考虑土体参数空间变异性的地震作用下无限长边坡可靠度研究

朱德胜 ,  夏磊 ,  柯力俊 ,  王震

工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (03) : 106 -114.

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工程科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (03) : 106 -114. DOI: Citation:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400017
土木工程

考虑土体参数空间变异性的地震作用下无限长边坡可靠度研究

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Reliability Analysis of Infinite Slopes Subjected to Seismic Loadings Considering Spatially Variable Shear Strength Parameters

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摘要

土体参数的空间变异性对地震边坡安全评价的影响不可忽视,采用概率分析的方法对地震边坡稳定性进行系统性研究十分必要。基于随机场方法分析水平和竖向地震力共同作用对无限长边坡可靠度的影响,并采用确定性分析方法相互验证。对比分析发现,在水平和竖向地震力共同作用下,即使水平地震力系数较小,竖向地震力对无限长边坡的失效概率仍有明显影响。同时,随着水平地震力系数增大,竖向地震力作用对最危险坡度的影响也逐渐增强。结果表明,对地震力作用下的无限长边坡进行可靠度分析时,水平和竖向地震力作用均不可忽略。

Abstract

Objective Evaluating seismic slope stability is a critical research topic in the field of geotechnical engineering. Natural soils exhibit spatial variability, with properties varying from point to point. This characteristic significantly affects slope stability, necessitating a statistical approach to its investigation. The infinite slope model evaluates the stability of long slopes running down a hillside and analyzes the mechanics of shallow landslides. This study focuses on the reliability of infinite undrained slopes and cohesive-frictional soil slopes subjected to seismic loadings using the random field method. Methods The random field method was adopted to investigate the effects of horizontal and vertical seismic loadings on the reliability of infinite slopes. The deterministic method was also employed to verify the results obtained by the random field method. For deterministic stability analyses of infinite undrained slopes with linearly increasing strength, the infinite slope equation was utilized to evaluate the factor of safety FS and derive the analytical formula for the critical slope angle βmin, which leads to the minimum factor of safety FS. An algorithm generating 1D non-stationary random fields of undrained strength was applied to assess the probability of slope failure pf and determine the critical slope angle βmin, which corresponds to the maximum probability of slope failure pf. For deterministic analyses of infinite cohesive-frictional soil slope stability, the infinite slope equation was employed to analyze the factor of safety FS, with the critical slope angle min obtained by calculating the factor of safety FS at intervals of 0.01. The random field method was then applied to compute the probability of slope failure pf and determine the critical slope angle βmin. Results and Discussions For the infinite undrained slopes subjected to horizontal and vertical seismic loadings, the results showed that as the slope angle β increases, the factor of safety FS initially decreases and then increases, indicating the existence of a critical slope angle βmin. As the value of λ (ratio of the vertical seismic coefficient kv to the horizontal seismic coefficient kh) increases, the critical slope angle min gradually rises, and the effect of the vertical seismic loading on the critical slope angle βmin becomes more significant as the horizontal seismic coefficient kh increases. The results also indicated that as the value of λ increases, the probability of slope failure pf increases significantly, highlighting that the effect of the vertical seismic loading on the reliability of infinite undrained slopes cannot be ignored.In addition, the probability of slope failure pf decreases as the nondimensional spatial correlation length Θ increases and eventually converges asymptotically on the first-order second moment (FOSM) solution, demonstrating that the traditional reliability method may provide unconservative results for infinite undrained slopes subjected to seismic loadings. The analysis further reveals the existence of a critical slope angle βmin, which leads to the maximum value of the probability of slope failure pf, a phenomenon that can also be verified by the deterministic method. For the infinite cohesive-frictional soil slopes subjected to horizontal and vertical seismic loadings, the results showed that as the slope angle β increases, the value of FS/tan ϕ' initially decreases and then increases, indicating the existence of a critical slope angle min. The value of FS/tan ϕ' increases as the nondimensional parameter S = c/(H tan ϕ') increases, while the critical slope angle βmin decreases as the nondimensional parameter S increases. When the horizontal seismic coefficient kh is relatively small, the effect of the vertical seismic loading on the stability of infinite cohesive-frictional soil slopes is not significant. However, as the horizontal seismic coefficient kh increases, the effect of the vertical seismic loading becomes more pronounced. In addition, the influence of the vertical seismic loading on the stability of infinite cohesive-frictional soil slopes is affected by the horizontal seismic coefficient kh, the slope angle β, and the nondimensional parameter S. The critical slope angle βmin increases as the value of λ increases, and the effect of the vertical seismic loading on the critical slope angle βmin for infinite cohesive-frictional soil slopes becomes more evident as the horizontal seismic coefficient kh increases. The critical slope angle βmin decreases as the nondimensional parameter S increases and eventually stabilizes. The critical slope angle βmin increases as the value of λ rises. As the horizontal seismic coefficient kh improves, the effect of the vertical seismic loading on the critical slope angle βmin becomes increasingly significant, particularly for higher values of the nondimensional parameter S. Some results indicate that the probability of slope failure pfincreases as the value of λ increases. In contrast, others show a decrease in the probability of slope failure pf as the value of λ increases. This phenomenon can also be confirmed by the deterministic method. There exists a critical slope angle βmin that leads to the maximum probability of slope failure pf, with the critical slope angle βmin being consistent with previous results. Conclusions For infinite slopes subjected to seismic loadings, the effect of the vertical seismic loading on the probability of slope failure pf remains significant even when the horizontal seismic coefficient kh is small. Both horizontal and vertical seismic loadings must be considered when performing seismic reliability analyses of infinite slopes. There exists a critical slope angle βmin that results in the maximum probability of slope failure pf for infinite slopes. In addition, the influence of the vertical seismic loading on the critical slope angle βmin becomes increasingly apparent as the horizontal seismic coefficient kh increases.

