宫腔微生态系统与子宫内膜病变的研究进展

王奔 ,  韩健 ,  袁艺萍 ,  王月洪 ,  黄畅晓 ,  李力

西南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (05) : 460 -464.

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西南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (05) : 460 -464. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-3351.2025.05.004
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宫腔微生态系统与子宫内膜病变的研究进展

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Research Progress on the Microecosystem of the Uterine Cavity and Endometrial Lesions

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摘要

传统上,子宫腔被认为无菌,但近年来随着定量聚合酶链反应(quantitative polymerase chain reaction,quantitative PCR)和16S rRNA技术的应用,发现子宫腔内存在细菌定植,为宫腔菌群与子宫内膜病变的关系研究开辟了新领域。研究表明,子宫内膜微生态与多种妇科疾病相关,包括内异症、内膜炎、子宫内膜增生和子宫内膜癌等。然而,子宫内膜微生态失调是疾病的原因还是结果,目前尚不明确。本文综述了宫腔微生态系统与子宫内膜病变的研究进展,探讨了阴道菌群与子宫内膜菌群的相关性,指出女性生殖道是一个连续的微生态体系,乳杆菌在维持阴道和宫颈微生态平衡中发挥关键作用,而子宫内膜菌群的组成和多样性在不同生理状态下存在变化。此外,子宫内膜菌群与子宫内膜炎症性疾病的关系密切,炎症状态下菌群多样性增加,有害菌繁殖加剧病情。宫腔内微生物多样性在子宫内膜异位症患者宫腔内更丰富,可能通过改变局部微环境、激素代谢和免疫调节异常促进疾病发展。宫腔微生态还与生殖结局密切相关,微生物组失衡会影响胚胎着床和妊娠结果。未来研究需引入高通量测序等技术,明确子宫内膜微生态的组成,开发新的治疗策略,如益生菌或免疫疗法,以改善女性生殖健康。

Abstract

Traditionally, the uterine cavity was considered to be sterile. However, in recent years, with the application of techniques such as quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA, studies have found that there is bacterial colonization in the uterine cavity. Researches have showed that the endometrial microbiota is associated with a variety of gynecological diseases, including endometriosis, endometritis, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer, etc. However, it is still unclear whether the imbalance of the endometrial microecology is the cause or the result of the disease. This article reviewed the research progress on the microecosystem of the uterine cavity and endometrial lesions. This article explores the correlation between the vaginal microbiota and the endometrial microbiota, pointing out that the female reproductive tract is a continuous microecological system. Lactobacillus plays a key role in maintaining the microecological balance of the vagina and cervix, while the composition and diversity of the endometrial microbiota vary under different physiological states. In addition, the endometrial microbiota is closely related to endometrial inflammatory diseases. In an inflammatory state, the diversity of the microbiota increases, and the proliferation of harmful bacteria exacerbates the condition. In endometriosis, the microbial diversity in the uterine cavity is richer, which may promote the development of the disease by changing the local microenvironment, disrupting hormonal metabolism, and causing abnormal immune regulation. The imbalance of the microbiome can affect embryo implantation and pregnancy results. Future research needs to introduce technologies such as high-throughput sequencing to clarify the composition of the endometrial microecology and develop new treatment strategies, such as probiotics or immunotherapy, to improve female reproductive health.

关键词

宫腔微生态 / 子宫内膜炎 / 阴道菌群 / 妊娠结局 / 微生物组

Key words

Microecology of the uterine cavity / Endometritis / Vaginal microbiota / Pregnancy outcome / Microbiome

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
王奔,韩健,袁艺萍,王月洪,黄畅晓,李力. 宫腔微生态系统与子宫内膜病变的研究进展[J]. 西南医科大学学报, 2025, 48(05): 460-464 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2096-3351.2025.05.004

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基于早期微生物检测技术的局限性(如培养法的低敏感性)以及解剖学上认为宫颈黏液屏障可阻止阴道微生物上行[1],人们普遍认为健康的子宫腔是无菌的[2],这种“无菌子宫假说”在20世纪主导了生殖医学领域,并影响了相关疾病的诊疗策略[3]。然而,这一传统观念在2012年后受到了极大的冲击,随着定量聚合酶链反应(quantitative polymerase chain reaction,quantitative PCR)和16S rRNA技术的应用,研究多次证实子宫腔内存在细菌定植[4],宏基因组学进一步揭示了这些微生物的代谢功能[5]。这一发现不仅改变了业界对子宫内环境的认识,也为宫腔菌群对子宫内膜病变的影响开启了全新的研究领域。
研究发现,子宫内膜微生态的变化与妇科多种疾病密切相关,包括子宫内膜异位症[6]、慢性子宫内膜炎[7]、子宫内膜增生乃至子宫内膜癌[8]等,甚至对人类的繁衍产生影响[4]。然而,子宫内膜微生态失调究竟是引发妇科疾病的病因,还是疾病导致的病理结果,当前的证据还有一定的局限性[9]。本文将总结宫腔微生态系统与子宫内膜病变之间的关系,宫腔微生态系统与疾病发生、发展的关系及研究进展,深入认识宫腔微生态系统在子宫疾病发生中的作用。

