基线。现场试验应从可更换、非关键承载部位开始，再逐步扩展到更高安全等级的构件^[23,186]。

综合而言，构件化集成与智能设计降低尺度跨越风险并提高方案搜索效率，全寿命适配保障长期功能可持续性，现场验证为工程信任提供证据基础。超材料有望由实验室功能样件逐步发展为土木基础设施中可部署的功能部件和智能构件，为结构安全监测与能量管理提供新的技术路径。

4 结 论

本文围绕超材料赋能结构健康监测中的微弱响应测读、波动信息利用和持续供能问题，建立了由物理机制、功能路径、可观测指标、验证尺度和工程约束构成的分析框架。既有综述分别系统讨论了土木基础设施自供电传感、机械超材料压电采能、弹性超材料动力防护及超材料的广义土木应用。本文在此基础上从SHM信息获取过程出发，说明人工构型改变何种物理量，这些变化能够形成何种监测指标，并据此比较不同研究理论的适用范围。

变形调制通过重分配、低动态刚度和稳态转换提高局部机械响应的可读性，波场调控则通过带隙、聚焦、导引和空间编码改变弹性波的频谱与传播路径。压电、摩擦电、压阻和电容单元作为机电换能接口，把经过调制的机械响应转换为电压、电荷、电阻、电容或可用能量。由此，微弱响应增强、频谱诊断、构件导波检测和自供电监测可以按照机械输入、波动信息和电学读出的传递过程进行比较。

现有证据表明，局部应变调制和构件导波增强已经在单元或室内样件上获得明确增益，路面和钢管研究进一步完成受控构件试验，针对桥梁拉索和伸缩缝的监测，也已开展少量现场测试。然而，不同研究的频率、尺度和评价指标差异较大，带隙频谱诊断仍主要依赖模型和缩尺试件，自供电监测的长期能量收支、环境密封和通信可靠性也需要更长时间的现场数据。

综合而言，超材料为结构状态感知提供了一条从材料构型层面重组信息获取逻辑的新路径，在当前阶段更适合作为传统传感系统的可设计力学前端或换能界面。其工程价值取决于构型增益能否在构件边界和环境变化下保持稳定，也取决于相关模块能否被安装、标定和维护。按照模型、样件、构件和现场测试逐级积累证据，可使不同尺度和频段内的研究结果具有更清楚的适用边界，并为智能基础设施中的长期监测提供可复核的技术依据。超材料有望逐步从实验室中的功能样件演变为土木基础设施中真正意义上的智能化结构单元。

参考文献

[1] 交通运输部.2025年交通运输行业发展统计公报[R/OL].(2026‒06‒22)[2026‒06‒16].

[2] He Xuhui, Chen Zhengqing, Huang Fanglin,et al.Preliminary studies on safety monitoring and state assessment for Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2003,22(1):75‒78.

[3] 何旭辉,陈政清,黄方林,等.南京长江大桥安全监测和状态评估的初步研究[J].振动与冲击,2003,22(1):75‒78.

[4] Wang Dawei, Haotian Lyu, Tang Fujiao,et al.Road structural defects detection and digitalization based on 3D ground penetrating radar technology:A state-of-the-art review[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2023,36(3):1‒19.

[5] 王大为,吕浩天,汤伏蛟,等.三维探地雷达道路隐性病害检测分析与数字化技术综述[J].中国公路学报,2023,36(3):1‒19.

[6] Alavi A H.Metamaterials break the constraints of traditional civil infrastructure[J].Advanced Materials,2026,38(6):e18198. doi:10.1002/adma.202518198

[7] Komarizadehasl S, Lozano F, Lozano‒Galant J A,et al.Low-cost wireless structural health monitoring of bridges[J].Sensors,2022,22(15):5725. doi:10.3390/s22155725

[8] Salehi H, Burgueño R, Chakrabartty S,et al.A comprehensive review of self-powered sensors in civil infrastructure:State-of-the-art and future research trends[J].Engineering Structures,2021,234:111963. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.111963

[9] Moravvej M, El‒Badry M.Reference-free vibration-based damage identification techniques for bridge structural hea-lth monitoring—A critical review and perspective[J].Sensors,2024,24(3):876. doi:10.3390/s24030876

[10] Lee G, Lee D, Park J,et al.Piezoelectric energy harvesting using mechanical metamaterials and phononic crystals[J].Communications Physics,2022,5:94. doi:10.1038/s42005-022-00869-4

[11] Zhang Qianyun, Barri K, Kari S R,et al.Multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator-enabled structural elements for next generation civil infrastructure monitoring systems[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2021,31(47):2105825. doi:10.1002/adfm.202105825

[12] Wang Hao, Zhao Shan, Xu Chen,et al.Engineering metamaterials for civil infrastructure:From acoustic performance to programmable mechanical responses[J].Materials,2025,18(17):4032. doi:10.3390/ma18174032

[13] Contreras N, Zhang Xihong, Hao Hong,et al.Application of elastic metamaterials/meta-structures in civil engineering:A review[J].Composite Structures,2024,327:117663. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117663

[14] Barri K, Zhang Qianyun, Kline J,et al.Multifunctional nanogenerator-integrated metamaterial concrete systems for smart civil infrastructure[J].Advanced Materials,2023,35(14):2211027. doi:10.1002/adma.202211027

[15] Lakes R.Foam structures with a negative Poisson's ratio[J].Science,1987,235(4792):1038‒1040. doi:10.1126/science.235.4792.1038

