颈椎前路手术治疗颈椎退行性疾病的现状及趋势

孔清泉 ,  张斌

西南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (03) : 235 -241.

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西南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (03) : 235 -241. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-3351.2025.03.001
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颈椎前路手术治疗颈椎退行性疾病的现状及趋势

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Current Status and Trends of Anterior Cervical Surgery in the Treatment of Cervical Degenerative Diseases

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摘要

近年来颈椎退行性疾患的发病率日益升高,预期更多的患者需要手术干预。颈椎前路手术已广泛用于颈椎退行性疾病的治疗,其最大优势是创伤较小、能直接解除脊髓前方的压迫。但是前路手术的方式多种多样,骨科医师需要了解不同术式的优缺点,避免盲目扩大适应证,同时根据自己对该技术的掌握情况,制订个体化的手术方案。颈椎前路手术的微创化、精准化是未来的趋势,随着手术技术、器械工具的不断创新,以及机器人导航等先进技术的应用,将会为颈椎前路手术提供更清晰的视野、更微创的操作、更精准的减压,使手术的临床效果及安全性都得到进一步提高。本文就颈椎前路手术治疗颈椎退行性疾病的现状及趋势做一述评,以期为临床治疗提供参考。

Abstract

The incidence of cervical degenerative diseases has been progressively increasing in recent years, and it is anticipated that a growing number of patients will require surgical intervention. Anterior cervical surgery has been widely adopted for managing cervical degenerative pathologies, with its principal advantages being minimal invasiveness and direct decompression of anterior spinal cord compression. However, the diverse array of anterior surgical approaches necessitates that surgeons thoroughly comprehend the merits and limitations of different techniques. Clinicians should avoid indiscriminate expansion of surgical indications while formulating personalized surgical plans based on their proficiency with specific procedures. The evolution towards minimally invasive and precision-oriented anterior cervical surgery represents an inevitable trend. Continuous innovations in surgical techniques and instrumentation, coupled with the maturation and application of advanced technologies such as robotic navigation, are expected to enhance intraoperative visualization, refine minimally invasive manipulations, and optimize decompression accuracy. These advancements will collectively improve both clinical outcomes and safety in anterior cervical surgery.This review examines the current landscape and evolving trends of anterior cervical surgical approaches in the management of cervical degenerative disorders, with the objective of informing clinical decision-making.

关键词

颈椎退行性疾病 / 颈椎前路手术 / 并发症

Key words

Cervical degenerative disease / Anterior cervical surgery / Complications

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孔清泉,张斌. 颈椎前路手术治疗颈椎退行性疾病的现状及趋势[J]. 西南医科大学学报, 2025, 48(03): 235-241 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2096-3351.2025.03.001

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颈椎退行性疾病是指在颈椎间盘、椎间关节退变的基础上继发增生、肥厚、骨化等病理改变造成对相邻神经、血管结构压迫或激惹的常见骨科退行性疾患[1-3]。随着老龄化社会的到来和现代人们生活方式的改变,颈椎退行性疾病的发病率不断升高,需要手术治疗的患者也随之增多。20世纪50年代SMITH 等[4]率先提出了颈椎前路手术技术,之后颈椎前路手术广泛应用于治疗颈椎病、椎间盘突出、椎管狭窄、后纵韧带骨化等颈椎退行性疾病[5-7]。与颈椎后路手术相比,颈椎前路手术可彻底解除椎管前方的压迫、增加手术节段融合率、重建颈椎稳定性、恢复颈椎生理曲度,并能取得满意的临床疗效[8]。随着器械工具的改进、手术技术的发展,一系列颈椎前路手术改良术式被临床应用,使颈椎前路手术的适用范围进一步扩大。但由于颈前区域毗邻组织结构复杂,前入路手术存在一定的手术风险及独特且危险的并发症[9-10]。同时部分前路手术的适应证、远期效果存在争议。现结合临床应用颈椎前路手术治疗颈椎退行性疾病的体会,参阅相关文献,对颈椎前路手术治疗颈椎退行性疾病的现状及趋势作一述评,以供临床治疗参考。

1 颈椎前路手术的特点及适应证

颈椎前路手术通过内脏鞘和血管鞘之间的自然间隙进入,具有创伤小、出血少、容易显露的优点;对椎管前方的致病因素能直接、彻底减压;通过撑开椎间隙并融合支撑可有效恢复高度、保留或恢复颈椎生理曲度;融合节段可获得较好的初始稳定性。颈椎前路手术以横切口为主、皮内缝合切口更为美观,对于多节段手术的患者也可选择斜形切口。颈椎前路手术主要包括椎管减压和稳定性重建两个关键步骤。减压可通过椎间隙或经椎体完成。稳定性重建方式包括椎间融合器、人工椎间盘、钛网及人工椎体、辅助钉板内固定等。