1 阴道菌群和子宫内膜菌群的相关性研究

2007年底,美国国立卫生研究院宣布将投入1亿1 500万美元正式启动人类微生物组计划[10],其中阴道微生态系统是泌尿生殖道微生物研究计划的一个重点,作为女性阴道内微生物群落、解剖结构、内分泌系统和局部免疫系统共同构成的复杂系统,它通过微生物群落与宿主之间的相互作用,维持着动态平衡,对女性生殖健康起着重要作用[11]。目前多项研究发现在宫颈管、子宫内膜、输卵管腔子宫内微生态的变化与多种妇科疾病相关,腹腔液中存在不同的阴道微生物群落,女性生殖道应被视为一个连续的微生态体系[12]。乳杆菌是阴道主要菌群[13],在健康女性阴道微生物群落中占据主导地位,其数量能达到阴道菌群总量的90% ~ 99%[14],常见的阴道乳杆菌包括卷曲乳杆菌、詹氏乳杆菌、加氏乳杆菌等[15]。它们在阴道内形成一种稳定的生态格局,对维持阴道健康起着至关重要的作用[11]。宫颈菌群中乳杆菌也是非常重要的益生菌[16],在宫颈管内发挥着维持微生态平衡的关键作用[17]。其乳酸使宫颈局部环境保持酸性,能够抑制淋病奈瑟菌、沙眼衣原体等有害病原体。除了乳杆菌外,还存在其他少量杂细菌[18],这些杂菌正常情况下数量较少,相对稳定。当宫颈微生态平衡被破坏时,它们的数量就会增加[19]。例如,表皮葡萄球菌在机体免疫力下降时,可能增殖,增加宫颈炎风险[20]

目前生殖年龄妇女子宫内膜的核心微生物群仍然没有达成共识,大多数的研究认为乳杆菌是主要菌群[21-22],但是也有研究提出子宫内膜中不动杆菌、假单胞菌和丛毛单胞菌等可能占主导地位。VERSTRAELEN等[23]在19名未孕女性中发现约90%的子宫内膜中,拟杆菌属(如Bacteroides xylanisolvensBacteroides thetaiotaomicronBacteroides fragilis)和Pelomonas属细菌构成了子宫内膜细菌群落的三分之一以上,而乳杆菌则相对罕见。目前,子宫内膜主要菌群的研究仍在不断深入。有研究发现子宫内膜菌群的组成和多样性在不同生理状态下存在变化,如在月经周期的不同阶段有所不同[24];妊娠及流产与子宫内膜菌群的关系也受到广泛的关注[25]。对于子宫内膜菌群的组成和动态变化尚需要深入研究。当子宫内膜的微生态平衡被破坏,例如在产后、人流手术后等情况,杂菌是否会过度增殖?所发现的微生物在健康的子宫内是一直存在,还是过路菌呢?这些问题的解答对于理解宫腔微生态与子宫内膜病变之间的关系至关重要[26],未来仍有必要开展大样本多中心研究去细致探索。

2 子宫内膜菌群与子宫内膜炎症性疾病

子宫内膜菌群的来源是多方面的,主要为阴道上行菌[27]。阴道的微生态环境是一个多种细菌共存的环境,因阴道与外界相通,本身就存在大量微生物,再加上少见的血行传播、输卵管导入及淋巴系统来源的微生物,均可能与感染相关。正常情况下,子宫内膜存在有微生物菌群,并维持着微生态平衡,利于维持健康。当这种平衡被打破,有害菌大量繁殖,就可能引发子宫内膜炎。例如,当阴道或宫颈处的病原体(如金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、淋病奈瑟菌等)上行感染,或者在宫腔操作[28](如刮宫术、宫腔镜检查等)后,外界细菌进入宫腔,子宫内膜菌群中的有害菌数量超过有益菌的抑制能力,炎症就会发生[21],细菌就从过路菌衍生成了定植菌。