[16] Kushwaha M S, Halevi P, Dobrzynski L,et al.Acoustic band structure of periodic elastic composites[J].Physical Review Letters,1993,71(13):2022‒2025. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.71.2022

[17] Sigalas M M, Economou E N.Elastic and acoustic wave band structure[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,1992,158(2):377‒382. doi:10.1016/0022-460x(92)90059-7

[18] Liu Zhengyou, Zhang Xixiang, Mao Yiwei,et al.Locally resonant sonic materials[J].Science,2000,289(5485):1734‒1736. doi:10.1126/science.289.5485.1734

[19] Sun Xiuting, Jing Xingjian, Xu Jian,et al.A quasi-zero-stiffness-based sensor system in vibration measurement[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2014,61(10):5606‒5614. doi:10.1109/tie.2013.2297297

[20] Brûlé S, Javelaud E H, Enoch S,et al.Experiments on seismic metamaterials:Molding surface waves[J].Physical Review Letters,2014,112(13):133901. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.112.133901

[21] Bertoldi K, Vitelli V, Christensen J,et al.Flexible mechanical metamaterials[J].Nature Reviews Materials,2017,2(11):17066. doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2017.66

[22] Miniaci M, Pal R K, Morvan B,et al.Experimental observation of topologically protected helical edge modes in patterned elastic plates[J].Physical Review X,2018,8(3):031074. doi:10.1103/physrevx.8.031074

[23] Jiang Tianxi, Li Chong, He Qingbo,et al.Randomized resonant metamaterials for single-sensor identification of elastic vibrations[J].Nature Communications,2020,11:2353. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15950-1

[24] Li Bai, Lv Kai, Cai Huisheng,et al.Negative-damping-induced triboelectric nanogenerators for zero-power-consumption bridge in situ dynamical monitoring[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2026,36(5):e13898. doi:10.1002/adfm.202513898

[25] Zhang Xinchao, Zheng Ning, Ji Changyin,et al.First full-scale 2D field experiment on semi-embedded rubber column metamaterials:Enhanced attenuation of love waves and mechanistic insights[J].Materials,2025,18(24):5517. doi:10.3390/ma18245517

[26] Shelby R A, Smith D R, Schultz S.Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction[J].Science,2001,292(5514):77‒79. doi:10.1126/science.1058847

[27] Ji Zhongkai, Li Dawei, Zhai Xiaoya,et al.Designing anisotropic mechanical metamaterials and metastructures:A review[J].Thin-Walled Structures,2026,224:114719. doi:10.1016/j.tws.2026.114719

[28] Yao Dan, Zhang Jie, Lei Jingyu,et al.A comprehensive review of acoustic metamaterials:Applications and challenges for lightweight noise control in large-scale transportation[J].Materials & Design,2025,260:115002. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115002

[29] Wu Yuchao, Qiu Cheng, Silva K J,et al.Manipulate dynamic chemical interactions in renewable polymers for 3D printing tunable,healable,and recyclable metamaterials[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2024,499:156138. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.156138

[30] Vetrichelvi G, Gowtham P, Balaji D,et al.Functional metamaterials for wireless antenna applications—A review ab-etted with patent landscape analysis[J].Heliyon,2024,10(13):e34022. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34022

[31] Liu Zhongxian, Zhang Mingkai, Huang Lei,et al.Seismic isolation effect of seismic metamaterials based on fast mu-ltipolar indirect boundary element method[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,2024,56(2):151‒161.

[32] 刘中宪,张铭楷,黄磊,等.基于快速多极间接边界元法的地震超材料隔震效应[J].工程科学与技术,2024,56(2):151‒161.

[33] Yue Xiaokui, Zhu Mingzhu, Geng Haohua,et al.Origami metamaterials and their applications and prospects in aerospace field[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2025,46(6):260‒293.

[34] 岳晓奎,朱明珠,耿浩华,等.折纸超材料及其在航空航天领域的应用与展望[J].航空学报,2025,46(6):260‒293.

[35] Diallo M L O, Sarankó Á, Pataki T I,et al.Metamaterials and their applications in engineering metamaterials:Classification,applications—A comprehensive review[J].Appli-ed Physics A,2026,132(3):160. doi:10.1007/s00339-026-09309-4

[36] Wang Chao, Zheng Zhoufu, Qin Yutong,et al.Low acoustic impedance arc-shaped chiral metamaterials for low-freq-uency and broadband underwater sound insulation[J].Materials & Design,2026,265:115879. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115879

[37] Thomes R L, Beli D, De Marqui C.Space-time wave localization in electromechanical metamaterial beams with programmable defects[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2022,167:108550. doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.108550

[38] Zhang Jingyi, Cai Wei, Lu Haibao,et al.Architecture-based tunability of Poisson's ratio in bi-component mechanical metamaterials[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2026,319:111561. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2026.111561

[39] Wang Zhexiong, Zhang Junhua, Kong Shiyu,et al.3D-Printed re-entrant auxetic metamaterials with bi-directional stiffness enhancement[J].Thin-Walled Structures,2025,216:113722. doi:10.1016/j.tws.2025.113722

[40] Berman A, Hsiao K, Root S E,et al.Additively manufactured micro-lattice dielectrics for multiaxial capacitive sensors[J].Science Advances,2024,10(40):eadq8866. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adq8866

[41] White B C, Garland A, Boyce B L.Toughening by interpenetrating lattices[J].Matter,2023,6(2):570‒582. doi:10.1016/j.matt.2022.11.025