目前颈椎前路手术的适应证仍有争议[11-13]。总体而言,颈椎退行性疾病经3个月以上正规、系统的保守治疗无效,或症状反复发作、严重影响日常生活和工作的患者可考虑行手术治疗[12]。其中对于脊髓型颈椎病患者,原则上应手术治疗,对于症状呈进行性加重者应尽早手术治疗[13]。对于接受保守治疗的脊髓型颈椎病患者,若出现以下情况可转为手术治疗:椎管重度狭窄、椎管占位率 > 50%;颈椎节段不稳;颈椎后凸畸形;MRI脊髓高信号[12]。这些患者中,对于压迫脊髓或神经的前方病变,如椎间盘突出、骨化,病变范围局限于3个节段的病例应优先考虑行颈椎前路手术。

2 颈椎前路手术方式及特点

2.1 颈椎前路椎间盘切除减压融合术

颈椎前路椎间盘切除减压融合术 (anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF )通过切除椎间盘到达椎管前方,直接解除脊髓和神经根压迫,并通过椎间植骨、融合器内固定实现节段稳定。ACDF是临床应用最广泛的颈椎前路手术方式,已成为治疗颈椎退行性疾病的金标准,尤其适用于颈椎间盘突出、椎体后缘轻度骨赘增生、局限性后纵韧带骨化或椎间孔狭窄导致的神经根型或脊髓型颈椎病[14]。该技术通过显微镜、内镜辅助可以获得更清晰的手术视野、更彻底地减压[15]。ACDF具有手术时间短、出血少、创伤小、能更好地恢复颈椎生理曲度的优点。对于跳跃的多节段病变,也可实施跳跃式减压,避免了牺牲正常的颈椎节段。ACDF联合零切迹融合器可减少吞咽困难发生。但ACDF手术视野相对局限,对于病变位于椎体后方的情况,常不能彻底减压。

2.2 颈椎前路椎体次全切除减压融合术

颈椎前路椎体次全切除减压融合术 (anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF )通过切除部分椎体及相邻椎间盘可获得更大的操作空间,能更广泛地对椎体后方减压,椎体切除后可选择钛网或人工椎体、辅助钢板螺钉重建颈椎序列。尤其适用于多节段脊髓型颈椎病、椎间盘脱出至椎体后方、连续2个节段重度狭窄、椎体后方骨化等颈椎间隙不能充分减压的病例[16]。ACCF能充分切除椎体及后纵韧带,具有广泛减压的优点。但由于内植物跨越距离较长,头尾端应力大,容易出现内植物下沉、松动、不融合等并发症,同时该技术对颈椎曲度恢复有限,手术出血、创伤亦相对较大。

2.3 人工颈椎间盘置换术

人工颈椎间盘置换术 (artificial cervical disc replacement,ACDR )是在椎间盘切除减压后使用人工椎间盘重建颈椎序列,恢复了手术节段高度、保留了节段的活动度,同时降低了邻近节段退变的发生率[17-19]。ACDR技术需要更严格的病例筛选,其理想适应证为:年龄 18 ~ 55 岁,责任节段无明显退变及不稳,C3 ~ C7之间单节段软性椎间盘突出的患者[20-21]。对于C2/3、C7/T1节段置换,双节段的椎间盘置换、ACDF术后邻椎病等为相对适应证[21-22]。该技术具有保留颈椎活动度、无须植骨等优点。但随着ACDR技术的广泛应用,出现了主要包括假体松动及移位、假体下沉、异位骨化及自发融合、置换节段后凸畸形等[23-26]

2.4 颈椎前路椎体骨化物复合体前移融合术

颈椎前路椎体骨化物复合体前移融合术 (anterior controllable antidisplacement and fusion,ACAF )不直接切除骨化物而是通过将骨化后纵韧带及前方部分椎体前移扩大椎管容积,从而达到减压的目的[27-28]。主要适用于合并后纵韧带骨化的脊髓型颈椎病、K线阴性的颈椎管狭窄伴后凸畸形病例。该技术能减少直接减压而出现的脊髓神经损伤、硬膜撕裂等风险,同时可有效恢复颈椎生理曲度。但该技术难度大、需精准截骨及控制骨化物前移距离,学习曲线较陡峭,同时存在椎管内骨化物残留、提拉不完全、椎间不融合等并发症[27-30]