Graphical abstract

关键词

无限长边坡 / 地震力 / 最危险坡度 / 可靠度分析 / 随机场模拟

Key words

infinite slope / seismic loading / critical slope angle / reliability analysis / random field simulation

引用本文

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朱德胜,夏磊,柯力俊,王震. 考虑土体参数空间变异性的地震作用下无限长边坡可靠度研究[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2025, 57(03): 106-114 DOI:Citation:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400017

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全世界每年都有报道边坡失稳的问题,特别是地震引起的滑坡,严重威胁人民生命财产安全[1]。众多专家学者采用不同的方法对地震作用下的边坡稳定性进行了研究,包括拟静力法[25]、永久位移法[69]、有限元法[1013]。然而,土体参数具有不确定性[1416],对边坡的稳定评价有重要影响。因此,采用概率分析方法对地震边坡稳定性进行研究十分必要。
边坡稳定分析方法中,基于无限长边坡方程的方法相对简单,可得到边坡安全系数的解析解[17]。现实中许多位于基岩上的山地边坡,其坡面长度远大于高度,即长边坡。该类边坡滑动面常与基岩表面平行,可视为无限长边坡破坏,在边坡稳定分析领域常用无限长边坡模型研究这一类浅层滑坡问题[18]。Griffiths等[19]提出随机场方法研究无限长边坡可靠度,土体强度参数由随机场理论生成,在模拟土体强度参数空间变异性时假定参数均值和方差不随深度的变化而改变。然而,土体不排水强度均值具有随深度增长的发展趋势[14]。Cai[20]和Zhu[21]等相继提出土体参数非平稳随机场模拟方法,研究无限长边坡可靠度。基于Zhu等[22]提出的不排水强度2维随机场模拟方法,Zhu等[23]对适用于无限长边坡土体的1维非平稳随机场进行模拟,分析了静力和水平地震力作用下土体不排水强度均值随深度线性增长的无限长边坡可靠度。然而,地震作用下的无限长边坡会同时受到水平和竖向地震影响,竖向地震力系数kv的绝对值通常为水平地震力系数kh的0.5~0.7倍,在震中及强震地区该比值可达到1.0以上[24]。本文对Zhu等[23]的工作进行拓展,研究水平和竖向地震力作用下无限长不排水和摩擦‒黏性土边坡可靠度。研究成果将丰富边坡稳定可靠度分析理论。

