海河平原典型傍河含水层降雨入渗补给阈值效应及空间特征

Threshold effects and spatial characteristics of rainfall infiltration recharge in a typical riverside aquifer of the Haihe Plain

摘要

针对降雨入渗补给非线性特征显著、难以精准估算，且地下水位空间异质性强导致补给量估算不确定性大等问题，基于海河平原南运河典型傍河区地下水位时空动态系统监测，分析次降雨入渗补给的非线性特征及空间规律，以精确估算傍河区降雨入渗补给量。结果表明，地下水位对次降雨量响应存在明显的阈值效应：当降雨量低于响应阈值时，地下水位随降雨量的增加而小幅增大；当降雨量高于响应阈值时，地下水位随降雨量大幅增大，响应阈值为降雨量 25～65 mm，并随距河岸距离的增大而增大。同时，傍河区域降雨入渗补给特征具有显著的空间差异，入渗补给系数为 0.13～0.36，相差 2.8 倍，表现为随距河岸距离增加、地下水埋深增大而逐渐减小。进一步基于逐步回归方法，建立次降雨入渗补给量的估算方程，实现次降雨入渗补给量有效估算（R² = 0.76）。研究可为海河平原生态补水背景下傍河区地下水资源可持续开发利用与保护提供科学支撑。

Abstract

The Haihe Plain was identified as a resource-based water shortage area, where excessive groundwater exploitation led to a number of ecological and environmental issues. Groundwater levels around the replenishment channels recovered due to ecological water replenishment techniques, such as diverting water from the South-to-North Water Transfers Project and releasing water from upstream reservoirs, in key sections of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. In the riverside aquifer within the ecological water replenishment zone, canal leakage was found to cause variations in groundwater level and depth with distance from the river, resulting in significant spatial and temporal differences in rainfall infiltration recharge patterns. The groundwater response to individual rainfall events was analyzed using methods such as the water table fluctuation method, correlation analysis, segmented regression, and stepwise regression, based on detailed monitoring of groundwater levels in a typical riverside aquifer section along the South Canal in Cangzhou, Haihe Plain. The spatiotemporal characteristics of rainfall infiltration recharge in small-scale riverside areas were investigated, and the underlying causes were identified. An estimation equation for quantifying infiltration recharge from individual rainfall events was established. The results indicated that groundwater dynamics in the riverside area exhibited distinct seasonal variations: water levels were generally elevated during the rainy season due to rainfall infiltration and recharge and remained relatively stable during the dry season. Spatially, groundwater levels were observed to gradually decrease with increasing distance from the riverbank, and seasonal differences were found to diminish. A clear threshold effect was identified in the groundwater response to rainfall: when rainfall was small, water levels increased slightly with rainfall amount, but when rainfall exceeded a response threshold (from 25 to 65 mm), water levels increased significantly. The response time of groundwater to rainfall was shortened as the rainfall amount increased, and the response threshold was determined to be 60 to 80 mm. When rainfall fell below this threshold, response time decreased with increasing rainfall; when rainfall exceeded the threshold, response time stabilized at around 1.5 hours. Spatially, as groundwater depth increased, the response threshold was gradually raised, and the total rainfall infiltration recharge was progressively reduced. Furthermore, increased rainfall intensity was found to significantly reduce the efficiency of rainfall infiltration and recharge. It was further observed that in the riverside aquifer, the river influenced rainfall infiltration patterns by altering groundwater depth, causing infiltration recharge to gradually decrease with increasing distance from the riverbank. The factors influencing infiltration recharge from individual rainfall events were identified, and an estimation equation was developed. The simulation results revealed that infiltration recharge was positively correlated with rainfall amount and negatively correlated with rainfall intensity, groundwater depth, and distance from the river. The coefficient of determination (R ²) for the simulation was calculated as 0.76. This research was considered to provide scientific support for the development, utilization, and protection of groundwater resources in riverside areas.

关键词

傍河区 / 地下水 / 降雨入渗补给 / 响应阈值 / 空间规律 / 海河平原

Key words

riverside aquifer / groundwater / rainfall infiltration recharge / response threshold / spatial pattern / Haihe Plain

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金重点支持项目(U21A2004)

水利部重大科技项目(SKS-2022041)