[42] Yang Likai, Chua J W, Li Xinwei,et al.Superior broadband sound absorption in hierarchical ultralight graphene oxide aerogels achieved through emulsion freeze-casting[J].Ch-emical Engineering Journal,2023,469:143896. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.143896

[43] Yang Zehuan, Zhou Hao, Xu Fan,et al.A novel bio-inspired acoustic-mechanical metamaterial with superior energy absorption and tunable low-frequency sound absorption[J].Thin‒Walled Structures,2026,228:115057. doi:10.1016/j.tws.2026.115057

[44] Qu Shuai, Ding Wei, Dong Liwei,et al.Chiral phononic crystal-inspired railway track for low-frequency vibration suppression[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2024,274:109275. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2024.109275

[45] Zhai Haorui, Li Xiaodong, Yu Shuzhou,et al.Review on the 3D printing technology and application of magnetic materials:Material-process-structure-application[J].Composites Part B:Engineering,2025,298:112387. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112387

[46] Li Xinwei, Zhao Miao, Yu Xiang,et al.Multifunctional and customizable lattice structures for simultaneous sound insulation and structural applications[J].Materials & Design,2023,234:112354. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112354

[47] Yang Jianxing, Sun Yuanxi, Zhang Junfang,et al.Interpenetrating phase composite graded lattice structure integrated with load-bearing and sensing capabilities[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2023,164:107294. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.107294

[48] Mousavi S H, Khanikaev A B, Wang Zheng.Topologically protected elastic waves in phononic metamaterials[J].Nature Communications,2015,6:8682. doi:10.1038/ncomms9682

[49] Chen Yaning, Wu Mengwei, Tian Yuzhuo,et al.Recent advances in piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators for ocean current energy harvesting[J].Journal of Marine Science and Engineering,2026,14(3):249. doi:10.3390/jmse14030249

[50] Wang Kaiyu, Tao Yong, Wang Zhonggang,et al.Three-dimensional metamaterials based on discrete assembly to customize thermal expansion response under temperature stimuli[J].Applied Materials Today,2024,41:102460. doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2024.102460

[51] Mu Fengrui, Xu Zhaodong, Zhang Meng.Locally resonant elastic metamaterials for low frequency vibration isolation and mitigation:A review of theoretical modeling,tuning mechanisms,and civil engineering applications[J].Journal of Building Engineering,2026,123:115885. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115885

[52] Košir T, Zupan M, Slavič J.Self-aware active metamaterial cell 3D-printed in a single process[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2024,282:109591. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2024.109591

[53] Huang Chuan, Wu Naiming, Mao Jize,et al.Mechanical properties and energy absorption characteristics evaluation of negative Poisson's ratio mechanical metamaterials:A literature review[J].Composite Structures,2026,388:120390. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120390

[54] Zhang Lujie, Yan Sen, Liu Wenlong,et al.Mechanical metamaterials with negative Poisson's ratio:A review[J].Engineering Structures,2025,329:119838. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119838

[55] Fang Xin, Wen Jihong, Cheng Li,et al.Programmable gear-based mechanical metamaterials[J].Nature Materials,2022,21(8):869‒876. doi:10.1038/s41563-022-01269-3

[56] Sinha P, Mukhopadhyay T.Programmable multi-physical mechanics of mechanical metamaterials[J].Materials Science and Engineering:R:Reports,2023,155:100745. doi:10.1016/j.mser.2023.100745

[57] Li Zhitong, Chen Zhaobo, Dou Zhancheng,et al.Design and evaluation of TPMS-inspired lightweight metamaterials with tunable quasi-static and dynamic mechanical performance[J].Thin-Walled Structures,2026,223:114609. doi:10.1016/j.tws.2026.114609

[58] Yousefi‒Nooraie R, Razavi N, Berto F,et al.Inverse multi-objective design of three-dimensional plate-based heterogeneous mechanical metamaterials[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2026,312:111253. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2026.111253

[59] Kluge E, Bilal O R.Ultra-lightweight multi-functional gyroid-based metamaterial for simultaneous sound insulation,vibration suppression,and impact mitigation in all directions[J].Materials & Design,2025,259:114652. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114652

[60] Mirzajanzadeh M, Pasini D.Reprogrammable curved-straight origami:Multimorphability and volumetric tunability[J].Science Advances,2025,11(17):eadu4678. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu4678

[61] Zhou Yang, Su Yongsheng, Zhong Xiangqiang,et al.A novel coupling-induced strength-improved three-dimensional honeycomb with positive-negative dual Poisson's ratios[J].Composites Communications,2024,50:102018. doi:10.1016/j.coco.2024.102018

[62] Song Xuehao, Zeng Chengjun, Hu Junqi,et al.Compressive behavior and energy absorption of novel body-centered cubic lattice metamaterials incorporating simple cubic truss units[J].Composite Structures,2025,367:119230. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119230

[63] Ma Yanqi, Huang Huilan, Deng Xiaolin.Research on the in-plane energy absorption characteristics of the novel rotating self-similar star-shaped honeycomb structure[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2026,189:110696. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110696

[64] Zhang Yi, Jiang Wei zhong, Jiang Wei,et al.Recent advances of auxetic metamaterials in smart materials and structural systems[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2025,35(23):2421746. doi:10.1002/adfm.202421746

[65] Wu Wenwang, Hu Wenxia, Qian Guian,et al.Mechanical design and multifunctional applications of chiral mechanical metamaterials:A review[J].Materials & Design,2019,180:107950. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107950