1 无限长不排水边坡

1.1 确定性分析

以地震作用下土体不排水强度随深度线性增长的无限长边坡为例,其模型如图1所示。图1中,深色部分为无限长边坡单位宽度竖向土柱,β为边坡坡度,F为单位宽度竖向土柱两侧的侧向力,H为基岩上覆土体边坡高度,z为坡面至潜在破坏面的深度,cu0为无限长边坡顶部土体不排水强度,cuz为坡面以下深度z处土体不排水强度,ρ为土体不排水强度增长率。本文基于拟静力法,将地震力表示为地震力系数与无限长边坡单位宽度竖向土柱重量W的乘积,即水平地震力为khW、竖向地震力为kvW。为简化分析,不考虑地震引起的孔隙水压力,正的竖向地震力方向为竖直向下。

无限长边坡模型通常假定边坡坡面长度远大于边坡高度H,任取一单位宽度竖向土柱进行受力分析时,作用于竖向土柱两侧的侧向力F大小相等且方向相反。因此,边坡单位宽度竖向土柱两侧的侧向力相互抵消,只需考虑单位宽度竖向土柱潜在破坏面上的极限平衡。无限长边坡安全系数FS为作用于单位宽度竖向土柱潜在破坏面上抗滑力与滑动力的比值[25]。则地震作用下土体不排水强度随深度线性增长的无限长边坡安全系数可表示为:

FS=mincu0+ρz(1+kv) sin β+khcos βγzcos β

式中,0<zHγ为土体重度。

式(1)可知,当参数cu0ργβkhkv保持不变时,最小值出现在无限长边坡最底部。因此,对于水平和竖向地震力作用下土体不排水强度随深度线性增长的无限长边坡,其安全系数为:

FS=cu0+ρH(1+kv) sin βcos β+khcos2βγH
fβ,kh,kv=(1+kv) sin βcos β+khcos2β

求解式(3)的最大值可获得最危险坡度βmin(该坡度对应于FS最小值)的解析解。对式(3)求导,得βmin的解析解为:

βmin=12arctan 1+kvkh

为进一步研究地震作用下无限长不排水边坡的最危险坡度,算例边坡取值如下:H=2.5 m,γ=20 kN/m3cu0=25 kPa,ρ=0.2 kN/m3。本文定义λ为竖向地震力系数与水平地震力系数比,即λ=kv/khλ取-1.0、-0.5、0、0.5、1.0。

图2为不同水平地震力系数下算例边坡的安全系数解析解(由式(2)计算)。由图2可知,当kh一定时,随着λ的增大,FS逐渐减小。这是因为当λ取负值时,竖向地震力kvW作用方向竖直向上,相当于减小了无限长边坡竖向土柱的自重,使边坡安全系数增大,通过式(2)也可验证该结论;同时,可观察到在水平和竖向地震力共同作用下,随着边坡坡度β增大,无限长边坡的安全系数FS先减小后增大,这表明存在一个最危险坡度βmin使边坡安全系数FS取最小值。

图3为不同水平地震力系数下,λ对无限长不排水边坡βmin的影响。由图3可知,当kh一定时,随着λ的增大,βmin逐渐增大。随着λ从-1.0增大至1.0,当kh=0.1时,βmin增大约0.6°;当kh=0.2时,βmin增大约2.3°;当kh=0.3时,βmin增大约5.0°。说明随着kh的增大,竖向地震力作用对无限长不排水边坡βmin的影响逐渐显著。βmin对初步评价无限长边坡地震稳定性有一定的参考作用。

1.2 可靠度分析

以土体不排水强度均值μcuz随深度线性增长的无限长边坡为例,μcuz随深度z变化可表示为:

μcuz=μcu0+ρz

式中,μcu0为无限长边坡顶部土体不排水强度均值。

本文采用Zhu等[23]提出的无限长边坡土体不排水强度1维非平稳随机场模拟方法,其步骤如下:

1)采用局部平均法[26],基于无限长边坡顶部(z=0)土体不排水强度参数统计信息,即均值σcu0、标准差σcu0和相关距离θ,生成初始的1维平稳的对数正态分布随机场,将该阶段生成的初始值c0i赋值给无限长边坡所有单元。