2.5 颈椎前路X形椎体次全切除融合术

颈椎前路X形椎体次全切除融合术(anterior cervical X-shape corpectomy and fusion,ACXF)通过对椎体前方“V”形截骨和后方“倒V”字形截骨减压实施,将传统的椎体次全切转化为双节段的ACDF手术[31]。ACXF适用于治疗双节段颈椎退行性疾病。该技术能有效减压椎体后方的压迫,并保留部分椎体骨质、同时获得完整的前方截骨块用于重建椎体结构,从而避免了ACCF手术。同时较ACCF下沉率更低、手术创伤更小。但该技术横向减压范围有限,对截骨的操作要求较高,且现有内固定系统不能完全满足重建的需要[32]

3 颈椎前路手术并发症

随着颈椎外科理论和技术的不断成熟与进步,颈椎前路手术例数不断增多,其并发症发生率呈下降趋势,但并发症种类却有所增多[33-34]。虽然脊髓神经损伤、血管及食管损伤等并发症呈下降趋势,但吞咽困难、C5神经根麻痹等并发症的报道反而呈上升趋势[35-36]

3.1 吞咽困难

吞咽困难是颈椎前路手术最常见的并发症之一。由于对吞咽困难的评估方式不同,报道的差异为1.7%至90%[37-39]。大部分患者在术后3个月内逐渐好转,但也有文献报道术后1年仍有13% ~ 21%的发生率[40]。高位颈椎手术(C3/4)和颈椎翻修手术通常被认为是导致术后吞咽困难增加的因素。尽管不同文献中的研究结果并不一致,但其他因素如手术时间、颈椎曲度、局部类固醇应用、钢板厚度和手术方式对吞咽困难也有影响[41-42]。由于咽丛主要协调和控制吞咽动作,本团队研究发现在颈椎前路手术中充分地保护咽部自主神经可有效减少直接和间接的咽丛神经损伤[43]。在暴露过程中,避免大面积锐性分离颈深筋膜中层,充分保护舌骨平面之上的颈深筋膜中层。在显露椎前筋膜时,钝性分离应沿肩胛舌骨肌外侧缘进行,避免进入内脏鞘,避免长时间牵拉切口。这些自主神经保护措施能降低吞咽困难的发生。

3.2 C5神经麻痹

C5神经麻痹是指术后出现三角肌、肱二头肌的肌力下降,也可同时出现感觉障碍,麻痹多于术后3天内发生,常见于单侧[44]。颈椎前路手术C5神经麻痹的发生率为0% ~ 30%[45-47],研究表明ACCF、三节段以上的手术有更高的C5神经麻痹的发生率[48]。目前,对于C5神经麻痹的病因学探讨仍然有较大争议,普遍认为可能原因有:①术中神经根医源性损伤;②脊髓后移后的神经根栓系;③脊髓的缺血与再灌注损伤;④术中对脊髓前角的挤压损伤[49]。其治疗方式包括支具外固定,高压氧治疗、物理治疗、辅助上肢功能练习等。

3.3 食管损伤

食管损伤在颈椎前路手术中发生率较低,约0.04% ~ 1.15%[50-51]。该并发症的后果较严重,可继发伤口感染、骨髓炎、纵膈感染、食管狭窄,严重者可导致椎管内感染、颅内感染甚至死亡[51]。食管损伤大多是由于电刀、拉钩等器械的直接损伤导致,螺钉退出、融合器移位也容易发生食管损伤[52]。术中应仔细操作,完全牵开以保护食管,避免持续牵拉挤压食管,增加内固定稳定性避免松动脱落。如果术中发现明显液体漏出,应立即检查损伤部位,如果发现食管撕裂,应由胸外科医师协助修复,术后安置胃管、静脉营养、抗生素预防感染 [53]

3.4 颈部血肿

颈部血肿包含椎前血肿和椎管内血肿两种类型,属于术后极为严重的并发症,对患者生命安全构成直接威胁。据相关文献数据,椎前血肿的发生概率为0.2% ~ 1.9%[54-56],椎管内血肿的发生概率则介于0.1%至0.8%[57-59]。颈部血肿的发生与术中彻底地止血操作紧密相关,术中细致的止血处理、减少颈部软组织的牵拉以及防止颈部深层组织的钝性分离,是预防颈部血肿的关键措施。由于血肿多在颈椎前路手术后的24 h内[60],故术后第1天需严密关注。一旦发现颈部切口张力不断增加、引流液量突然增多且颜色鲜红、呼吸困难症状逐渐加重、四肢肌力显著下降等情况,应高度怀疑血肿的发生。针对椎前血肿,其通常以呼吸困难、氧饱和度降低为典型表现,确诊后应立即在床边拆除伤口缝线或实施气管切开术,优先解决呼吸道阻塞问题,随后于手术室探查止血。对于椎管内血肿,则需密切关注四肢肌力,若肌力保持稳定且未出现明显下降,可采取降压、使用止血药物严密关注;若肌力持续性下降,且影像学检查明确血肿,应尽快再次手术行血肿清除、止血减压。