[66] Han Xiaolin, Li Wentao, Bai Xiyong,et al.A kirigami-metamaterial triboelectric nanogenerator for real-time wave load monitoring and early warning in marine structures[J].Measurement,2026,258:119271. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119271

[67] Didilis K, Selicani G V, Tinti V B,et al.Topology-driven electromechanical actuation in 3D-printed TPMS piezoelectric ceramics[J].Acta Materialia,2026,303:121724. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121724

[68] Singh H, Tiwari D, Mangattu Veettil R,et al.Nanocomposite hydrogel inks pioneering future of 3D bioprinting[J].Materials & Design,2026,264:115730. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115730

[69] Guo Shuai, Zhu Jiaqi, Lin Minghang,et al.A multifunctional cylindrical quasi-zero stiffness metamaterial for energy absorption,impact attenuation,and vibration isolation[J].Thin‒Walled Structures,2026,223:114611. doi:10.1016/j.tws.2026.114611

[70] Kamrava S, Ghosh R, Wang Zhihao,et al.Origami-inspired cellular metamaterial with anisotropic multi-stability[J].Advanced Engineering Materials,2019,21(2):1800895. doi:10.1002/adem.201800895

[71] Xie Ke, Wang Yuewu, Chen Hongyong,et al.Nonlinear dynamic response of a sandwich plate with negative Poisson's ratio honeycomb-core layer under low-velocity collision impact[J].Computers & Structures,2024,304:107507. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2024.107507

[72] Zhang Xiaofan, Sui Guangdong, Zheng Kaiyuan,et al.A semi-rigid method of rotating triangular auxetic mechanical metamaterials[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2025,307:110911. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110911

[73] Ren J P, Gu Z P, Zhao A G,et al.Enhancing energy absorption of star-shaped honeycombs by utilizing negative Poisson's ratio effect under high-velocity impact[J].International Journal of Impact Engineering,2025,202:105297. doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105297

[74] Li Xiaoya, Zhao Zhe.Mechanical properties of three-dimensional chiral ceramic metamaterials with negative Poisson's ratio[J].Ceramics International,2026,52(13):20904‒20921. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.03.176

[75] Zha Wenyou, Shi Weikai, Yao Yongtao,et al.Novel pre-fo-lded lattice metamaterial for two-stage deformation and variable Poisson's ratio properties under quasi-static compression[J].Composite Structures,2025,351:118623. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118623

[76] Hu Taiqi, Pan Taisong, Guo Dengji,et al.Omnidirectional configuration of stretchable strain sensor enabled by the strain engineering with chiral auxetic metamaterial[J].ACS Nano,2023,17(21):22035‒22045. doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c08624

[77] Wu Chunjin, Wang Huai, Kim T,et al.Tailoring auxetic mechanical metamaterials to achieve patterned wire strain sensors with controllable high sensitivity[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2022,442:136317. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.136317

[78] Kang Mingyu, Pyo S.Auxetic mechanical metamaterials for resistive tactile sensors:A review[J].Advances in Physics:X,2025,10:2572830. doi:10.1080/23746149.2025.2572830

[79] Razbin M, Bagherzadeh R, Asadnia M,et al.Recent advances in wearable electromechanical sensors based on auxetic textiles[J].Advanced Functional Materials,2024,34(49):2409242. doi:10.1002/adfm.202409242

[80] Dong Shanshan, Hu Hong.Sensors based on auxetic materials and structures:A review[J].Materials,2023,16(9):3603. doi:10.3390/ma16093603

[81] Zhang Chuanbiao, Lu Fucong, Mo Kelan,et al.Coupling negative Poisson's ratio with multifunctionality:Advances in auxetic metamaterials[J].International Journal of Solids and Structures,2026,328:113822. doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2025.113822

[82] Jian Yupei, Xia Cuipeng, Liu Weiqun,et al.Virtual local resonance enabled by chirality-removed defects in chiral metamaterials[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2026,317:111499. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2026.111499

[83] Zha Wenyou, Shi Weikai, Wang Yichen,et al.Programmable bio-inspired helical chiral mechanical metamaterials with topological bandgaps[J].Composite Structures,2026,386:120257. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120257

[84] Montazeri A, Mahnama M.Twisting chiral mechanical metamaterials:A review[J].Materials Today Communications,2025,44:112070. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.112070

[85] Carrella A, Brennan M J, Waters T P.Static analysis of a passive vibration isolator with quasi-zero-stiffness characteristic[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2007,301(3/4/5):678‒689. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2006.10.011

[86] Ibrahim R A.Recent advances in nonlinear passive vibration isolators[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2008,314(3/4/5):371‒452. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2008.01.014

[87] Wu Pengfan, Wang Fayang, Xu Shiwei,et al.A highly sensitive triboelectric quasi-zero stiffness vibration sensor with ultrawide frequency response[J].Advanced Science,2023,10(21):2301199. doi:10.1002/advs.202301199

[88] Liu Ji, Wang Yanhui, Yang Shaoqiong,et al.Customized quasi-zero-stiffness metamaterials for ultra-low frequency broadband vibration isolation[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2024,269:108958. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2024.108958

[89] Huang Xingbao, Yang Bintang.Improving energy harvesting from impulsive excitations by a nonlinear tunable bistable energy harvester[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2021,158:107797. doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.107797

[90] Xu Rui, Chen Chuanqing, Sun Jiapeng,et al.The design,manufacture and application of multistable mechanical me-tamaterials—A state-of-the-art review[J].International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing,2023,5(4):042013. doi:10.1088/2631-7990/acf96a