2)考虑无限长不排水边坡其他深度(z>0),将所有单元的土体不排水强度参数值采用比例因子进行调整,有:

czi=c0iμcu0+ρzμcu0

式中,czi为第i个单元土体不排水强度参数值。

本文将无限长不排水边坡单位宽度竖向土柱划分为100个等厚单元,并将1维非平稳随机场方法生成的参数赋予各个单元。在每次蒙特卡罗模拟时,程序将计算每一个单元的安全系数(共100个),其中,最小的安全系数即为无限长不排水边坡的安全系数。文献[19]表明,通过5 000次蒙特卡罗模拟可得到稳定的无限长边坡失效概率结果,本文同样取蒙特卡罗模拟次数为5 000,由5 000次蒙特卡罗模拟得到5 000个边坡安全系数值,无限长不排水边坡失效概率即为安全系数小于1的次数与5 000的比值。图4为计算无限长不排水边坡失效概率流程。

为研究地震力对无限长不排水边坡可靠度的影响,算例边坡取值如下:μcu0=25 kPa,H=2.5 m,γ=20 kN/m3β=30°,不排水强度变异系数vcu=0.1ρ=0.2 kN/m3kh=0.1λ分别为-1.0、 -0.5、0、0.5、1.0。本文采用1次2阶矩方法(FOSM)与随机场方法的计算结果进行对比。

图5为不同λ条件下无限长不排水边坡失效概率pf与无量纲相关距离(Θ=θ/H)的关系。由图5可知:在相同的Θ下,当λ从-1.0增大至1.0时,边坡失效概率显著增大,说明竖向地震力对无限长边坡可靠度的影响不可忽略;对于不同的λ,无限长边坡失效概率pf随着无量纲相关距离Θ的增大而减小,最终收敛于FOSM计算结果,说明对地震作用下无限长不排水边坡采用传统的可靠度分析方法,会得到不保守的结果。

图6为地震力作用下无限长不排水边坡失效概率与边坡坡度的关系曲线。无限长边坡基本参数为:μcu0=25 kPa,H=2.5 m,γ=20 kN/m3ρ=0.2 kN/m3vcu=0.1Θ=4。由图6可知,当kh=0.1、kv=-0.05、β=42°时,边坡失效概率最大,由式(4)计算得到的βmin大约为42°。

2 无限长摩擦黏性土边坡

2.1 确定性分析

图7为地震作用下无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡模型示意图。图7中,ϕ'为有效内摩擦角。

地震作用下无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡安全系数为[25]

FS=minc'γz1(1+kv) sin βcos β+khcos2β+(1+kv) cos β-khsin β(1+kv) sin β+khcos βtan ϕ'

式中,0<zHc'为有效黏聚力。

式(7)可知:当参数c'ϕ'γβkhkv保持不变时,最小值出现在无限长边坡最底部。因此,地震作用下无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡安全系数为:

FS=c'(1+kv) sin βcos β+khcos2βγH+(1+kv) cos2 β-khsin βcos βγHtan ϕ'(1+kv) sin βcos β+khcos2βγH

地震作用下无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡安全系数的表达式中参数较多,现将式(8)适当转化,两边同时除以tan ϕ'可得:

FStan ϕ'=c'γHtan ϕ'1((1+kv) sin βcos β+khcos2β)+(1+kv) cos β-khsin β(1+kv) sin β+khcos β

本文采用无量纲参数S=c'/(γHtan ϕ')[27],将式(9)进一步表示为:

FStan ϕ'=S(1+kv) sin βcos β+khcos2β+(1+kv) cos β-khsin β(1+kv) sin β+khcos β

水平地震力系数kh=0.1、0.2、0.3时,不同λS条件下FS/tan ϕ'β的关系曲线分别如图8~10所示。由图8~10可知:随着β的增大,FS/tan ϕ'先减小后增大,说明地震力作用下无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡存在一个最危险坡度βmin;当khλ一定时,FS/tan ϕ'随着S的增大而增大,βmin随着S的增大而减小;当kh较小时(kh=0.1),竖向地震力对边坡稳定性的影响并不大,随着kh的增大,竖向地震力对边坡稳定性的影响逐渐显著;此外,同一方向的竖向地震力作用对于无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡稳定性的影响并不是单一地有利于稳定或不利于稳定,还与khβS有关。以图10(c)为例:当β为10°时,FS/tan ϕ'随着λ的增大而增大;当β为80°时,FS/tan ϕ'随着λ的增大而减小。这是因为无限长边坡安全系数为潜在破坏面上抗滑力与滑动力的比值,而khβS的变化均会影响潜在破坏面上抗滑力与滑动力的比值。