研究表明,子宫内膜炎患者中,微生物群落的多样性通常会增加,这意味着原本相对稳定的菌群结构被打乱,有害菌的种类和数量增多[9]。子宫内膜息肉也常常认为是子宫内膜炎的一种表现形式[29]。FANG等[30]调查发现子宫内膜息肉 + 慢性内膜炎合并组的宫内细菌种群比子宫内膜息肉组与健康组的细菌种群更多样化,而且合并组、子宫内膜息肉组与健康组比较,Lactobacillus、加德纳氏菌、双歧杆菌、链球菌及嗜单胞菌的比例显著升高,而假单胞菌的比例则显著降低。另有研究发现,慢性子宫内膜炎与非慢性子宫内膜炎妇女的子宫内膜微生物群有显著差异,其中慢性子宫内膜炎子宫内乳酸杆菌属和变形杆菌属的比例减少,而Gardnerella变形杆菌属的比例增加[31]。中国学者目前利用子宫内膜微生态检测提升了对慢性子宫内膜炎的诊断效率[32],还在不断解锁阴道微生态和子宫内膜息肉的密切关系[33]

子宫内膜炎一旦发生,炎症环境会进一步改变子宫内膜菌群的组成。炎症会导致子宫内膜充血、水肿,分泌物增多,为某些细菌提供了更适宜的生长环境[34]。炎症状态下,一些兼性厌氧菌(如肠杆菌科细菌)能够利用炎症组织分解产生的营养物质,大量繁殖,使病情加重。相关的分子免疫机制复杂,涉及TLR信号通路激活、浆细胞浸润[35]、局部微环境破坏[36],其中的炎症介质反馈循环,例如COX-2/PGE2通路持续激活导致血管通透性增加和炎性细胞浸润,进一步恶化微生态[37]。同时,子宫内膜炎的治疗过程也会对菌群产生影响[38]。抗生素的使用虽然可以杀死有害菌,但也可能破坏有益菌,导致菌群的二次失衡。在使用广谱抗生素治疗子宫内膜炎后,乳杆菌等有益菌的数量可能会减少,增加了疾病复发的风险[39]

目前认为恢复子宫内膜菌群平衡可能对于子宫内膜炎的治疗可能有益[40]。传统治疗是使用抗生素清除有害菌,而新的研究表明补充有益菌或者益生元可以更好地帮助重建健康的宫腔内微环境[40]。既往研究尝试通过阴道给予乳杆菌栓剂治疗,可增加乳杆菌在阴道和宫颈定植,并逐渐迁移至子宫内膜,发挥抑制有害菌的作用。但也有文章提出局部补充乳杆菌制剂有利于调节人体免疫微环境和抑制病原菌生长,可改善子宫内膜炎的环境。目前针对子宫内膜异位症和反复种植失败患者的大样本临床菌群干预研究还缺乏,未来还可完善多组学技术(如宏基因组、代谢组)在机制研究中的应用,进一步验证其疗效和安全性[40]

3 宫腔内微生态与子宫内膜异位症

既往研究表明,细菌感染可能在子宫内膜异位症的发病过程中扮演关键角色[41]。宫腔内的微生态在生理情况下会处于相对的动态平衡状态,当杂菌从肠道、阴道或者其他外部来源迁移进入宫腔时,就可能会打破平衡,出现“细菌污染”[42]。还有研究提出子宫内膜异位症的发展过程涉及雌激素微生态理论假说,即细菌产生的β-葡聚糖可将雌激素活化后促进子宫内膜异位症的发生发展[43]。受经期的影响,某些适宜异位生长的共生细菌到达盆腔等异位部位,改变局部的微环境,使得子宫内膜细胞更容易出现异位存活和生长[44]。同时,细菌的内毒素可以刺激机体产生多种炎性细胞因子,如白细胞介素-1、肿瘤坏死因子-α等,促进异位内膜细胞的存活、增殖和黏附[45]

研究还发现,宫腔内微生物还会参与激素代谢[46]。研究较多的是雌激素的代谢和β-葡萄糖醛酸酶的关系,这种酶可激活雌激素,当其活性异常增加时,会导致局部雌激素水平升高,为异位内膜的生长提供有利的激素环境[47],而过高的雌激素水平会促进异位内膜细胞生长和病变的发展。子宫内膜异位症患者的免疫功能目前发现有异常,例如调节性T细胞数量或功能的改变可能会抑制机体对异位内膜细胞的免疫清除,NK细胞活性降低则无法有效地杀伤异位内膜细胞,从而使得异位内膜组织能够在腹腔等异常部位存活和生长[48],其免疫功能异常是否由宫内微生物导致有待进一步研究