[91] Jiao Pengcheng, Mueller J, Raney J R,et al.Mechanical metamaterials and beyond[J].Nature Communications,2023,14:6004. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41679-8

[92] Li Weichen, Wang Fengwen, Sigmund O,et al.Design of composite structures with programmable elastic responses under finite deformations[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,2021,151:104356. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104356

[93] Zha Wenyou, Yang Rui, Yao Yongtao,et al.Negative stiffness mechanical metamaterial with controllably programmable bandgaps[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2025,303:110614. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110614

[94] Ma Hongye, Wang Ke, Zhao Haifeng,et al.Energy dissipation in multistable auxetic mechanical metamaterials[J].Composite Structures,2023,304:116410. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116410

[95] Jiang Renjie, Chen Yinghua, Wang Zhemin,et al.Modular bistable mechanical metamaterials:A versatile platform for piezoelectric self-charging,sensing,and logic operations[J].Materials Today,2025,83:96‒112. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2024.12.013

[96] Cheng Yong, Yu Tianjun, Zhou Xiaoming.Control of underwater acoustics using anisotropic solid metamaterials with continuously tuned material axes[J].Extreme Mechanics Letters,2019,32:100544. doi:10.1016/j.eml.2019.100544

[97] Wang Linbo, Liu Yiqi, Du Pengyu,et al.A Tai Chi acoustic metamaterial for low-dimensional joint compressive sensing and simultaneously azimuth-distance location[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2025,224:112228. doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2024.112228

[98] Chu Chengcheng, Li Xinming, Guo Zhenkun,et al.Realization and mechanism study of topological local resonance interface states in metamaterial sandwich beam with elastic foundation[J].Applied Mathematical Modelling,2026,157:116849. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2026.116849

[99] Jiang Tianxi, He Qingbo.Spatial information coding with artificially engineered structures for acoustic and elastic wave sensing[J].Frontiers in Physics,2022,10:1024964. doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.1024964

[100] Tian Yuan, Ge Hao, Zhang Xiujuan,et al.Far-field subwavelength acoustic computational imaging with a single detector[J].Physical Review Applied,2022,18:014046. doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.014046

[101] Wang Linbo, Liu Yiqi, Du Pengyu,et al.Underwater far-field multi-directional compressive sensing metamaterial acoustic imaging device[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2025,157(6):4069‒4084. doi:10.1121/10.0036829

[102] Failla G, Marzani A, Palermo A,et al.Current developments in elastic and acoustic metamaterials science[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2024,382(2278):20230369. doi:10.1098/rsta.2023.0369

[103] Maheshwari H K, Rajagopal P.Novel locally resonant and widely scalable seismic metamaterials for broadband mitigation of disturbances in the very low frequency range of 0—33 Hz[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2022,161:107409. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107409

[104] Willey C L, Chen V W, Roca D,et al.Coiled phononic crystal with periodic rotational locking:Subwavelength Bragg band gaps[J].Physical Review Applied,2022,18:014035. doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.014035

[105] Dertimanis V K, Antoniadis I A, Chatzi E N.Feasibility analysis on the attenuation of strong ground motions using finite periodic lattices of mass-in-mass barriers[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2016,142(9):04016060. doi:10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001120

[106] Xu Y F, Huang G L.Modal sensitivity analysis of acoustic metamaterials for structural damage detection[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2023,259:108571. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2023.108571

[107] Rapine V, Abuhemeida N, Ouisse M,et al.A composite gradient index lens for wideband elastic waves focusing:Design approach and experimental validation at constant thickness[J].Composite Structures,2025,372:119500. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119500

[108] Zhang Dingcong, Li Yuanlong, Hu Jiayi,et al.Flexible PZT-resin auxetic Metamaterials:Design,fabrication,and performance evaluation[J].Ceramics International,2025,51(23):38110‒38128. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.06.048

[109] Yang Shiju, Ding Haoshi, Tan Junlong,et al.Multifaceted mechanical responsive metamaterials:Mechanisms,fabrications,and applications[J].The Innovation,2026,7(1):101070. doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2025.101070

[110] Slabý V, Bajer J, Marcián P,et al.Novel metamaterial platform with piezoelectric sensors for self-sensing mechanical support[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2026,314:111387. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2026.111387

[111] Zhou Nannan, Wang Nan, Wang Han,et al.Optical 3D μ-printing of PVDF-based flexible microstructural auxetic metamaterials and 3D microgrid pyramid arrays for wearable electronics[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2025,516:163956. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.163956

[112] He Longfei, Kurita H, Zhao Ziwen,et al.Multistable piezoelectric mechanical metamaterials for integrated energy absorption and energy harvesting[J].Composite Structures,2026,377:119871. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119871

[113] Yuan Ming, Zhu Bo, Jiang Qingsong,et al.Dual-functional acoustic-driven metamaterial nanogenerator for ultra-low noise attenuation and acoustic-to-electric conversion[J].Nano Energy,2025,141:111101. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111101

[114] Zhang Kejia, Yang Benqiang, Zhu Zhisen,et al.Structural optimized mechanical metamaterial for multi transient high-g impact suppression and self-monitoring[J].Materials & Design,2025,253:113884. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113884

[115] Oumer A, Gwon S.Recent advances in cement-based electrolytes/separators and electrodes:Fabrication,mechanisms,and performance of cementitious-based supercapacitors—A review[J].Energy Storage Materials,2026,86:104989. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104989

[116] Zhang Xinyu, Liu Peng, Wu Linmei.Study on flexural properties of 3D printing functionally graded lattice structure cement composites[J].Materials Letters,2024,375:137231. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2024.137231

