丹江口水库运行水位优化方案比较

Comparison of optimization schemes for operating water levels in Danjiangkou Reservoir

摘要

为减少汛期弃水量、提高水库蓄满率，开展丹江口水库运行水位优化设计方案比较研究，以满足新时代水资源高效利用的新需求。以汛期分期和设计洪水复核计算成果为基础，选取4场典型洪水推求设计洪水过程线，经调洪演算确定水库夏、秋分期汛控水位，构建3种丹江口水库调度方案：基于《丹江口水利枢纽调度规程（试行）》（以下简称“《规程》”）的汛限水位方案A，基于《规程》的汛控水位方案B，基于《水利部关于2024年长江流域水工程联合调度运用计划的批复（水防〔2024〕145号）》（以下简称“《优化规则》”）的汛控水位方案C。采用1954−2023年日流量系列开展调度方案比较研究，结果表明：在确保防洪安全的前提下，丹江口水库夏、秋汛期的汛控水位可分别抬高至163.0 m和164.5 m；与方案A相比，方案C多年平均弃水量减少了28亿m³（−42.4%），调水量和发电量分别增加4亿m³（+3.8%）和4亿kW·h（+11.8%），水库蓄满时间从10 a增加到22 a。通过设计洪水复核计算并优化调整运行水位，可显著提高丹江口水库的蓄满率和综合利用效益。

Abstract

The Danjiangkou Reservoir serves as a key flood control project in the Han River basin. Its primary operational capabilities include navigation, hydropower generation, flood control, water supply, and ecological conservation. During the summer flood season, the flood-limited water levels are 160 meters, and during the fall flood season, they are 163.5 meters. With a storage capacity of 29.05 billion m³, the typical water level is 170 meters. Danjiangkou Reservoir's original design flood was far too large, resulting in significant water spillage during flood seasons and a low reservoir full-storage rate, failing to meet the new demands of integrated water resource management and efficient utilization in the modern era. Four typical flood events, namely "35·7", "64·10", "75·8", and "83·10", were selected to derive design flood hydrographs. Among them, 1935 and 1975 were typical summer floods, and 1964 and 1983 were typical autumn floods. Based on seasonal flood staging and re-evaluated design flood results, the peak and volume amplitude method was used to derive 1 000-year design flood hydrographs. The Danjiangkou Reservoir's flood control operation rules were then used to calculate flood regulations for the 1000-year design flood hydrographs. The Muskingum algorithm was used to rout reservoir outflow discharge to the Huangzhuang hydrologic section, and superimposed the corresponding design inflow hydrograph in the Danjiangkou-Huangzhuang interval basin. According to original flood prevention standards, if the total peak discharge of the Huangzhuang hydrologic station does not exceed 40 000 m ³/s, and the high flood control water levels of the reservoir during the summer and autumn flood seasons remain below 172.14 m and 172.20 m, respectively, the summer and autumn seasonal flood control water levels could be determined through flood routing calculation via trial-and-error method. Based on the Danjiangkou Reservoir's scheduling regulations and optimized scheduling rules, three operational schemes were formulated: Scheme A, original design flood limit water level based on scheduling regulations. Scheme B, seasonal flood control water level based on scheduling regulations; Scheme C, seasonal flood control water level based on optimized scheduling rules. Using daily inflow data series from 1954 to 2023 and other information, a comparative study on optimization schemes for operating water levels in Danjiangkou Reservoir was conducted. Results demonstrated that under the premise of ensuring flood safety, reservoir flood control water levels can be raised to 163.0 m (an increase of 3.0 m) in the summer flood season and 164.5 m (an increase of 1.0 m) in the autumn flood season. Compared with Scheme A, Scheme C can reduce 2.8 billion m³ (−42.4%) spillage discharge, increase 400 million m³ (+3.8%) water transfer volume and 400 million kW·h (+11.8%) power generation. At the same time, the number of full-storage years was increased from 10 to 22 years, and the daily ecological flow guarantee rate was raised to 93% (+14.8%). Overall, adjusting the operational water levels can significantly reduce spillage discharge, increase water transfer volume and power generation, improve the full storage rate, and guarantee the ecological flow rate. Hence, re-evaluating design floods and optimal operation water levels can significantly enhance the full-storage rate and comprehensive utilization efficiency of the Danjiangkou Reservoir.

关键词

设计洪水 / 调洪演算 / 汛控水位 / 调度方案 / 综合效益 / 丹江口水库

Key words

design flood / flood regulation calculation / flood control water level / scheduling scheme / comprehensive benefit / Danjiangkou Reservoir

参考文献

[1] 汪肖雅, 郭生练, 王俊, 等. 基于Budyko方程的丹江口入库径流变化归因分析[J]. 人民长江, 2025, 56(7): 66-75. DOI: 10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.2025.07.009.

[2] 刘正兵. 丹江口水库管理现状分析与对策建议[J]. 中国水利, 2024(20): 38-44. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1123.2024.20.009.