子宫内膜异位症患者的宫腔内微生物多样性更丰富。CREGGER等[49]研究发现,子宫内膜异位症患者宫腔内乳杆菌、巴尼斯菌、黄杆菌、假单胞菌占主导地位。另有研究发现,子宫内膜异位症患者宫腔内厌氧菌的数量比健康女性多,而部分有益菌(如乳杆菌)的数量则相对减少[50],而这种微生物多样性的变化可能会进一步加剧宫腔内微生态失衡,形成恶性循环,促进疾病发展。但是现有研究还缺乏大样本的随机对照试验。现阶段通过微生态菌群干预对子宫内膜异位症进行诊断与治疗是该领域的研究热点[51]

4 宫腔微生态和生殖结局的密切关系

自人类微生物组计划完成以来,科学界对微生物组在健康与疾病领域所扮演角色的认知持续深化。研究发现,子宫内膜和胎盘并非传统认知中的无菌环境,它们拥有独特的微生物组成,并且这些微生物组与女性生殖健康之间存在着千丝万缕的联系[52],菌群失衡导致的不良生殖结局本身可视为一种功能性的子宫内膜病变。

在全球范围内,女性不孕症是一个不容忽视的健康问题。既往研究显示,生殖道微生物组失衡会破坏生殖道的黏膜屏障,使病原体更容易侵入,引发炎症反应[54],进而会对生殖过程产生诸多不良影响[53],如干扰精子正常功能、降低卵子质量、阻碍受精卵着床过程,进而增加女性不孕以及流产的风险[55]。子宫内膜微生物组还能够通过影响黏膜屏障[56]、促发炎症反应等多种机制,对胚胎着床和发育产生重要影响[4,22,57]。TOSON等[4]报道针对反复植入失败患者体内各种免疫球蛋白浓度显著增加,伴随促炎细胞因子同时上升。通过测序分析发现,反复植入失败患者的子宫内膜微生物组呈现出更高的微生物多样性,表现为Atopobium[58]Burkholderia[59]Delftia[60]、加德纳菌和普雷沃菌[61]等菌属的丰度显著增加。一项纳入12项临床研究的meta分析显示,子宫内膜微生物组的健康状态对妊娠结局有着直接影响,而改善子宫内膜的微生物环境能够有效提升妊娠的成功率,减少流产的发生[39]

在妊娠过程中,免疫系统与生殖道微生物组之间存在着复杂而微妙的相互作用[53],从而精准地平衡对病原体的防御能力和对胎儿的耐受性。既往研究提出宫腔内微生物在妊娠中的重要作用机制可能是:首先,共生细菌与子宫内膜上皮细胞相互作用,共同构建并维持一个健康的物理和抗菌屏障,有效抵御病原体的入侵,为胚胎着床和发育创造一个安全的环境[62];其次,共生细菌能够通过子宫内膜固有和后天免疫系统的多种成分,在细胞水平上改变免疫反应,还能确保免疫系统不会对共生细菌产生过度反应[63]。最后,细菌能够触发母胎界面免疫系统的下游效应,激活子宫NK细胞[64],并促使特定T细胞亚群的发展,利于营造能够容纳半同种异体胎儿的免疫耐受环境,促进正常胎盘形成和妊娠的顺利进行。因此,若子宫内膜微生物组出现失衡,就可能会打破免疫平衡,引发免疫反应异常,导致胚胎着床失败、流产等不良妊娠结局[65],甚至还会有引发子痫前期的风险[66]

子宫内膜微生物组对妊娠结局的影响是多方面且深远的[67]。未来,深入探究子宫内膜微生物组的奥秘,明确其与妊娠结局之间的复杂关系,对于改善女性生殖健康、提高妊娠成功率具有重要的临床意义。

5 小结与展望

现阶段,子宫内膜微生态的究竟由哪些菌组成尚无定论,致使后续干预措施的制定充满不确定性。虽然quantitative PCR可精准定量已知目标,16S rRNA技术可全面发现微生物群落,但是我们也要看到其局限性,quantitative PCR部分引物可能漏检特定菌株,具有假阳性风险;16S rRNA技术分辨率有限,短读长测序难以区分近缘种;PCR扩增偏好影响群落结构真实性,功能信息缺失等。以上多种因素导致目前缺乏准确的子宫内膜微生态诊断模型。

子宫内膜微生态的研究跨越微生物学、免疫学、生殖医学等多个学科,未来应不断优化测序技术,引入高通量测序、宏基因组学等前沿技术,全方位、高精度地解析子宫内膜微生态的组成,从而建立一套标准化的诊断方法,完善样本采集、处理和分析标准,综合评估子宫内膜微生态的状态。不久的将来有望汇聚各学科的专业优势,合力突破当前研究中的瓶颈问题,为子宫内膜健康保驾护航。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(31470886)

重庆市自然科学基金项目(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0449)

军队计生专项(21JSZ03)

军队计生专项(22JSZ01)

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