3.5 脑脊液漏

在颈椎前路手术中,硬膜撕裂的概率通常不超过1%[61-62]。一旦发生皮下脑脊液漏,会导致伤口愈合不佳,颈部包块影响呼吸及吞咽,还会增加伤口感染、深部感染的风险。在手术中如果硬膜撕裂,可以采取以下措施预防脑脊液漏:对于小的硬膜撕裂,可以使用缝线直接修复。对于较大的硬膜缺损,则可以人工硬膜补片或肌肉筋膜等修复。使用可吸收补片及纤维蛋白胶可显著降低亚临床性脑脊液漏的发生率[63]。在颈椎前路手术中,若操作空间受限无法直接修复,可将可吸收硬膜补片用纤维蛋白胶固定在硬膜上。

3.6 喉上神经/喉返神经损伤

在颈椎前路手术中,喉上神经和喉返神经损伤可能导致一系列声带麻痹相关的并发症,如声音嘶哑、气道梗阻、饮水呛咳等。导致声带麻痹的危险因素包括直接损伤神经、椎前软组织的过度牵拉以及钝性分离等。有研究指出由于右侧喉返神经的行程较短且倾斜度更大,在采用右侧颈前路手术时,喉返神经损伤的风险比左侧入路更高。发生喉上神经及喉返神经损伤后主要采用保守疗法,神经营养药物、物理治疗、发声练习等。

3.7 假关节形成

文献报道颈椎前路手术后假关节形成的发生率差异较大,从0%到50%不等[64-66]。骨质疏松、融合器下沉、多节段手术、吸烟、糖尿病以及生长抑制剂的使用都是假关节形成的危险因素[67-68]。使用骨形态发生蛋白等骨移植替代物可提高颈椎前路手术的融合率。钩椎关节植骨能提高颈椎前路手术早期融合率[69]。研究表明,在采用钢板固定的前路颈椎间盘切除融合术(ACDF)组、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)组以及手术节段较少的组中,假关节的发生率显著降低[70]

3.8 椎动脉损伤

颈椎前路手术中出现椎动脉损伤的风险相对较低,其发生率大约在0.07% ~ 0.50%[71-72]。椎动脉损伤的表现形式多样,出血、假性动脉瘤、血栓形成、脑缺血,甚至可能导致死亡[73-74]。在标准的ACDF手术中,椎动脉通常不会受到损伤。然而,如果手术器械过度越过椎体边缘、侧方椎体切除过多可能增加损伤风险。除了手术操作失误,椎动脉的解剖结构异常、肿瘤侵犯以及放疗等因素也可能导致损伤。处理椎动脉损伤包括控制局部出血、预防椎基底动脉缺血和降低脑血管风险[75]。在止血剂应用后,采用血管内支架技术是修复椎动脉的有效方法[76-77]。在发现可疑椎动脉损伤的情况,血管外科团队应及早协助干预。

4 手术相关技术的革新

4.1 超声骨刀的应用

在颈椎前路手术中使用超声骨刀可有效减少出血和缩短手术时间,并提升手术的安全性和有效性[78-80]。超声骨刀在切割骨组织时不会损伤周围软组织,从而降低硬膜、神经等重要软组织的损伤风险。此外,超声骨刀具备瞬间高温和空化效应,这些特性有助于减少出血,利于保持手术视野的清晰。超声骨刀还具有操作精度高的特点,显著降低了术中脊髓损伤的风险。此外超声骨刀的刀头设计多样,包括不同形状和角度,更有利于椎体后缘的潜行减压。对于后纵韧带骨化患者,通过上下椎间隙的潜行减压,能实现椎体后方的接近全程的减压,从而避免了更大创伤的ACCF手术[81]