由于地震作用下无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡FS/tan ϕ'的表达式较为复杂,难以直接求βmin的解析式。根据最危险坡度的定义,在不同条件下将不同β分别代入FS/tan ϕ'的表达式中进行计算,通过记录(每隔0.01°记录一个数值)使无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡取得最小FS/tan ϕ'β,获得对应条件下的βmin图11kh取0.1、0.2和0.3时,不同λS条件下无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡最危险坡度βmin。由图11可知:当khS一定时,βminλ的增大而增大。当S一定时,随着λ从-1.0增大至1.0,kh=0.1对应βmin增大约2.0°,kh=0.2对应βmin增大约4.5°,kh=0.3对应βmin增大约7.3°,说明随着kh的增大,竖向地震力作用对无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡βmin的影响逐渐显著。

图12kh=0.1、0.2和0.3时,不同λ条件下无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡最危险坡度βmin与无量纲参数S的关系曲线。由图12可知:最危险坡度βmin随着S的增大而逐渐减小,直至趋于一个稳定值;当S相同时,最危险坡度βmin随着λ的增大而增大;随着水平地震力系数kh的增大,竖向地震力作用对最危险坡度βmin的影响逐渐显著,特别是在S的值较大的情况下。

2.2 可靠度分析

为研究地震力作用对无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡可靠度的影响,算例边坡取值如下:H=5 m,γ=17 kN/m3,有效黏聚力均值μc'=10 kPa,有效黏聚力变异系数vc'=0.3,均值μtan ϕ'=0.577 4,变异系数vtan ϕ'=0.3,相关系数ρc'tan ϕ'=0β=30°。本文不考虑c'ϕ'之间的相关性(即相关系数ρc'tan ϕ'=0)。图13为当kh=0.10.2时,不同λ条件下无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡失效概率pf与无量纲相关距离Θ的关系曲线。由图13(a)可以看出:当kh=0.1时,pf随着Θ的增大而减小;在相同的Θ下,当λ从-1.0增大至1.0时,pf增大,即此时竖直向下的地震力增大了边坡失效概率。由图13(b)可知,在相同的Θ下,当λ从-1.0增大至1.0时,pf降低,此时竖直向下的地震力减小了边坡失效概率。该结论与确定性分析结果一致,即同一方向的竖向地震力作用对于无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡稳定性的影响并不是单一地有利于边坡稳定或不利于边坡稳定,还与khβS有关。

图14为算例边坡在μc'=49.08 kPa,Θ=4kh=0.2kv=-0.1时失效概率与边坡坡度的关系曲线。此时,无量纲参数S的均值μS=49.08/ 17×5×0.577 41.0。由图14可知,当kh=0.2、kv=-0.1、β=50°时,边坡失效概率最大,这与确定性分析图11(b)中的最危险坡度值对应。

3 结 论

本文采用随机场方法对地震作用下无限长边坡进行了可靠度分析,并基于确定性分析方法进行了验证。主要结论如下:

1)对于地震作用下的无限长边坡,即使kh较小,竖向地震力对无限长边坡的失效概率pf仍有明显影响,因此对地震作用下无限长边坡进行可靠度分析时,水平和竖向地震力作用均不可忽略。

2)对于无限长不排水边坡,存在一个βmin使边坡失效概率最大。kh一定时,βmin随着λ的增大而增大。随着kh增大,竖向地震力作用对βmin的影响逐渐增强。

3)对于无限长摩擦‒黏性土边坡,同样存在一个βmin使得pf最大。βmin随着无量纲参数S的增大而逐渐减小,直至趋于一稳定数值;当S相同时,最危险坡度随着λ的增大而增大。随着水平地震力系数的增大,竖向地震力作用对最危险坡度的影响逐渐显著;随着S值的增大,该影响更为显著。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(51808484)

国家自然科学基金项目(52308378)

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