[3] 陈桂亚, 郑静, 张潇. 2021年丹江口水库防洪与蓄水[J]. 中国水利, 2022(5): 24-27. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1123.2022.05.018.

[4] 张睿, 李纪辉, 鲁春辉, 等. 考虑生态流量保证率的丹江口水库多目标优化调度研究[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2025, 42(9): 192-201. DOI: 10.11988/ckyyb.20250020.

[5] 王何予, 田晶, 郭生练, 等. 考虑水文改变生态指标的丹江口水库多目标优化调度[J]. 南水北调与水利科技（中英文）, 2022, 20(6): 1041-1051. DOI: 10.13476/j.cnki.nsbdqk.2022.0103.

[6] 段唯鑫, 郭生练, 张俊, 等. 丹江口水库汛期水位动态控制方案研究[J]. 人民长江, 2018, 49(1): 7-12. DOI: 10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.2018.01.002.

[7] Yang Guang, Guo Shenglian, Li Liping, et al. Multi-objective operating rules for Danjiangkou Reservoir under climate change[J]. Water Resources Management, 2016, 30(3): 1183-1202. DOI: 10.1007/s11269-015-1220-7.

[8] 郭生练, 尹家波, 李丹, 等. 丹江口水库设计洪水复核及偏大原因分析[J]. 水力发电学报, 2017, 36(2): 1-8. DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20170201.

[9] 洪兴骏, 余蔚卿, 任金秋, 等. 丹江口水利枢纽汛期运行水位优化研究与应用[J]. 人民长江, 2022, 53(2): 27-34. DOI: 10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.2022.02.005.

[10] 任金秋, 董付强, 洪兴骏, 等. 丹江口水库汛期优化调度实践及风险效益分析[J]. 人民长江, 2023, 54(12): 15-23. DOI: 10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.2023.12.003.

[11] 钟斯睿, 郭生练, 谢雨祚, 等. 丹江口水库运行期非一致性洪水频率分析[J]. 南水北调与水利科技（中英文）, 2024, 22(6): 1110-1118. DOI: 10.13476/j.cnki.nsbdqk.2024.0110.

[12] 王孟悦, 郭生练, 何晓东, 等. 多途径多方案复核论证丹江口水库设计洪水[J]. 南水北调与水利科技（中英文）, 2025, 23(1): 141-149. DOI: 10.13476/j.cnki.nsbdqk.2025.0014.

[13] 钟斯睿, 郭生练, 孙博凯, 等. 金下梯级水库运行期设计洪水及汛控水位研究[J/OL]. 人民长江, 2026-01-23. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/42.1202.TV.20250801.1157.003.

[14] 张松, 何小聪, 梁志明. 三峡水库汛前水位集中消落调度方式优化研究[J]. 水利水电技术（中英文）, 2025, 56(4): 25-34. DOI: 10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2025.04.003.

[15] 郭生练, 刘攀, 王俊, 等. 再论水库汛期水位动态控制的必要性和可行性[J]. 水利学报, 2023, 54(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.13243/j.cnki.slxb.20220851.

[16] 水利部长江水利委员会. 丹江口水利枢纽调度规程(试行)[R]. 武汉: 水利部长江水利委员会, 2016.

[17] 水利部关于2024年长江流域水工程联合调度运用计划的批复[Z]. 中华人民共和国水利部, 2024.

[18] 孙启伟, 董付强, 朱小宁. 丹江口水库多目标调度与管理[J]. 人民长江, 2017, 48(增刊1): 288-290. DOI: 10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.2017.s1.079.

[19] 李建, 尹炜, 贾海燕, 等. 汉江中下游水华防控生态调度研究[J]. 湖泊科学, 2022, 34(3): 740-751. DOI: 10.18307/2022.0304.

[20] 彭安帮, 马涛, 刘九夫, 等. 考虑生态补水目标的丹江口水库供水调度研究[J]. 水文, 2021, 41(3): 82-87. DOI: 10.19797/j.cnki.1000-0852.20200067.

[21] 左建, 林云发, 邓山, 等. 丹江口水库兴利效益影响因素分析[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2022, 39(5): 22-27. DOI: 10.11988/ckyyb.20210065.

[22] 张俊, 闵要武, 段唯鑫. 丹江口水库汛期水位动态控制关键技术研究与实践[J]. 长江技术经济, 2019, 3(2): 81-90. DOI: 10.19679/j.cnki.cjjsjj.2019.0213.

[23] 汪肖雅, 郭生练, 王俊, 等. 考虑梅雨和华西秋雨特征的丹江口水库汛期分期研究[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2025, 42(8): 68-75. DOI: 10.11988/ckyyb.20240566.

[24] SL 44−2006 水利水电工程设计洪水计算规范[S].

[25] 李英海, 夏青青, 常文娟, 等. 水库汛限水位确定方法研究综述[J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2020, 31(5): 127-134. DOI: 10.11705/j.issn.1672-643x.2020.05.18.

基金资助

国家自然科学基金长江联合基金项目(U2340205)

汉江水利水电（集团）有限责任公司科研项目(HJJS2024009)