[117] Feng Qian, Liang Yabin.Development of piezoelectric-based technology for application in civil structural health monitoring[J].Earthquake Research Advances,2023,3(2):100154. doi:10.1016/j.eqrea.2022.100154

[118] Yu Lingyu, Shen Yanfeng, Giurgiutiu V.Piezoelectric transducer-based structural health monitoring[J].Sensors,2024,24(11):3438. doi:10.3390/s24113438

[119] Fey T, Eichhorn F, Han Guifang,et al.Mechanical and electrical strain response of a piezoelectric auxetic PZT lattice structure[J].Smart Materials and Structures,2016,25(1):015017. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/25/1/015017

[120] Chen Binjie, Feng Zimin, Yao Fangzhou,et al.Flexible piezoelectrics:Integration of sensing,actuating and energy harvesting[J].Nature Reviews Materials,2025,10(11):773‒794.

[121] Yan Sen, Zhao Linchuan, Meng Zhiqiang,et al.Snapping-induced electro-burst metamaterial for self-powered thr-eshold monitoring[J].Engineering Structures,2025,343:120997. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.120997

[122] Doganay D, Durukan M B, Cugunlular M,et al.Triboelectric nanogenerators from fundamentals to applications[J].Nano Energy,2025,138:110825. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.110825

[123] Rayegani A, Matin Nazar A, Rashidi M.Advancements in triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs) for intelligent transportation infrastructure:Enhancing bridges,highways,and tunnels[J].Sensors,2023,23(14):6634. doi:10.3390/s23146634

[124] Ding Siqi, Xiang Yu, Ni Yiqing,et al. In-situ synthesizing carbon nanotubes on cement to develop self-sensing cementitious composites for smart high-speed rail infrastructures[J].Nano Today,2022,43:101438. doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101438

[125] Chung D D L.A critical review of electrical-resistance-based self-sensing in conductive cement-based materials[J].Carbon,2023,203:311‒325. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2022.11.076

[126] D'Alessandro A, Tiecco M, Meoni A,et al.Improved strain sensing properties of cement-based sensors through enh-anced carbon nanotube dispersion[J].Cement and Concr-ete Composites,2021,115:103842. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103842

[127] Han Baoguo, Ding Siqi, Yu Xun.Intrinsic self-sensing concrete and structures:A review[J].Measurement,2015,59:110‒128. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2014.09.048

[128] Ubertini F, Materazzi A L, D'Alessandro A,et al.Natural frequencies identification of a reinforced concrete beam using carbon nanotube cement-based sensors[J].Engineering Structures,2014,60:265‒275. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.12.036

[129] García‒Macías E, D'Alessandro A, Castro‒Triguero R,et al.Micromechanics modeling of the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube cement-matrix composites[J].Composites Part B:Engineering,2017,108:451‒469. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.025

[130] García‒Macías E, Castro‒Triguero R, Sáez A,et al.3D mixed micromechanics-FEM modeling of piezoresistive carbon nanotube smart concrete[J].Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,2018,340:396‒423. doi:10.1016/j.cma.2018.05.037

[131] Barri K, Jiao Pengcheng, Zhang Qianyun,et al.Multifunctional meta-tribomaterial nanogenerators for energy harvesting and active sensing[J].Nano Energy,2021,86:106074. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106074

[132] Hong Luqin, Zhang Hao, Kraus T,et al.Ultra-stretchable kirigami piezo-metamaterials for sensing coupled large deformations[J].Advanced Science,2024,11(5):2303674. doi:10.1002/advs.202303674

[133] Xia Kequan, Liu Jianzhang, Li Wentao,et al.A self-powered bridge health monitoring system driven by elastic origami triboelectric nanogenerator[J].Nano Energy,2023,105:107974. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107974

[134] Pang Yafeng, Zhu Xingyi, Yu Ying,et al.Waterbomb-origami inspired triboelectric nanogenerator for smart pavement-integrated traffic monitoring[J].Nano Research,2022,15(6):5450‒5460. doi:10.1007/s12274-022-4152-6

[135] Zhou Xinran, Parida K, Chen Jian,et al.3D printed auxetic structure-assisted piezoelectric energy harvesting and sen-sing[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2023,13(34):2301159. doi:10.1002/aenm.202301159

[136] Chen Y Y, Zhu R, Barnhart M V,et al.Enhanced flexural wave sensing by adaptive gradient-index metamaterials[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:35048. doi:10.1038/srep35048

[137] Ozbey B, Demir H, Kurc O,et al.Wireless measurement of elastic and plastic deformation by a metamaterial-based sensor[J].Sensors,2014,14(10):19609‒19621. doi:10.3390/s141019609

[138] Baptista F, Budoya D, Almeida V,et al.An experimental study on the effect of temperature on piezoelectric sensors for impedance-based structural health monitoring[J].Sensors,2014,14(1):1208‒1227. doi:10.3390/s140101208

[139] Liu Xuerong, Xu Yuanming, Li Ning,et al.Effect of adhesive debonding on the performance of piezoelectric sensors in structural health monitoring systems[J].Sensors,2019,19(23):5070. doi:10.3390/s19235070

[140] Eghbali P, Younesian D, Farhangdoust S.Enhancement of piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting with auxetic boosters[J].International Journal of Energy Research,2020,44(2):1179‒1190. doi:10.1002/er.5010