4.2 颈椎前方自主神经保护

保护咽部自主神经能降低经前路术后吞咽困难的发生[43]。在显露C4以上节段的手术中,广泛锐利地解剖颈深筋膜中层结构可能直接损伤咽丛,导致术后吞咽困难并发症。另外,颈动脉鞘和内脏鞘均为咽丛的行走支配范围。如果在手术中损伤这两个鞘的筋膜,自主神经损伤的风险会增加,从而增加术后吞咽困难的发生率。虽然大多数吞咽困难在术后3月均有明显恢复,但若长期无法恢复可能与咽部自主神经受到不可逆的损伤相关。为了减少直接损伤自主神经,应避免大面积锐性分离深筋膜中层,尤其应充分保护舌骨平面之上的颈深筋膜中层。同时在显露椎前筋膜时,建议以肩胛舌骨肌外侧缘为解剖标志钝性分离,最大限度降低进入内脏鞘的风险。为了减少间接损伤自主神经,操作时应注意通过颈长肌深层解剖,暴露颈椎骨性结构,保证其完整性。在牵拉器的外表面套上橡胶套,以缓冲内脏鞘的压力,同时减少长时间持续牵拉损伤。

4.3 椎体前缘骨质保护

既往在ACDF手术中为了获得更好的手术区域视野,往往需要过多地切除椎体前缘的骨赘,外科医生常常更注重对椎体终板结构的保护,而忽略了对椎体前缘骨质的保护。课题组研究发现在ACDF使用零切迹融合器时,椎体前缘骨组织保护能有效降低融合器下沉的发生[82]。术中可以切除椎体前缘明显增生的骨赘,但尽量不要破坏前缘的骨皮质结构。为了获得更好的视野,本研究使用撑开器适当打开间隙,使用有角度的超声骨刀进行椎管内减压,可以更容易地切除椎体后缘的骨赘,达到更好的减压效果。

4.4 内镜技术辅助手术

随着内镜技术的发展,经前路全内镜下经椎间盘/椎体减压已应用于颈椎间盘突出的减压手术中。但是该技术经过椎间盘入路会加速椎间盘的退化,经椎体入路减压范围局限,这些因素限制了内镜技术在前路减压手术中的应用[83]。近年来内镜技术辅助颈椎前路融合手术主要包括在空气介质下切口显露,以及在水介质下椎管减压两种场景[84-85]。在空气介质下行切口暴露,能减少冲洗水流入周围间隙及纵膈。在水介质下椎间隙减压时使用内镜,具有更好的软组织分辨能力、视野更清晰,更有利于止血、减压等精细操作,同时30°内镜更大的视场角可以更好地进行椎间隙后缘的潜行减压。内镜技术目前仅应用于辅助颈椎前路手术,手术流程与传统ACDF手术类似,全内镜下的ACDF手术目前仅在探索阶段,需要配合特殊的器械工作实施、技术难度更大。

4.5 导航、机器人的应用

目前脊柱导航、机器人系统主要用于植入椎弓根螺钉 [86-88]。由于颈椎前方的解剖结构复杂,颈椎椎体骨质小,机器人手术可能出现注册失败、漂移,从而导致严重并发症的发生,目前颈椎前路使用导航机器人系统大多仅是病例报道、技术可行性报道[89]。国内研究者报告了1例应用机器人辅助的Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的病例,通过颈椎前路置入了1枚齿状突螺钉,置钉误差仅为0.9 mm,临床及影像学检查结果均显示良好[90]。MOLTENI等[91]利用达·芬奇机器人手术系统验证了经口机器人辅助手术应用于上颈椎及颅颈交界区的可行性。脊柱机器人、导航显著提升了脊柱手术的精确性和安全性,特别是在处理复杂畸形或解剖结构复杂的病例时,其优势更加明显。尽管目前机器人在颈椎前路手术中还处于发展阶段,但随着人工智能技术的不断融合,这一领域有望在未来取得更大的突破[92]

5 小结与展望

随着人口老龄化的加剧和生活方式的改变,颈椎退行性疾病的发生率不断攀升,预计未来将有更多患者需要手术干预。颈椎前路手术的主要优势在于能够直接解除脊髓前方的压迫,同时具有创伤小、临床效果显著的优点。然而颈椎前路手术方式多样,手术医生需要充分了解各种手术方式的利弊,避免盲目扩大手术适应证,同时应根据自身对技术的熟练程度,选择最适合的手术方案。微创化和精准化是颈椎前路手术发展的趋势,相信在将来随着手术技术、器械工具的不断创新,以及机器人导航等先进技术的成熟应用,将会为颈椎前路手术提供更清晰的视野、更微创的操作、更精准的减压,使手术的临床效果及安全性都得到进一步提高。

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西藏自治区重大科技专项(XZ202201ZD0001G)

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