[141] Ferguson W J G, Kuang Yang, Evans K E,et al.Auxetic structure for increased power output of strain vibration energy harvester[J].Sensors and Actuators A:Physical,2018,282:90‒96. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2018.09.019

[142] Eghbali P, Younesian D, Moayedizadeh A,et al.Study in circular auxetic structures for efficiency enhancement in piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting[J].Scientific Reports,2020,10:16338. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73425-1

[143] Farhangdoust S, Georgeson G, Ihn J B,et al.Kirigami auxetic structure for high efficiency power harvesting in self-powered and wireless structural health monitoring systems[J].Smart Materials and Structures,2021,30(1):015037. doi:10.1088/1361-665x/abcaaf

[144] Huang Kangxu, Zhou Yuhui, Zhang Zhicheng,et al.A real-time quantitative acceleration monitoring method based on triboelectric nanogenerator for bridge cable vibration[J].Nano Energy,2023,118:108960. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108960

[145] Xu Shenghao, Park J.Dumbbell-shaped chiral metamaterials for multi-polarized broadband vibration suppression[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2026,311:111195. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2026.111195

[146] Feng Yuepeng, Wang Yilong, Wu Qianjing,et al.Stiffness-inverting low-profile metamaterial pair for large-stroke quasi-zero-stiffness vibration isolation[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2026,312:111225. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2026.111225

[147] Li Chong, Jiang Tianxi, He Qingbo,et al.Stiffness-mass-coding metamaterial with broadband tunability for low-frequency vibration isolation[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2020,489:115685. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115685

[148] Zhou Youchuan, Ye Lin, Chen Yuan.Investigation of novel 3D-printed diatomic and local resonant metamaterials with impact mitigation capacity[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2021,206:106632. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.106632

[149] Casablanca O, Ventura G, Garescì F,et al.Seismic isolation of buildings using composite foundations based on metamaterials[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2018,123(17):174903. doi:10.1063/1.5018005

[150] Krödel S, Thomé N, Daraio C.Wide band-gap seismic metastructures[J].Extreme Mechanics Letters,2015,4:111‒117. doi:10.1016/j.eml.2015.05.004

[151] Palermo A, Krödel S, Marzani A,et al.Engineered metabarrier as shield from seismic surface waves[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:39356. doi:10.1038/srep39356

[152] Sugino C, Xia Y, Leadenham S,et al.A general theory for bandgap estimation in locally resonant metastructures[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2017,406:104‒123. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2017.06.004

[153] El‒Borgi S, Fernandes R, Rajendran P,et al.Multiple bandgap formation in a locally resonant linear metamaterial beam:Theory and experiments[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2020,488:115647. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115647

[154] Miniaci M, Gliozzi A S, Morvan B,et al.Proof of concept for an ultrasensitive technique to detect and localize so-urces of elastic nonlinearity using phononic crystals[J].Ph-ysical Review Letters,2017,118(21):214301. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.214301

[155] Liu Ze, Shan Shengbo, Cheng Li.Nonlinear-Lamb-wave-based plastic damage detection assisted by topologically designed metamaterial filters[J].Structural Health Monitoring,2023,22(3):1828‒1843. doi:10.1177/14759217221114525

[156] Liu Ze, Shan Shengbo, Cheng Li.A topologically designed metamaterial filter for nonlinear-guided-wave-based structural health monitoring application[J].Journal of Physics:Conference Series,2024,2647(18):182002. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2647/18/182002

[157] Worden K, Cross E J.On switching response surface models,with applications to the structural health monitoring of bridges[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2018,98:139‒156. doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.04.022

[158] Yan A M, Kerschen G, De Boe P,et al.Structural damage diagnosis under varying environmental conditions:Part Ⅰ:A linear analysis[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2005,19(4):847‒864. doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2004.12.002

[159] Chen Y Y, Hu G K, Huang G L.An adaptive metamaterial beam with hybrid shunting circuits for extremely broadband control of flexural waves[J].Smart Materials and Structures,2016,25(10):105036. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/25/10/105036

[160] Pan Hongshan, Li Yuanze, Yu Xiang,et al.Tensegrity structure-inspired tunable membrane-type acoustic metamaterials:Conceptual design,fabrication,and performance investigation[J].Thin-Walled Structures,2025,216:113717. doi:10.1016/j.tws.2025.113717

[161] Guo Jingwen, Fang Yi, Qu Renhao,et al.Development and progress in acoustic phase-gradient metamaterials for wa-vefront modulation[J].Materials Today,2023,66:321‒338. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2023.04.004

[162] Song Ziming, Chen Wei, Jin Shengzhe,et al.Low-frequency sound absorption enhancement in multi-layer honeycomb metamaterials with embedded long-curved-neck Helmholtz resonators[J].Applied Acoustics,2025,240:110909. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.110909

[163] Yu Hexuan, Mu Zhengzhi, Sun Jialve,et al.Bioinspired labyrinthine metamaterials with designable sound-absor-ption capabilities and superior compressive properties[J].Composites Part B:Engineering,2025,307:112849. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112849

[164] Tol S, Degertekin F L, Erturk A.Gradient-index phononic crystal lens-based enhancement of elastic wave energy harvesting[J].Applied Physics Letters,2016,109(6):063902. doi:10.1063/1.4960792

[165] Tol S, Degertekin F L, Erturk A.Phononic crystal Luneburg lens for omnidirectional elastic wave focusing and energy harvesting[J].Applied Physics Letters,2017,111:013503. doi:10.1063/1.4991684

[166] Danawe H, Okudan G, Ozevin D,et al.Conformal gradient-index phononic crystal lens for ultrasonic wave focusing in pipe-like structures[J].Applied Physics Letters,2020,117(2):021906. doi:10.1063/5.0012316

[167] Gonella S, Ruzzene M.Analysis of in-plane wave propagation in hexagonal and re-entrant lattices[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2008,312(1/2):125‒139. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2007.10.033

[168] Zelhofer A J, Kochmann D M.On acoustic wave beaming in two-dimensional structural lattices[J].International Journal of Solids and Structures,2017,115/116:248‒269.

[169] Zhu Hongfei, Semperlotti F.Two-dimensional structure-embedded acoustic lenses based on periodic acoustic bl-ack holes[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2017,122(6):065104. doi:10.1063/1.4998524

[170] Dorin P, Khan M, Wang K W.Uncovering and experimental realization of multimodal 3D topological metamaterials for low-frequency and multiband elastic wave control[J].Advanced Science,2023,10(30):2304793. doi:10.1002/advs.202304793

[171] Jiang Tianxi, Liao Xinxin, Huang Hao,et al.Scattering-coded architectured boundary for computational sensing of elastic waves[J].Cell Reports Physical Science,2022,3(6):100918. doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100918

[172] Xie Yangbo, Tsai T H, Konneker A,et al.Single-sensor multispeaker listening with acoustic metamaterials[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2015,112(34):10595‒10598. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502276112

[173] Cai Xiangyu, Yang Tao, Qin Weiyang,et al.A quasi-zero stiffness energy harvesting isolator with triple negative stiffness[J].Acta Mechanica Sinica,2024,40(8):523531. doi:10.1007/s10409-024-23531-x

[174] Pang Yafeng, He T, Liu Shuainian,et al.Triboelectric na-nogenerator-enabled digital twins in civil engineering infrastructure 4.0:A comprehensive review[J].Advanced Science,2024,11(20):2306574. doi:10.1002/advs.202306574

[175] Cai Qinlin, Zhu Songye.The nexus between vibrationbased energy harvesting and structural vibration control:A comprehensive review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2022,155:111920. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111920

[176] Chen Zhongsheng, Xia Yemei, He Jing,et al.Elastic-electro-mechanical modeling and analysis of piezoelectric metamaterial plate with a self-powered synchronized charge extraction circuit for vibration energy harvesting[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2020,143:106824. doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.106824

[177] Patrick I, Adhikari S, Hussein M I.Metaharvesting:Emergent energy harvesting by piezoelectric metamaterials[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2024,480(2301):20240033. doi:10.1098/rspa.2024.0033

[178] Dong Wenkui, Peng Shuhua, Wang Kejin,et al.Integrated triboelectric self-powering and piezoresistive self-sensing cementitious composites for intelligent civil infrastructure[J].Nano Energy,2025,135:110656. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.110656

[179] Jiao Pengcheng.Emerging artificial intelligence in piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators[J].Nano Energy,2021,88:106227. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106227

[180] Jiao Pengcheng, Matin Nazar A, Egbe K I,et al.Magnetic-ally circular layers triboelectric nanogenerators(MCL‒TE-NG) for velocity sensing and damage detection[J].Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments,2022,53:102644. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2022.102644

[181] Birgin H B, García‒Macías E, D'Alessandro A,et al.Self-powered weigh-in-motion system combining vibration energy harvesting and self-sensing composite pavements[J].Construction and Building Materials,2023,369:130538. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130538

[182] Zhang He, Yang Chunwei, Yu Ying,et al.Origami-tessellation-based triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting with application in road pavement[J].Nano Energy,2020,78:105177. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105177

[183] Hyun J, Jung J, Park J,et al.Simultaneous low-frequency vibration isolation and energy harvesting via attachable metamaterials[J].Nano Convergence,2024,11(1):38. doi:10.1186/s40580-024-00445-2

[184] Pope S A, Roth D J, Bansal A,et al.The 2026 active metamaterials roadmap[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2026,59(14):143001. doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ae11c1

[185] Hong H, Kim W, Kim W,et al.Machine learning-driven design optimization of buckling-induced quasi-zero stiffness metastructures for low-frequency vibration isolation[J].ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2024,16(14):17965‒17972. doi:10.1021/acsami.3c18793

[186] Hao Wenyu, Du Zongliang, Hou Xiuquan,et al.Intelligent design of mechanical metamaterials:A GCNN-based structural genome database approach[J].National Science Review,2025,12(4):nwaf053. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaf053

[187] Daniel A, Bakhtiari H, Nouri A,et al.Fatigue properties of 3D-printed polymeric metamaterials:A review[J].Smart Materials in Manufacturing,2025,3:100076. doi:10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100076

[188] Kappe K, Wahl J P, Gutmann F,et al.Design and manufacturing of a metal-based mechanical metamaterial with tunable damping properties[J].Materials,2022,15(16):5644. doi:10.3390/ma15165644

[189] Li Shu, Zhang Weijia, Ding Siqi,et al.A comprehensive review on energy-absorbing mechanical metamaterials:From mechanisms to applications[J].Composites Part B:Engineering,2026,311:113222. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113222

[190] Gazkooh H K, Sadhu A, Liu Kefu.Vibration-based energy harvesting in large-scale civil infrastructure:A comprehensive outlook of current technologies and future prospects[J].Discover Civil Engineering,2025,2(1):154. doi:10.1007/s44290-025-00308-7

[191] 【校友简介】. doi:10.1007/s44290-025-00308-7

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(52127813)